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All over the world nations make efforts, albeit to differing degrees, to mitigate climate change by substantially changing the composition of their energy mixes by relying more on renewable sources of energy instead of fossil fuels. As part of this process, many of them provide households with various financial incentives to deploy technologies based on the use of renewable sources of energy, especially photovoltaic (PV) systems. As a consequence of these measures and the high solar irradiation rates of many European nations, PV energy has enjoyed a great boom in Europe in the last couple of decades, also prompted by the need to reduce households’ electricity costs, ever-rising due to increasing prices and the growing consumption of electric power. For international investors building residential solar systems, it is important to be aware of the different risks and energy use factors associated with investing in various countries, as well as their regulatory environments, which need to be considered. The aim of the present study was to determine the proportions of the potential savings in household electricity consumption from the grid in different European countries by directly using PV energy in the case of PV systems with PV capacities between 0.5 kW and 5 kW equipped with lithium-ion energy storage devices with usable energy capacities between 0 kWh and 20 kWh. Furthermore, the potentials of direct PV energy use in relation to the annual energy production of the hybrid PV systems with the indicated technical parameters were also determined. The novelty and innovative significance of the research is that no previous research has ever carried out a comparative study to determine the annual grid electricity savings that can be achieved by the direct use of PV energy with a hybrid PV system equipped with battery energy storage, in the context of European households.

Managing the energy produced to support industries and various human activities is highly relevant nowadays. Companies in the electricity markets of each country analyze the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy to meet the energy needs of various sectors and industries. Electrical markets emerge to economically analyze everything related to energy generation, transmission, and distribution. The demand for electric energy is crucial in determining the amount of energy needed to meet the requirements of an individual or a group of consumers. But energy consumption often exhibits random behavior, making it challenging to develop accurate prediction models. The analysis and understanding of energy consumption are essential for energy generation. Developing models to forecast energy demand is necessary for improving generation and consumption management. Given the energy variable's stochastic nature, this work's main objective is to explore different configurations and parameters using specialized libraries in Python and Google Collaboratory. The aim is to develop a model for forecasting electric power demand using fuzzy logic. This study compares the proposed solution with previously developed machine learning systems to create a highly accurate forecast model for demand values. The data used in this work was collected by the European Network of Transmission System Operators of Electricity (ENTSO-E) from 2015 to 2019. As a significant outcome, this research presents a model surpassing previous solutions' predictive performance. Using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), the results demonstrate the significance of set weighting for achieving excellent performance in fuzzy models. This is because having more relevant fuzzy sets allows for inference rules and, subsequently, more accurate demand forecasts. The results also allow applying the solution model to other forecast scenarios with similar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessary precautions should be taken in order to prevent service interruption during the maintenance and repairing of electricity networks. Among these measures, emergencies that may occur in the network should be foreseen, hazard scenarios should be created, and solutions should be developed. If these are not done, a blackout, which first follows the local regions and eventually results in the collapse of the national electrical network, may take place. In this study, the national blackout of Turkey that occurred on 31 March 2015 is examined. The information about Turkey's electrical infrastructure and its energy policies was provided, as well as the reliability assessment criteria for power systems and examples of significant blackouts that occurred worldwide. The direct relation between line voltage and system frequency was provided with mathematical derivation by using real data taken from a local industrial zone. Then, a case study is presented to demonstrate this direct relation. The causes, development process, and consequences of the blackout are discussed in detail, and some recommendations are offered to increase the security of the electrical infrastructure and to prevent future occurrences while ensuring the sustainability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global penetration of photovoltaic (PV) technology creates not only enormous opportunities for clean energy production but also poses challenges that put energy systems to the test. Although there are many ways of dealing with the rising share of PV energy, most of these solutions require substantial funding, time, and effort to implement, which highlights the importance of solving some of the issues at their source, i.e., through the direct use of the electricity generated at PV power plants, many of which are owned and operated by households. In recent decades, PV technology has experienced an unprecedented growth in Europe due to a range of reasons, including the nations' policies and supporting schemes. The goal of the present research was to determine the annual consumption of electricity per capita in the households of certain European countries and how much of this can be covered by the direct use of PV energy in the case of an on-grid PV system and to show what the annual potential of the direct use of PV energy is compared to the annual energy production of the PV systems. The significance and novelty of this research is justified by the lack of comparative scientific studies related to the annual potential of the direct household use of PV energy, which could alleviate some of the problems facing electricity networks with high shares of PV energy. The novel practical benefit of the study was determining, for the examined European countries, the extent to which direct household PV energy use could lower annual electricity consumption from the grid, in the case of on-grid PV systems of different capacities. In addition, these findings also provide information related to the grid's macro-energy systems in terms of local network load effects related to given investment sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many citizens of European countries may soon experience a long and extensive blackout. The lack of predictability in the output of renewable energy sources, aggravating the problem of consistently matching supply with demand on electric grids, along with cyber-attacks or even worse unpredictable incidents in the electric grid are some factors that may mean a blackout is much more likely than in previous years. This paper covers the possibility of an extensive blackout in a country of the interconnected European electricity transmission system or, even worse, a blackout in a wide area of the European continent. The topic of this paper becomes even more important and timely given the energy crisis due to the war in Ukraine, which has made the possibility of a blackout in the winter of 2022–2023 high. First, the major European blackouts that occurred in the past 20 years are presented, examining their causes. On 8 January 2021, the European electricity grid was divided into two separate sections, with different frequencies; some additional scenarios are considered which, if they had happened, could have led to blackouts in some European countries or, even worse, a wide area of Europe. This work also examines how to avoid such an eventuality, as well as how European TSOs should react in case a blackout occurs. Focused on the fast and reliable supply of consumers after a blackout, a novel restoration strategy based on the A* Algorithm is presented. Its efficiency is validated in the IEEE-39 and IEEE-68 bus systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific developments, which have been implemented as mandatory to provide a synchronous operation of IPS of Ukraine with the Continental European Power System ENTSO-E are presented. Firstly, it concerns a new level of information maintenance that has been realized by the creation and implementation of a wide range of specialized devices. The features of the construction of information-diagnostic devices are determined. The systems focused on the use of active elements, such as devices and technologies to provide flexible changes in network characteristics, as well as the implementation of electricity conversion to optimize their operation regimes are considered. A special attention was paid to providing a stable operation of the Ukrainian power system, including voltage stability. It covers tools and technologies used to create flexible AC transmission lines. The scenarios for eliminating a major system breakdown with an active power deficit of 1000 MW and other scenarios have been studied. The ways of further research on the development of IPS of Ukraine in the postwar period at the first stages of synchronous operation with ENTSO-E are identified. The paper identifies priority measures and tools aimed to improve the survivability and reliable control of the Ukrainian power system, development of principles and means of adaptation and reconstruction of emergency automatic control of electrical regimes and stability, creating prerequisites for digitalization of the power system. References 35, figures 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to analyze the Moldovan power system comes in the context in which the Republic of Moldova has become a serious candidate for accession to the European Union, and one of the conditions of accession is the interconnection to electricity european networks - ENTSO-E, which is the network of the 39 transmission system operators from 35 countries in the European Union. Against the background of military instability following the war between Russia and Ukraine and dependence on the Russian power system, interconnection with other States within the European Union becomes a strategic objective of ensuring energy security and implicitly national and European. Since Romania is the only credible potential strategic energy partner, all possibilities for cross-border interconnection must be considered. In order to have a safe and secure cross-border interconnection with Romania and implicitly with the European Union, the Moldovan power system must meet some criteria recommended by ENTSO-E: consumption coverage; primary power regulation; secondary frequency-power regulation; voltage regulation; operation safety at criterion (N-1) elements; anti-damage measures. Because an power system can be vulnerable to various threats, risks or internal or external dangers, the authors aim to critically analyze the Moldovan power system, as it generates critical infrastructures that ensure the energy and national security of the Republic of Moldova. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the level of electricity grid interconnectedness between neighboring countries varies depending on the level of regional cooperation enabled by institutions. As suggested by previous research, in transboundary river basins, this variation affects the environment and the management of transboundary waters. In regions where all electricity utilities are connected and function at a synchronized frequency, and where integrated electricity market mechanisms function, the stress on the shared water resources tends to be less. Turkey shares river basins and power transmission lines in Europe both with the members of the European Union (EU) and with non-member states. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature on the geopolitics of renewable energy by comparing the level of Turkey's electricity trade integrity with its EU-member European neighbors and with its non-EU-member neighbors and discuss the potential impacts of the transboundary electricity trade on the environment and the shared water resources. The main argument in this paper is that the higher level of electricity trade between Turkey and its EU-member neighbors is facilitated and boosted by Turkey's membership to the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The higher level of electricity interconnection leads to a higher level of cooperation in water and environment issues in the shared river basins between Turkey and Europe through the facilitating role of established institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many citizens of European countries may soon experience a long and extensive blackout. The lack of predictability in the output of renewable energy sources, aggravating the problem of consistently matching supply with demand on electric grids, along with cyber-attacks or even worse unpredictable incidents in the electric grid are some factors that may mean a blackout is much more likely than in previous years. This paper covers the possibility of an extensive blackout in a country of the interconnected European electricity transmission system or, even worse, a blackout in a wide area of the European continent. The topic of this paper becomes even more important and timely given the energy crisis due to the war in Ukraine, which has made the possibility of a blackout in the winter of 2022–2023 high. First, the major European blackouts that occurred in the past 20 years are presented, examining their causes. On 8 January 2021, the European electricity grid was divided into two separate sections, with different frequencies; some additional scenarios are considered which, if they had happened, could have led to blackouts in some European countries or, even worse, a wide area of Europe. This work also examines how to avoid such an eventuality, as well as how European TSOs should react in case a blackout occurs. Focused on the fast and reliable supply of consumers after a blackout, a novel restoration strategy based on the A* Algorithm is presented. Its efficiency is validated in the IEEE-39 and IEEE-68 bus systems.

Представлені наукові розробки, що були виконані як обов’язкові для забезпечення переходу ОЕС України на синхронну роботу з енергооб’єднанням країн континентальної Європи ENTSO-E. В першу чергу мова йде про перехід на новий рівень інформаційного забезпечення, який був реалізований шляхом створення та впровадження цілого ряду спеціалізованих приладів. Визначені особливості побудови інформаційно-діагностичних приладів, розглянуті системи, що орієнтовані на застосування активних елементів, таких, як пристрої та технології з забезпечення гнучкої зміни характеристик мережі, а також реалізації перетворення електроенергії з метою оптимізації її режимів роботи. Мова йде в першу чергу про засоби та технології, що застосовуються для створення гнучких ліній передачі змінним струмом. Особлива увага була приділена питанням забезпечення стійкості енергетичної системи України, в тому числі стійкості за напругою. Були опрацьовані сценарії ліквідації великої системної аварії з виникненням дефіциту активної потужності 1000 МВт та інші. Визначені напрямки подальших досліджень з розвитку ОЕС України в повоєнний період на перших етапах синхронної роботи з ENTSO-E, визначені першочергові заходи та засоби, спрямовані на підвищення живучості та надійної керованості енергосистемою України, розвиток принципів та засобів адаптації та реконструкції протиаварійного автоматичного керування електричним режимами та стійкістю, створення передумов цифровізації енергосистеми. Бібл. 35, рис. 2.

This study investigates the effects of converter‐interfaced generation integration on the dynamic response of the power system of Continental Europe. The system is analysed with a large‐scale dynamic model of the entire synchronous area, considering different instantaneous integration percentages of converter‐interfaced generation across the system. The study focuses on the reduction of the overall available kinetic energy and the impact on frequency dynamics and system oscillations. The dynamic model of the system originally provided by ENTSO‐E is further developed according to a specific methodology, replacing a determined amount of synchronous generation and introducing a corresponding amount of converter‐controlled current sources. The reference incident of a generation loss in Western Europe specified by ENTSO‐E is considered in the analysis. The results of time‐domain simulations and modal analysis show how the integration of non‐synchronous generation affects the frequency dynamics of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, bringing to attention some relevant effects of the spatial distribution of different generation sources within an extensive system as the Continental Europe synchronous area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For this article we combine publicly available data from several sources and establish a spatio-temporal panel data model that captures cross-border electricity flows for 29 European countries. As national electricity generation and load landscapes are quite heterogeneous, our results contradict some former results based on single-nation analyses. However, all resemblances and differences to other studies in this field are comprehensible: In general, countries tend to (net) export greater amounts of electricity if domestic wind power generation increases and smaller ones if domestic load increases. Net exports seem to be negatively dependent on photovoltaic infeed, while several controls like industrial electricity price, country size, and other renewables are statistically insignificant in several specifications and if significant, have rather small amounts of influence. • We analyze ENTSO-E electricity flow data in Europe. • A spatio-temporal analysis on this data is performed. • Spatial patterns of net exports/imports are identified. • Renewables (off- and onshore wind/solar) influence flow directions and amounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission recently published its most ambitious legislative package ever, 'Fit for 55'. The document sends a clear message: all the players in the energy sector have to accelerate the green transition in their areas - a driver which is in the centre of the research, development and innovation strategy of the transmission system operators. Reaching 55% less greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and complete carbon neutrality by 2050 are the objectives which drive the energy sector. The path to 2050 is more ambitious for the decade 2020-2030 with the elevated targets for energy efficiency, electric vehicle charging points or share of renewables - especially in the electricity sector, where the new directive means a target of 60% share. 'The current global commitments fall short of what we need to reach climate neutrality by 2050. All governments need to ramp up action before it is too late. Including the EU' said Kadri Simson, European commissioner for energy while presenting the 'Fit for 55' package recently. However, to fulfil such ambitions, action from the governments will not be sufficient, all players in the energy value chain need to play their part, including the transmission system operators (TSO) who are in the centre of the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of coherent generators and the determination of the stability system condition in large interconnected power system is one of the key steps to carry out different control system strategies to avoid a partial or complete blackout of a power system. However, the oscillatory trends, the larger amount data available and the non‐linear dynamic behaviour of the frequency measurements often mislead the appropriate knowledge of the actual coherent groups, making wide‐area coherency monitoring a challenging task. This paper presents a novel online unsupervised data mining technique to identify coherent groups, to detect the power system disturbance event and determine status stability condition of the system. The innovative part of the proposed approach resides on combining traditional plain algorithms such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and K‐means for clustering together with new concept based on clustering slopes. The proposed combination provides an added value to other applications relying on similar algorithms available in the literature. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, two case studies are presented, where data is extracted from the large and comprehensive initial dynamic model of ENTSO‐E and the results compared to other alternative methods available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the constantly increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, it is important to establish rules and regulations for their supporting the stability of the electric power system. This means that the rules imposed on avoidance of discrimination, should apply also to the conventional synchronous production units. Operating at a reduced voltage at on unfavourable system event is likely to affect the transient stability of synchronous units when the related specifications are set too tight. Thus, besides the above rules, the limit operating states of the synchronous units should be clearly specified and their compliance with the fault-ride-through criterion verified to determine that the unit transient stability complies with the set rules and regulations. The paper analyses the effect of different parameters on the transient stability in terms of the critical clearing time: lack of the short-circuit power and voltage amplitude at the connection point and the generator operating state. The conditions for checking the compliance of the synchronous unit operation with the lowvoltage fault-ride-through criterion in terms of the angular stability are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand response is a key element of future power systems due to its capacity to defer grid investments, improve demand participation in the market, and absorb renewable energy source variations. In this regard, demand response can play an important role in delivering ancillary services to power systems. The lack of standardization and ancillary services programs prepared for traditional generators have blocked the participation of demand in these services. Nowadays, increasing needs to ensure the security of supply, renewable fluctuations, and information and communication technology advances are boosting the interest in demand response products to deliver ancillary services. While countries have had lengthy experience with these programs, others are starting from almost zero to develop these programs. To our knowledge, no analysis or standardized comparison exists of the different parameters and prices of demand response in ancillary services among different countries. Our study reviews more than 20 power systems around the world and their programs to classify them according to standard demand response parameters. At the end of the paper we discuss the main characteristics and prices that face demand response in ancillary services markets and a series of policy recommendations to policymakers to improve the deployment on demand participation in ancillary services.

Grid codes are technical specifications that define the requirements for any facility connected to electricity grids. Wind power plants are increasingly facing system stability support requirements similar to conventional power stations, which is to some extent unavoidable, as the share of wind power in the generation mix is growing. The adaptation process of grid codes for wind power plants is not yet complete, and grid codes are expected to evolve further in the future. ENTSO‐E is the umbrella organization for European TSOs, seen by many as a leader in terms of requirements sophistication. A current development by ENTSO‐E aims to develop a uniform grid code framework for Europe. The new European codes leave many key aspects unspecified, referring instead to regulation by the relevant TSO, but they do provide a positive and encouraging step in the right direction. The present document is largely based on the definitions and provisions set out by ENTSO‐E. The main European grid code requirements are outlined here, including also HVDC connections and DC‐connected power park modules. The focus is on requirements that are considered particularly relevant for large wind power plants. Afterwards, an outlook and discussion on possible future requirements is provided. This review has been written by members of IEA Wind Task 25, but it does not represent an official viewpoint of the IEA. This article is categorized under: Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is designed to protect the power system when the frequency drops below given thresholds by switching off certain amounts of the load aiming thus to balance generation and load. This paper presents a review of the existing UFLS (Under Frequency Load Shedding) program in compliance with recently revised Police-5 of Operational Handbook of ENTSO-e. The proposed review of the current UFLS program for Kosovo Power System has considered the main standards requirements and guidelines for UFLS set by ENTSO-E. This work examine system performance by conducting dynamic simulations of UFLS schemes subject to different imbalances between load and generation, and includes three power system island mode scenarios with different equivalent inertia of the system, respectively different size of the systems. With aim to define the best program of UFLS, which fits to the Kosovo Power System frequency behavior, two different UFLS programs are analyzed and results are compared. The proposed program is tested using a large scale PSS/E model which represents interconnected power system area of Southeast Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses and analyzes the basic steady state regimes in accordance with various strategies Moldova's accession to ENTSO-E. The four strategies have been analyzed for the accession of Moldova to the ENTSO-E: 1-without Ukraine and Transnistria; 2-without Ukraine; 3-together with Ukraine and 4- currently existing schemes. Evaluation of the proposed options: the following parameters were considered as criteria for active losses in the power system as a whole, and also in the network elements by voltage grades, coefficients of static stability of active power and voltage, the assessment of import / export of electrical power. As a result of the comparative analysis have been selected the most effective strategies for the accession of Moldova to the ENTSO-E.

• Quantification of efficient and complementary wind resource use. • Development of six high-resolution (500 m × 500 m) siting scenarios. • Quantification on four objective criteria. • Uncoordinated siting results in electricity demand and electricity supply mismatches. • The most appropriate siting scenario is very country-specific. The intensified expansion of intermittent onshore wind energy in the European Union raises questions about electricity supply to cover future electricity demand. Complementary wind resource use is considered an option to keep the number of supply–demand mismatches low. Here, the hypothesis is tested that adopting an EU-wide coordinated, complementarity-driven wind energy expansion leads to less residual loads than energy yield-driven wind energy expansion. This study quantifies the European Union-wide complementarity considering site-specific adding of new wind turbines and compared complementarity- to energy-yield-driven wind turbine siting. The goal is to evaluate wind energy expansion and assess the relevance of wind turbine siting coordination levels. Six high-resolution (500 m × 500 m) wind turbine siting scenarios for 2019–2100 were developed. Other variable renewables such as solar and offshore wind energy and the load curves were held constant to focus solely on the influence of the wind turbine siting scenario. The efficient and complementary wind resource use is quantified based on four objective criteria. They are the renewable share of annual electricity consumption, the share of hourly electricity supply droughts, the hourly renewable share of the load, and its coefficient of variation. Depending on the wind turbine siting scenario, the renewable share of annual electricity consumption ranges from 69.1 % to 78.5 % in 2050 the EU. The results indicate that the range of renewable load share values is more than 50 % less under European Union-wide complementarity-driven wind turbine siting than under energy-yield-driven wind turbine siting. However, 100 % renewable electricity supply is achieved 13 years later than under energy-yield-driven siting under complementarity-driven siting. Thus, a flexible European Union-wide siting strategy that considers future demand development and expansion of other variable renewables is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small signal stability is a crucial aspect of accurately keeping control in modern interconnected power systems, in order to ensure the required security and reliability standards. Such an aspect could represent a serious limiting factor in the search for ever higher power system exploitation levels. Hence, in order to exploit the existing networks as much as possible, ensuring at the same time adequate security levels, the system operators must monitor the electromechanical oscillations continuously, estimating their fundamental parameters (e.g. frequency, damping factor/ratio, amplitude and phase), and determining the actual dynamic stability margins. Nowadays, electromechanical oscillations tracking can be performed in real time thanks to the quick development of wide area measurement/monitoring systems, and the employment of so-called measurement-based methods (a.k.a. mode meters). In this regard, the paper presents a performance comparison among several measurement-based methods currently operating on the Italian Wide Area Monitoring (WAM) platform. The main objective of this investigation is to analyze the behavior of each of them with respect to actual critical/not critical electromechanical oscillations recorded on the European Network Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-e) Continental Synchronous European System (CESA). The considered case studies cover a large variety of situations that can be encountered in the ordinary ENTSO-e CESA operation: local and inter-area oscillations; single mode and multi-mode power signals; ambient and ringdown data; and so on. By keeping in mind that usually no best estimator exists, owing to the lack of an optimality definition, the present analysis aims at examining whether some algorithms are generally more suitable than others, with respect to the variety of aforementioned situations. In detail, the measurement-based methods considered in this work are the Tufts–Kumaresan method, Hankel Singular Value Decomposition-VarPRO, Hilbert–Huang Transform, its refined Empirical Mode Decomposition with Fourier-Based Masking Technique (R-EMD), and a recently published Hilbert Transform-based estimation algorithm. Obviously, this set of estimation techniques cannot be considered exhaustive for the research problem under analysis. Nonetheless, it represents a collection of the major, recent and most fashionable methodologies implemented in actual WAM architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Climate mitigation policies in Europe call for an extensive build-up of renewable power, which will increase from 320 GW in 2012 to 536 GW by 2020. The renewable expansion will mainly consist of the installation of new wind and solar power plants, which require additional transmission lines. The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity estimates that 45,300 km of new or upgraded lines are necessary in the region over the next decade to accommodate the renewable power sources. Building a grid for renewables will help Europe achieve its climate goals, but other resulting environmental impacts have not yet been quantified. In this article a LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) for the transmission grid expansion is performed. The results show that the grid extension projects correspond to a total impact of 10.7 Mton CO2 eq. and 11.2 Mton Fe eq. Electricity transmission in Europe in 2020 will be more material intensive, requiring about 10% more metal inputs per kWh than today. Manufacturing processes for the production of transmission equipment are important for some impacts categories, particularly water depletion. Finally, a sensitivity analysis regarding recycling rates indicates that the results in some impact categories present great variation depending on the rates assumed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper discusses ultrahigh-voltage (UHV) DC as an efficient solution for bulk power transmission especially of renewable energy. The European policy and legal framework is used to illustrate how this new technology, international electricity market integration, and the distribution of wind and solar natural resources lead to the need for continent-wide internationally coordinated network planning with a view on long-term greenhouse gas reduction. First, the technical and economic aspects of UHV transmission are described, including, e.g., converter configurations and internal and external insulation. Then, UHV transmission is put into the context of other broad current questions of power system development: AC and DC, microgrids, smart grids, power electronics, overhead lines, cables, and gas-insulated lines. The final part discusses the European legal framework for climate protection and for transmission system operator (TSO) cooperation in the new, legally mandated European transmission system operator association ENTSO-E, in particular for joint European grid planning and for R&D. This example shows how UHV technology development can contribute to market integration and economic and environmental goals for continent-wide and internationally coordinated transmission development as one option in international long-term system studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers the analysis of large-scale power system optimal interconnection concept as well as description of the model for evaluation of its costs and benefits. Paper contains the method for technical-economic analysis of different scenarios of interconnection of two world largest power systems - ENTSO-E and IPS/UPS. The research has shown that developed model is capable to make deep analysis and is ready for calculation of interconnection links optimal locations, transmission capacities and interconnection type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]