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The scientific article is devoted to the analysis of organizational and legal aspects of combating environmental crime in Ukraine. Arguments are presented regarding the relevance in the global, international dimension: criminalization of environmental damage at the level of the European Union and its member states; detailing the shortcomings of international legislation and revising the relevant directive on environmental crimes; establishment of functioning of the International Registry of Losses. It was emphasized that the introduction of appropriate changes to international legislation will allow creating a comprehensive system of measures to combat environmental crime, ensure the unification of national legislative systems in terms of terminology, composition of crimes, as well as sanctions applied for their commission in armed conflicts. The need to take comprehensive measures to combat ecocide at the national level, to develop a unified state policy in this area, to establish an effective system for monitoring the state of the environment and fixing the amount of damages, in particular for the systematic presentation of legal claims for the payment of reparations, is substantiated. In the opinion of the author, the National Post-War Recovery Plan should include measures to restore and preserve ecosystems, in particular, based on the analysis of normative legal acts in the field of environmental protection. It is noted that the relevant mechanisms should be universal and effectively prevent crimes against the environment in the world, be reflected in the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations and other documents of the international law system. The author emphasizes that the need and importance of improving legislation concerns not only countries in a state of military conflict, but also the rest of the world. Taking into account the fact that environmental damage is mainly transboundary in nature, the international community should focus on the formation of a clear understanding of the legal norms dedicated to crimes against the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the elements of the objective side of the composition of a criminal misdemeanor, provided for in Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine "Violation of legislation on plant protection". The foreign experience of criminal protection of flora is partially highlighted. It has been established that within the framework of several criminal law prohibitions, in which damage to objects of plant life appears as one of the alternative consequences of encroachment on various spheres (elements) of the environment, the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany embodies a different from Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine approach toward an end-to-end regime for the protection of plant life, which is a manifestation of law-making authenticity. It has been established that a similar approach was reflected in the project of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. The content of the blanket disposition of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is detailed; acts of regulatory legislation are listed, on which the law enforcement officer must rely when incriminating this criminal law prohibition; actions that can be regarded as a corresponding socially dangerous action -- violation of the legislation on plant protection are specified. Based on the results of the analysis of the text of the criminal law and the limited practice of the corresponding law enforcement, both the justification of the construction of the disposition of the researched prohibition according to the blanket type, and the generally practical problem absence of its proper specification in the way of referring to a number of acts of regulatory legislation have been proven. Considerations regarding the content of severe consequences as an element of the objective side of the composition of the analyzed criminal offense against the environment have been expressed. The expediency of the existing legislative approach has been pointed out, according to which the delimitation of the composition of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, from the composition of related administrative offenses has been carried out on the grounds of socially dangerous consequences. It has been established that Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine remains among the "dead" prohibitions, the reasons for which must be clarified by criminological science. The opinion has been expressed that the problem of the inevitability of the criminal law response to the most dangerous violations of the legislation on plant protection lies not in the legislative, but in the law-enforcement sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis article offers a historical-theoretical review of the environmental approach to security. It critically traces its development from the early origins to the latest progress with a multidisciplinary approach by highlighting the importance of the environment in preventing crime. In particular, this review tidies up the subject by emphasizing the founders’ foundational ideas – and their importance, which are sometimes misinterpreted; it develops the matter by updating it up to the latest advances, as in the case of crime theories; and it allows further evolution of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), increasingly overlapping with the environmental approach, also pointing out the importance of the fear of crime concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the environmental and legal aspects of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The problems of bringing the aggressor state to responsibility for ecocide are analyzed. Having found a legislative enshrinement in the national criminal law (Article 441 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), ecocide has not been enshrined in international criminal law. It is not recognized as a crime either in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court or in any other international legal act. As of today, Russian crimes against the environment can be investigated by the International Criminal Court as war crimes. The author of the article supports the proposal regarding the need to include the crime of ecocide in the Rome Statute. The ecological and legal aspect of the formation of an international compensation mechanism is studied, the components of which are: 1) an international register of damages; 2) compensation commission (which will consider individual applications for compensation by the Russian Federation for losses from citizens, companies and the state); 3) compensation fund (which will accumulate funds to pay commission decisions, including at the expense of confiscated Russian assets). The mechanism of compensation for environmental damage caused as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is analyzed, and ways of its optimization are proposed. The future compensation mechanism should be based on the «ecosystem services approach», which will significantly increase the amount of environmental damage that the Russian Federation will pay to Ukraine. The international practice of compensation for environmental damage caused by the aggressor as a result of military actions and temporary occupation was studied and analyzed. The author emphasized the need to reform the state environmental monitoring system. Without reliable monitoring data, it is difficult to prove a causal relationship between the illegal actions of the aggressor state and the damage caused to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research summary: Situational crime prevention (SCP) is an environmental crime control perspective with enormous practical and policy relevance due to its practitioner‐friendly theoretical approach. This study examines whether SCP interventions reduce incident casualty outcomes in active shooter incidents. We used an inductive, open‐source data set of 555 active shooter and mass public shooting sites to study the applicability of SCP to active shooter and mass public violence. Our findings suggest a harm mitigation role for SCP: active shooter sites with stronger holistic SCP had fewer casualties. We assessed perpetrator motivation to test displacement, a core critique of SCP, and found that the harm mitigation potential of SCP persists even in the presence of a highly motivated offender. Policy summary: SCP could be a practical and effective method to decrease casualties in the event of an active shooting, which is a highly motivated crime type that is difficult to predict and prevent. Public locations may select a range of appropriate SCP techniques based on individual resources and needs. The totality and interactions of these techniques may contribute to public safety in general, with diffuse benefits. This policy solution is highly oriented toward practice and real‐life application, and may be used to supplement existing preventative measures like threat assessment and gun legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 11 April 2024, the European Union (EU) adopted a new Environmental Crime Directive (ECD) that departs from how the relationship between administrative law and criminal law has previously been defined in EU law. According to the revised ECD, a conduct shall be deemed unlawful when it is in 'manifest breach of relevant substantive legal requirements' – even when there is compliance with an administrative permit. With this, the new ECD has de facto created autonomous environmental crimes. This is revolutionary, as in most legal systems criminal liability is not possible if an operator complied with the conditions of a permit. This article argues that this legal development is welcomed as a way to ensure effective environmental criminal enforcement. The question that remains open, however, is how the concept of 'manifest breach of relevant substantive legal requirements' will be translated by the Member States during the transposition of the amended ECD into national law. It is argued that it is especially important to find a formulation that can be reconciled with the legality principle, requiring the conditions for criminal liability to be specified in a clear and specific manner whilst ensuring that environmental crimes are held to account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union and Member States national laws require competent authorities to promptly and effectively address environmental incidents, noncompliances, and criminal offenses, necessitating thorough planning of investigation and assessment activities. To enhance environmental damage assessments in line with the European Environmental Liability Directive (ELD, 2004/35/EC), the European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law (IMPEL Network) has introduced the Criteria for the Assessment of the Environmental Damage (CAED) framework. This framework, outlined in a Practical Guide, offers a methodological approach to environmental damage assessment (EDA) focusing on three key objectives: case screening, identification of "clues" of damage, and determination of "evidence" of damage. Given the critical importance of structured data collection and evaluation, the CAED project has adopted a Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, and Response (DPSIR) model adapted to environmental damage and developed the Practical Tables. These tables serve as a comprehensive tool for systematically identifying investigative priorities and collecting standardized data and information using a predefined list of qualitative or quantitative indicators. This article provides an overview of the Practical Guide and Practical Tables, collectively referred to as the CAED Toolkit, aiming to establish a common framework for environmental damage assessments among various competent authorities and stakeholders across Europe. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2050–2059. © 2024 SETAC Key Points: The Criteria for the Assessment of Environmental Damage (CAED) project developed a comprehensive CAED Toolkit aimed at simplifying the understanding of the ELD's scope and guiding operators and public authorities in responding to emissions, events, or accidents that may lead to environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in the Frontiers in Conservation Science journal discusses the challenges posed by Transnational Maritime Environmental Crimes (TMEC) in a globalized world. These crimes, such as illegal fishing and marine pollution, have significant impacts on marine ecosystems and pose challenges for law enforcement due to their transnational nature. The editorial emphasizes the need for comprehensive and multidisciplinary approaches to address TMEC effectively, highlighting the importance of international cooperation and alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 14. The research topic explores innovative solutions and inclusive frameworks to combat TMEC, particularly in the Global South, where local community-led and gendered responses are crucial. [Extracted from the article]

Transnational Maritime Environmental Crimes (TMEC) pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and the socio-economic sustainability of coastal communities, particularly in the Global South. These crimes, including illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and the trafficking of marine species, demand innovative and inclusive governance strategies. This paper employs a multi-method approach, incorporating a comprehensive literature review and two case studies: IUU fishing in the Philippines and sea cucumber trafficking in the Seychelles. The carrot-and-stick approach, alongside whole-ofsociety perspectives and principles of southern blue criminology, is used to analyze the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks and incentives aimed at reducing TMEC. Findings from the case studies indicate that regulatory frameworks alone are insufficient to combat TMEC. The integration of community-based strategies, incentives for compliance, and penalties for violations fosters behavioral change among states and individuals. The whole-of-society approach, involving governments, corporations, civil society, and local communities, proves critical in designing effective regulatory measures. By leveraging the carrot-and-stick methodology and emphasizing the inclusion of all stakeholders, this paper highlights the potential for gender-sensitive, socioecologically informed solutions that align with Sustainable Development Goal 14. The integration of southern blue criminology principles ensures that governance frameworks are tailored to the unique socio-economic contexts of the Global South, promoting global cooperation to combat TMEC and protect marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental crimes are increasing day by day. There is a need to implement stringent measures to protect the environment. This paper addresses the approaches adopted by different international organizations in tackling environmental crimes, the increasing trend of environmental crimes in India, and the legal redress mechanisms followed in India against environmental wrongs. Our assessment of the global environmental crime scenario revealed that the convergence of environmental crimes with other types of crimes causes complexity in different stages of law enforcement. We recommend integrating environmental forensics into criminal investigation to address the issue and suggest ways to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of legal deterrence (sticks) and economic conditions (carrots) on environmental crime in Italy. We have a unique dataset of environmental crime related to illegal wastewater and waste activities across regions for the decade 2006–2016. Considering that, albeit scant, a first recent literature on environmental crimes in Italy has already begun to study the relationship between economic growth, socio-economic variables, and environmental crime, our analysis is committed to explore the extent to which enforcement and deterrence variables can have an impact on the phenomenon under observation. Consistent with the law and economics literature, our empirical findings show evidence that both economic conditions and enforcement efforts may be effective tools for the fight against environmental crime and, thus, support policy makers to better target environmental crime-control policies in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the rational choice model of crime, this study estimates the optimality of sanctions for environmental crimes, the social cost of these crimes and the expected gain to the offender with Finnish court data from 327 criminal cases in the period 2013–2018. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for the optimal fine, the expected gain from the crime and its social cost. The time-lag and uncertainties related to the restoration of the environmental harm are explicitly included in the model and the empirical analysis. The average fine was much lower than the optimal fine even when taking into account the constraint posed by the offenders' wealth and disregarding the time-lag and uncertainties related to the restoration of the environmental harm. The use of prison sentences was also suboptimal. Even when the illegal gain was fully forfeited, the expected gain from the crime to the offender remained positive. Our results suggest a need to increase the cost of punishment by higher fines and reliable forfeiture of the illegal economic gain. They also point to the importance of systematically estimating both the environmental damage and the illegal gain from the crime as these were available respectively for only 24% (N = 79) and 3% (N = 11) of all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction are a prime target for transnational maritime environmental crime due to a fragmented international legal framework and a lack of coordination and cooperation between governance and institutional structures. On 19 June 2023, member States of the United Nations adopted the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement). As the third Implementing Agreement to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), the BBNJ Agreement seeks to secure the long term protection and integratedmanagement of marine biodiversity through the effective implementation of relevant provisions of the LOSC and by strengthening and promoting cooperation and coordination between and among relevant legal instruments, frameworks and relevant global, regional, subregional and sectoral bodies. This article examines the relationship between the BBNJ Agreement and transnational maritime environmental crime and considersways the instrument could assist in efforts to combat such crime. As part of this analysis, this article explores how the BBNJ Agreement could provide an important platform for the formation of key partnerships and alliances by means of regional and bilateral dialogues, outreach and coalition-building to address transnational maritime environmental crime and mobilize and sustain the momentum for global action on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The physical inactivity pandemic not only has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of children and youth, but it is also a key contributor to the non-communicable disease (NCD) burden, particularly among low- and middle-income countries. The widespread effects of climate change, ranging from extreme weather events to worsening air quality, are exacerbating the physical inactivity pandemic, highlighting the need to undertake holistic interventions to address environmental barriers while promoting physical activity. Despite the potential benefits of active school transportation (AST) on physical activity and the environment, no study has examined the intersection between perceptions of AST, environmental perceptions, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among children and youth in India from a child and youth perspective. Methods: As a part of this cross-sectional, observational study, digital survey links were administered to 1,042 children and youth aged 5 to 17 (50.3% boys; 49.7% girls). Participants were recruited from 41 schools across 28 rural and urban regions in India. Children and youth provided information on various sociodemographic factors, perceptions of crime and air pollution, and peer support factors. MVPA data were collected using an adapted version of the IPAQ short-form questionnaire. The overall sample was stratified by age, gender, and location, resulting in a total of seven multiple linear regression models to assess the association between AST and MVPA. Results: Children and youth who engaged in AST were associated with higher MVPA than those who did not engage in AST (β = 18.020, 95% CI [5.890 to 30.149], p = 0.004), after adjusting for age, gender, and location. In contrast, perceptions of high crime in the neighbourhood (β = − 21.921, CI [−36.195 to −7.647], p = 0.003) and perceptions of air pollution (β = − 12.472, CI [−23.797 to −1.147], p = 0.031) were associated with lower MVPA. Moreover, having active friends was associated with higher MVPA (β = 32.391, CI [9.264 to 55.518], p = 0.006) than not having active friends. AST was significantly associated with higher MVPA in the boys, rural, and aged 13 to 17 models; however, this association was not statistically significant in the girls, urban, and aged 5 to 12 models. Conclusions: These findings highlight that promoting AST can potentially promote MVPA and contribute to mitigating the NCD burden among children and youth in India. Future policies and interventions should prioritize initiatives that promote AST, considering diverse sociodemographic factors, and addressing environmental challenges such as perceptions of crime and air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of the restorative justice (RJ) concept has brought significant changes to China's environmental criminal justice system. However, the lack of empirical study makes it hard to support the existing normative arguments and jurisprudential analysis of environmental RJ practices in China. This study aims to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms of the RJ application in environmental crimes. To achieve this goal, a tripartite evolutionary game model comprising the judiciary, the offenders, and the victims, is established based on evolutionary game theory (EGT). Simulations based on 2022 China's environmental criminal justice data indicate that top-down environmental RJ reforms will face resistance due to insufficient public participation. To reverse this situation, we merge sensitivity analyses of model parameters with critical examinations of classical RJ theories. By analyzing the current status and future scenarios of RJ in China's environmental criminal justice, we suggest that: (1) Maintaining moderate penal intensity is the evolution-stable condition for the offenders to develop an intrinsic legal motivation to repair the environment. (2) To ensure both efficiency and fairness, the use of RJ should be determined based on the statutory length of sentences for environmental offenses. (3) Support for victims should be strengthened to increase their benefits from environmental RJ and reduce their legal costs. This paper is innovative in quantitatively evaluating the evolutionary mechanisms of the RJ application by using EGT, which adds to the body of knowledge on RJ conducted by qualitative research. The findings based on EGT can provide an answer to the persistent debate about the relationship between RJ and traditional justice (TJ). While the argument for replacing TJ with RJ may seem attractive, it is not feasible. Considering cost-benefit limitations, incorporating RJ into TJ could achieve positive outcomes in environmental crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces southern blue criminology, a novel theoretical framework that extends traditional criminological analysis to encompass the environmental harms affecting the world's oceans, particularly from a Global South perspective. This approach critiques crime-centric analysis and expands upon the concept of "harmscapes" - areas significantly impacted by ecological damage - by integrating socio-economic and cultural contexts often overlooked by prevailing enforcement paradigms developed in the Global North. Through a critical review of existing criminological theories and maritime enforcement practices, this study highlights the inadequacies of current approaches that fail to account for the transnational and complex nature of oceanic harms. Southern blue criminology is proposed through four integrative perspectives: shifting from a crime-centric view to embracing a broader conception of ocean harmscapes; moving beyond state-centric responses to foster whole-of-society involvement including non-state actors; transcending Western-centric governance models in favor of context-dependent strategies that respect local knowledge and practices; and expanding the analytical frame from human-centric approaches to include human-nonhuman assemblages, recognizing the ocean as an active participant in ecological and social interactions. The framework aims to foster more effective and sustainable management of marine environments, proposing a shift from a punitive focus to a more comprehensive, preventive, and restorative approach. The implications of this research are significant, suggesting a transformative shift in policies to better address the intricate web of factors contributing to maritime environmental crimes and to enhance global ecological justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our age of increasing ecological sensitivity, environmental crimes have become one of the most important agenda items in the world. As the relationship between the environment and human life and quality of life has become clearer, environmental policies have come to the forefront among public policies. The fact that crimes committed against the environment directly affect human life keeps this issue on the agenda. In addition, the fact that environmental crimes do not have a globally accepted definition and are involved in money laundering activities makes the fight against this type of crime important and necessary. This study will focus on how environmental crimes are used in money laundering activities. Since environmental and money laundering crimes, which have a transnational characteristic, are committed together, it is necessary to establish a global partnership instead of country-based solutions. In this field, an AML regime is expected to be developed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two main issues in international environmental law regarding the extensive classification of air pollution crime as a crime against humanity. Firstly, the international law regime's indecision status of air pollution crimes, especially in the form of carbon dioxide pollution, is a crime under international law, specifically under the term crime against humanity. The challenge is to extensively deconstruct the qualification of the related crimes based on their characteristics severity and nature of both crimes qualification. Secondly, there are existing problems to regulate air pollution crime as a crime against humanity including the enforcement and formulation of air pollution crime as a crime against humanity, and political considerations in the formation of international agreements that regulate air pollution crime as a crime against humanity and its enforcement. In this perspective, there's a contradictory situation where the international community is aware of global warming and carbon emissions but major industrialized countries are not fully committed to reducing carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article debates the open strategy process, understanding the social pressure on companies as a highlighted dimension within the context of formulating strategy. Originality/value: Within corporate environmental and social crimes and negligence, companies can maintain their closed strategies and try to avoid institutional and social protests by responding ceremonially. To analyze this relationship, we use the theoretical framework of open strategy, assuming a practical perspective of this worldwide social phenomenon, and we also propose a discussion agenda for the ethical dimension of formulating strategy. Design/methodology/approach: We have conducted a documental case study of the Braskem “geological phenomenon” which occurred in Maceió, Alagoas, in 2018 using newspaper reports from Folha de S.Paulo and Estadão, as well as business reports. Based on these documents, we debate the corporate environmental crime that occurred (ecocide), which caused great losses on the part of the local residents. The documents were analyzed using content analysis and interpreted in light of the delineated theoretical framework. Findings: We emphasize the importance of including the ethical dimension in debates about open strategy and propose a reflection about taking this opening seriously. Openness is built from a dialogic perspective, and social practices are considered a social-historic and culturally situated framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context where supranational courts order reparations in environmental cases, this article examines whether the International Criminal Court (ICC) should pay attention to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) reparations jurisprudence in environmental cases. The ICC has yet to engage with environmental cases and order ensuing reparations. However, the ICC Statute contains an environmental war crime, 'ecocide' may be incorporated into it, and some ICC cases/ICC complaints involved environmental damages. This article examines constraints of a potential extrapolation of IACtHR's reparation jurisprudence to the ICC's reparations system in environmental cases: differences between IACtHR's and ICC's mandates, particularly their reparations systems; and potential backlash from states/other actors vis-à-vis 'green' reparations jurisprudence. This article also provides justifications for ICC/IACtHR cross-fertilization: international human rights law is embedded in ICC's reparations law and practice, and need for a coherent international law of reparations in environmental cases across supranational courts. Through adapted cross-fertilization, the ICC's reparations system should consider IACtHR's reparations practice concerning environmental cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this special issue, five articles demonstrate the impact of contemporary Environmental Criminology theory on the understanding of crime and the development of crime prevention practices in both urban and rural contexts. The articles exemplify the development of Environmental Criminology as a field that extends beyond crime in physical spaces to encompass offenses in cyberspace, illustrating the field's adaptability and relevance in an increasingly digital world. Authored by environmental criminologists from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, these articles offer a range of international perspectives, thereby contributing to the field of security while addressing broader social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regulations on environmental performance for a sample of 141 countries. Results of cross-sectional regression models show that the impact is significant and negative, which suggests that the current AML/CFT regulations jeopardize global efforts towards achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 as planned. This can be attributed to the costly efforts of compliance with AML/CFT regulations which may be holding back the finance sector from prioritizing environmental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the definition of the concept of environmental crimes, it is noted that there is no single normative instrument in international law that contains a definition of such a concept. It is stated that international institutions, in particular: United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, European Commission, Europol, etc. provide different interpretations of these unlawful acts. And universal and regional international acts criminalising illegal acts in the environmental sphere (the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (1976), Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (1980) and its Additional Protocols, Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora (1994), Directive (EU) 2024/1203 on the protection of the environment through criminal law and replacing Directives 2008/99/ EC and 2009/123/EC, etc.), mainly contain a list of offences, obligations to criminalise them by the parties to the relevant international agreements, to impose sanctions, to cooperate, etc. It is noted that the factors that increase the danger to natural objects and the survival of humanity as a whole are the ways of committing illegal acts (e.g., destruction, large-scale uncontrolled fishing, chemical pollution of water and land, large-scale uncontrolled and irreversible deforestation, etc.). There is also a combination of different forms of crime, namely, crimes committed by transnational organised groups, the use of administrative resources, corruption schemes, money laundering, etc., which facilitate the commission of crimes, increase the level of latency, etc. Another negative trend is the close connection of environmental crime with international conflicts, which increase the danger to all environmental objects and individuals. The subjects of illegal acts include individuals, companies, governments, informal criminal networks and organised criminal groups. The victims of environmental crimes are individuals, communities and the population of the state. The article classifies environmental crimes on the basis of the objects of encroachment and the methods of committing the illegal acts, and accordingly proposes to distinguish between such types as: fisheries crime, forestry crime, pollution crimes, illicit trade in natural resources and wildlife crime. Conclusions and recommendations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the complexities surrounding the establishment of criminal liability for actions concerning the destruction, illegal extraction, and trafficking of particularly valuable, rare, and protected flora specimens. Official statistics data regarding the frequency of criminal acts committed in the realm of natural resource management and environmental protection are provided, offering a clear depiction of the state of legal protection and conservation efforts concerning flora specimens. To substantiate the rationale behind criminalizing acts pertaining to the destruction, illicit trafficking, and extraction of rare plant and fungi species, the author furnishes specific examples showcasing legislative violations in the realm of flora protection. An analysis of current criminal law, particularly Chapter 26 “Environmental Crimes”, is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of existing measures in safeguarding particularly valuable and rare flora specimens. Upon analyzing judicial statistics data, it has been determined that the current provisions of criminal law concerning the protection of flora specimens (Article 259 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) are ineffective and largely unenforced. To enhance the effectiveness of protecting particularly valuable flora specimens, it is imperative to implement new legal mechanisms aimed at preserving and sustaining Russia's unique biological diversity. The article provides a description of the offense, for which liability is stipulated in Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: “Intentional destruction or damage, as well as illegal extraction, collection, and trafficking of particularly valuable plants and fungi species belonging to those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and/or protected by international treaties of the Russian Federation”. It is especially noted that with the enactment of Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the legislator has adopted a unified approach to the criminal law protection and preservation of both wildlife and plant species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and/ or protected by international treaties of the Russian Federation. The elements of criminal offenses (as well as sanctions for them), the responsibility for which is established by Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, are constructed by analogy with Article 258.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made about the expediency and necessity of criminalization in domestic legislation of acts related to the extraction and trafficking of especially valuable plants and fungi listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. The author makes proposals to improve criminal legislation in the field of establishing liability provided for in Article 260.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Big Tech holds out a mythology of exceptionalism – promising disruption and innovation, operating on a pristine, otherworldly, abstract, imaginary plane – that is, the immaterial rather than the material. It holds itself out as different and separate from the ‘old’ economy and its concerns about material harms to people and the environment. Whilst there is increasing recognition of the harms of Big Tech, even these seem to be exceptional and epic, posing threats to democracy and our souls. This article argues against glamour of exceptionalism by Big Tech and instead contends that Big Tech epitomises problems of ascribing criminal liability to corporations – on steroids. This article aims to disrupt the myth and cultural imaginary of Big Tech as exceptional by teasing out various themes of legally enshrined corporate irresponsibility to highlight commonalities and to argue that corporations (including those that are part of Big Tech) urgently need to be regarded and regulated as criminal legal subjects. Far from exceptional and immaterial, Big Tech operates by a familiar playbook that enables it to externalise banal, routine harms that can and should be the subject of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing poses a significant threat to marine resource management globally. Environmental criminology plays a vital role in understanding and mitigating IUU activities by focusing on the contextual elements surrounding these crimes. This study examines the dynamics of poaching within areas managed through Territorial User Rights for Fisheries (TURFs), with a specific emphasis on the loco (Concholepas concholepas) fishery in Chile. Methods: Employing Crime Script Analysis (CSA) as the primary methodological lens, this research meticulously deconstructs the criminal process involved in TURFs poaching operations. CSA is used to identify key elements, providing a comprehensive understanding of poachers modus operandi. Additionally, by integrating CSA with Situational Precipitators of Crime (SPC), the study identifies critical factors such as environmental conditions, socio-economic disparities, and enforcement weaknesses that shape poaching opportunities within TURFs. Results: The analysis reveals a complex interplay between SPC factors, underscoring their role in shaping poaching dynamics. Key findings highlight the importance of specific environmental conditions, socio-economic disparities, and enforcement weaknesses in facilitating poaching activities. The study identifies various tactics and strategies employed by poachers and the roles of different actors involved in the poaching process. Discussion: Building upon these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) framework aimed at effectively combating TURFs poaching. The framework emphasizes the importance of striking a careful balance between restrictive and inclusive measures to mitigate potential negative consequences. The study contributes valuable insights into understanding and addressing IUU fishing, particularly within TURFs in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents research regarding impression management following a white-collar investigation and prosecution scandal by the National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway. The authority issued 39 press releases in one year, which communicate focus on less serious crime cases combined with deterrence by taking on cases without ever bringing them to court. Deterrence strategy by investigations implies that the authority passes penalties on suspects who never have a chance to defend themselves in court. The penalty is suffering from negative public attention, lack of job opportunities, and time spent in detention and interrogation as an accused where they have to explain themselves. The authority then behaves like a court where they punish people. However, that is a role assigned to judges and not to investigators or prosecutors. The authority argues that it is difficult to obtain the necessary information without a thorough investigation. While this is certainly true, a policing principle seems forgotten that an investigation should only be launched when it is somehow obvious that crime has indeed occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlation between burglary crime and urban environmental characteristics is crucial for understanding the causes of crime events. Mathematical relationships can be linked between crime and crime‐causing events with the help of the machine learning (ML) model and geographic information system (GIS). The main objective of this research is to analyze and predict burglary crime events by applying ML‐based GIS models for Trabzon and Turkey. Random forest regression (RFR) and support vector regression (SVR) were implemented to predict crime. Correlation between crime and urban physical environmental metrics was used in the prediction model. Due to the result of the analysis, the R2 value was measured as 0.78 with the RFR and 0.71 with the SVR algorithm. The height of the building, the proportion of floor area, the density of buildings, and the density of intersection of streets are the four most important variables that affect the burglary crime rate positively. Conversely, the variable with the lowest effect on burglary crime is the ratio of the park to the residential area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional wisdom claims that racial diversity undermines public goods provision. I show that class-based differences, instead, incentivize cooperation for public goods. Class-based segregation reduces spatial externalities of inequality (e.g., sewage pollution and crime) spilling over from impoverished areas (e.g., slums) to the middle class. Conversely, I argue that in integrated (de-segregated) cities, the scale of such externalities undermines the efficacy of private services (e.g., private security), thereby inducing middle-class preferences for externalities-correcting public goods. Thus, while segregation polarizes preferences, integration aligns the middle class with the poor in coalitions that support public goods over private alternatives. I illustrate the theory using focus groups, a proposed quasi-experimental strategy, and an original face-to-face survey of 4,208 households across 420 neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis introduces self-interest in reducing intergroup externalities as a mechanism for cooperation for public goods even in diverse societies. Using mechanism vignettes, I distinguish the mechanism from the affective attitudes—racial tolerance, social affinity—of intergroup contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual characteristics of neighborhood context, like concentrated socioeconomic disadvantage, are associated with children's cognitive development, including their academic skill development and executive functions. However, questions remain regarding how neighborhood structural, process, and physical features uniquely predict children's cognitive skills when measuring neighborhoods more holistically. Exploiting within-child changes in neighborhood conditions over time in a nationally representative sample of children followed from kindergarten through fifth grade (N ≈ 13,550), this study examined unique associations between structural (i.e., concentrated disadvantage), process (i.e., violent crime, learning resources, and aspects of school quality), and physical (i.e., green space and pollution) characteristics of neighborhoods and children's achievement skills and executive functions. Fixed-effects models demonstrated that increases in neighborhood violent crime and pollution predicted decreases in children's reading and math skills, while increases in neighborhood school quality, learning resources, and green space predicted increases in reading and math. Children's executive functions were better when neighborhood pollution was lower and when school quality was better. Our results suggest that improving neighborhood structure, processes, and physical conditions may foster children's cognitive skill development, especially academic achievement. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: This study documented how neighborhood structural, process, and physical characteristics related to change in children's academic and executive function skills from kindergarten through fifth grade. Specifically, utilizing a representative sample of U.S. elementary school students and rigorous analytic methods that reduce selection bias, we found that increased pollution and violent crime related to declines in academic skills while more learning resources, green space, and higher school-level average achievement related to better academic skills. Executive functions were less mutable by neighborhood conditions; only pollution and school quality predicted children's executive functions (negatively and positively, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violations of environmental regulations often involve multiple parties since companies, as well as employees of the companies, face regulatory obligations and can expend compliance-enhancing effort. When deterring such violations by punishing violators, court judges must determine which party or parties to punish with sanctions. Our study explores such sanction decisions made by Belgian judges in response to environmental offenses and the defendants' intent to comply as captured by three key Belgian legal elements reflecting culpability: purpose, willingness, and knowledge. Our empirical results reveal that the three culpability factors play strong roles in shaping judges' sanction decisions, especially the relative use of firm sanctions and employee sanctions. As important, our empirical results strongly demonstrate that judges appear to perceive firm and employee sanctions as complements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety and crime prevention are significant concerns in both urban and rural areas. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) guidelines provide an architectural strategy to deter criminal activities by implementing strategic design plans, particularly through effective lighting schemes in urban settings. These measures aim to reduce the fear of crime and enhance the overall quality of life. Enhanced street lighting plays a crucial role in environmental crime prevention by lowering both actual crime rates and the perceived risk of criminal activity in built environments. Current recommendations emphasize installing lighting in poorly lit areas for safety; however, assessing road surface luminance solely based on existing streetlights is insufficient. The research underscores that well-illuminated streets with uniform lighting and higher illuminance levels enhance pedestrian safety and comfort. In addition, this study proposes standardized illumination levels specifically for outdoor facial recognition to aid in identifying potential offenders. It outlines the critical vertical illuminance range and Color Rendering Index (CRI) values necessary for this purpose. Furthermore, metrics like the Brightness Index and Safety Index were developed to enhance night-time security and illustrate their correlation with crime rates. Ultimately, this research introduces quantitative lighting standards to enhance the effectiveness of CPTED guidelines, contributing to efforts to reduce crime incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines international and national mechanisms for combating crime against the environment. Arguments are presented to add the crime of ecocide into the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, as well as to create a special international human rights tribunal that can potentially hear cases related to ecocide. A number of bodies, programs, international networks, and transnational non-governmental non-profit organizations should be promoted to directly or indirectly aim at combating crime against the environment. At the same time, the necessity of adopting a comprehensive approach to the international cooperation among these institutions and law enforcement agencies is warranted, given contemporary challenges and threats, in particular with Interpol, a robust institutional framework to combating environmental crime. The importance of establishing universal national and interstate mechanisms for the restoring and preserving ecosystems to combat environmental crimes effectively is underscored. These international regulations should be recognized through relevant resolutions of the UN General Assembly and other international documents. A conceptual inference drawn is is the imperative for comprehensive national measures to combat ecocide, including the development of cohesive state policies, the establishment of an effective environmental monitoring system, and the documentation of incurred damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civilization has always relied on geological materials and it would not exist as we know it without the use of minerals. For the foreseeable future, minerals will remain fundamentally important commodities. As technology changes, so does the demand for different mineral commodities. For example, as we enter the era of the battery revolution, expedited by vehicle electrification and a reduction in the burning of traditional fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), demand for minerals used in battery technologies is predicted to increase significantly. In 2022 alone, the global mining industry had a value of over 2000 billion US dollars. Where such huge amounts of money are involved, it is unsurprising that criminal activity follows. Criminal activity in the mining, minerals and metals industries includes illegal mining and smuggling, theft (including adulteration and substitution), illegal trade in conflict minerals, fakes, fraud and environmental crime (e.g. pollution, contamination and degradation of the land, air and water). In this article, we provide an overview of the types of criminal activities associated with geological materials and the potential role of forensic geologists in mitigating the associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates court rulings in public environmental pollution litigation, analyzing the factors influencing those decisions. We test an environmental judicial outcome model that considers the offense's seriousness and the defendants' resources/capabilities. Using environmental case data from six major cities in Taiwan between 2000 and 2018, we find that 78.2% of defendants were found guilty, 52.9% received probation, 19.0% were fined, and 28.1% faced imprisonment. This pattern differs from Western countries where fines are more prevalent and incarcerations rare. Statistical analyses reveal that the number of environmental offenses the defendant commits influences the court verdict and sentencing decision, defendants from private firms have lower odds of being found guilty but a higher probability of being fined, and the type of legal representation plays a mixed role in court judgments. Over time, there has been an increase in guilty verdicts and stricter punishments for environmental offenders in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the relationship between the features of physical and social environments and neighborhood crime in a large Korean city. We utilized the 112 Crime Calls Data from May 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019, aggregated at the ¼-mile egohood level. We estimated a series of negative binomial regression models to test the effects of social and physical environmental features on crime rates. Furthermore, we examine potential moderating effects between the measures of physical and social environments. The results indicate that incorporating the physical and social environmental features based on the theoretical framework of criminal opportunities and social disorganization can be useful for understanding the spatial patterns of crime in Korean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The publication is dedicated to the scientific analysis of the problems of identifying and qualifying criminal offenses against the environment in order to develop appropriate countermeasures at the national and international legal levels. It is noted that an important step towards preserving the environment, ensuring the safety of life and health of people and other living organisms is the development of effective mechanisms for prosecuting criminal offenses against the environment, in particular the expansion of international responsibility for environmental damage, as well as the establishment of cooperation in the prosecution of criminals. It was established that crimes related to environmental pollution and depletion of ecosystems, etc., remain outside the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. It is noted that in the practice of the said court and criminal tribunals, there are no court decisions related to damage to the environment. The expediency of revising the provisions of international legislation and the relevant directive on environmental crimes, creating the operation of the International Registry of Damages was emphasized. In the opinion of the author, the introduction of appropriate changes to international legislation will allow to create a comprehensive system of measures to combat environmental crime, to ensure the unification of national legislative systems in terms of terminology, composition of crimes, as well as sanctions applied for their commission in the conditions of armed conflicts. Arguments are presented regarding the need for Ukraine to develop a unified state policy to counter ecocide and other war crimes, in particular criminalization of the specified socially dangerous acts, establishment of an effective system for monitoring the state of the environment and fixing the amount of damage caused by the aggressor country, creating a special tribunal for criminals involved in ecocide in conditions of armed conflict. It is noted that the environmental direction of the National Post-War Recovery Plan should be based on the monitoring of regulatory acts in the field of environmental protection and contain a list of measures to restore and preserve ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the elements of the objective side of unqualified intentional destruction or damage of territories taken under state protection and objects of the nature reserve fund. Analysis of this element of the composition of the criminal offense provided for in Part 1 of Art. 252 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, has been carried out, while taking into account the achievements of criminal and environmental law sciences, provisions of regulatory legislation and materials of court practice. The dominant approach is supported, within which the territories protected by the state and the objects of the nature reserve fund are recognized as the subject, and not the place of the commission of the analyzed criminal offense against the environment. Emphasis is placed on the blanket disposition of Part 1 of Art. 252 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the need to specify the charges based on this circumstance. The meaning of the concepts of destruction and damage of the territories taken under the protection of the state and objects of the nature reserve fund is revealed; the differences between these concepts are clarified; it is shown how in court practice the elements of a socially dangerous act, indicated in part 1 of Article 252 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are interpreted alternatively. A scientific proposal has been made to differentiate (in order to improve Article 252 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) criminal liability for violation of the regime of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, as well as other key territories of the ecological network of Ukraine, as a result of which the reduction or loss of their special environmental protection has been made, was subjected to critical analysis. At the same time, the perspective of revealing the content of the socially dangerous consequences of the tort under consideration by referring to the concepts of reduction or loss by specific territories (objects) of their special environmental value was noted. The expediency of clarifying part 2 of Art. 252 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, by taking into account the fact that the destruction or damage of territories and objects, especially those protected by the state, may take the form of inaction, has been pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance crime is money laundering stemming from illegal environmental destruction activities. Indonesia is experiencing this problem, where the number of forest clearing, plantations, and mining is increasing, but the results are not enjoyed by the surrounding community, and only enjoyed by a few people and corporations through illegal mechanisms. Ordinary legal mechanisms have not been able to prevent and crack down on green finance crimes in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze green finance crimes in order to optimize green economy transformation in Indonesia. This study used the juridical-normative method. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk mitigation measures for green financial crime in Indonesia. The result of this study is that the problem faced by Indonesia is that it does not understand environmental crime as a criminal act originating from money laundering so the instruments used to overcome this crime are still conventional. Coupled with the ever-evolving, various modes of washing are complex and involve different legal systems in different countries. This makes green finance crime difficult to eradicate with ordinary legal instruments. Thus, the authors propose mitigating legal risks through joint investigations covering multiple devices, multiple institutions, multiple laws and regulations, and multiple sanctions to overcome this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Legal & Economic Research / Mağallaẗ Al-Buḥūṯ Al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa Al-Iqtiṣādiyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. Analysis of the theoretical and applied principles and economic and legal status of ensuring guarantees of the right to a favorable environment (GRFE), identification of legal norms in this area that require clarification and development of recommendations for their improvement. Methodology. The research used the dialectical methods to identify the need to change the conceptual legal basis of the GRFE. The hermeneutic method was used to establish normative links between the right to a safe environment and other human rights; formal and legal method – for provision of an additional GRFE instrument appeal to the International Criminal Court in the matter of environmental crimes in wartime. The systemic-structural method was applied to propose delictual legal links between the norms of environmental law and the norms of other branches of law, where the mechanisms for ensuring the GRFE are formed. The method of analysis and synthesis was to establish the fact that the possibility of implementation of the GRFE should be a component not only of environmental, but also of national security of the state. Findings. It is proposed to strengthen the imperative character of the legislative GRFE norms; establish regulatory links between the right to a safe environment and other human rights; to establish delictual legal links between the norms of environmental law and the norms of other branches of law, where the mechanisms for ensuring the GRFE are being formed; to strengthen the effectiveness of legal norms in this area. Legal measures are suggested to strengthen the GRFE and mechanisms which ensure the ability of citizens to realize the right to a favorable environment. It is noted that the possibility to implement the GHBD should be a component not only of environmental, but also of national security of the state. Originality. It is proposed to change the conceptual legal basis of the GRFE, directing it to the maintenance of natural balance, as a prerequisite for ensuring the quality of life. Practical value. The legal norms related to the GRFE, which can lead to legal conflicts, have been identified and ways of solving these problems have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to analyse the EU's existing and potential capabilities in criminal law policy to prevent transnational environmental crimes. The study uses statistical analysis, formal legal, comparative legal and descriptive methods. As a result of the work carried out, it was found that today, Ukraine requires special attention in terms of the scale of transnational environmental crimes. About 2,500 environmental crimes committed by Russian companies were recorded in the country. In this regard, the author's in-depth analysis of the current legislative documents related to transnational environmental crimes provides valuable insights. It is determined that changes in the criminal law policy of the European Union may improve the situation with transnational environmental crime. At the same time, the author considers the prospects for further improvement of criminal law policy, including introducing the concept of "ecocide" into the Rome Statute. The author notes the European Union countries' best practices in preventing environmental crimes using criminal law instruments and the SIENA platform's effectiveness in exchanging information on environmental crimes between countries. The findings of this work can be applied in developing mechanisms for the prevention of transnational environmental crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution poses severe risks to public health and the environment, with acts contributing to air contamination potentially constituting environmental crimes or public health offenses. This research examines the national legislations and international legal frameworks aimed at safeguarding atmospheric air quality and addressing air pollution-related offenses in Central Asian countries. Particular attention is given to legal provisions that establish emission standards, monitoring mechanisms, and punitive measures for violations. By exploring the genesis and implementation of these legal instruments, the research identifies potential gaps, inconsistencies, or weaknesses that may hinder the effective prosecution of environmental crimes associated with air pollution in the Central Asian region. This study contributes to the broader understanding of environmental criminology by examining the interplay between international norms, national legislations, and institutional structures in combating air pollution-related offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To protect the environment from ecology-related encroachments, countries implement environmental policy, determine legal, as well as criminal liability for violations in this area. The purpose of paper is to identify common features that allow distinguishing ecological criminal offences into a separate group and to investigate criminal penalties for committing such offences, as well as to highlight the problem of qualification of these crimes. The important tasks of this study include defining the term "environmental crimes", which will clearly analyse this category of offences. The following scientific methods are employed in this study: functional and dialectical approaches, the method of logical analysis, the method of synthesis, the method of comparative analysis, the method of analysis of scientific literature, the method of generalisation. This paper analysed statistical data, scientific research, court decisions, and regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Using practical examples, the most typical environmental criminal offences in Kazakhstan were identified. Notably, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as in other countries of the world, environmental problems intersect with social ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de Investigación is the property of Grupo Compas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article proposes a visual and sensory methodology useful to the study of environmental victimization from the perspective of people exposed to environmental harm and crime. Given the scarcity of tools with which to approach these dynamic and elusive phenomena, I focus first on the methodological and theoretical positioning that sees the encounter between green, cultural, visual, narrative and critical criminologies. Second, I discuss photo elicitation, a technique for a green criminology "with" images, where visual images are used as a heuristic tool in order to explore more thoroughly the social perception of environmental victimization. Third, I discuss the importance of sensory techniques for a green criminology open to the complex and situational dimension of environmental harm, with some examples involving a special form of mobile methodology called itinerant soliloquy. The conclusion notes the potential of a visual and sensory mode of research to social and environmental harms in sensitizing scholars, practitioners and policy-makers to the need to change some taken-for-granted views that inform our relationship with the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]