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We present a statistical simulation replicating the correlation observed in EPR coincidence experiments without needing non-local connectivity. We define spin coherence as a spin attribute that complements polarization by being anti-symmetric and generating helicity. Point particle spin becomes structured with two orthogonal magnetic moments, each with a spin of 12—these moments couple in free flight to create a spin-1 boson. Depending on its orientation in the field, when it encounters a filter, it either decouples into two independent fermion spins of 12, or it remains a boson and precedes without decoupling. The only variable in this study is the angle that orients a spin on the Bloch sphere, first identified in the 1920s. There are no hidden variables. The new features introduced in this work result from changing the spin symmetry from SU(2) to the quaternion group, Q8, which complexifies the Dirac field. The transition from a free-flight boson to a measured fermion causes the observed violation of Bell’s Inequalities and resolves the EPR paradox.

The first experimental observation of entangled visible light was achieved by optically exciting free atoms of calcium and detecting pairs of photons emitted in a two-stage cascade. The polarizations of the entangled photons were observed to be correlated, in agreement with quantum theory. This review describes the rationale, methodology, challenges, and results, including experimental details not previously published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a statistical simulation replicating the correlation observed in EPR coincidence experiments without needing non-local connectivity. We define spin coherence as a spin attribute that complements polarization by being anti-symmetric and generating helicity. Point particle spin becomes structured with two orthogonal magnetic moments, each with a spin of 1 2 —these moments couple in free flight to create a spin-1 boson. Depending on its orientation in the field, when it encounters a filter, it either decouples into two independent fermion spins of 1 2 , or it remains a boson and precedes without decoupling. The only variable in this study is the angle that orients a spin on the Bloch sphere, first identified in the 1920s. There are no hidden variables. The new features introduced in this work result from changing the spin symmetry from SU(2) to the quaternion group, Q8, which complexifies the Dirac field. The transition from a free-flight boson to a measured fermion causes the observed violation of Bell's Inequalities and resolves the EPR paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science, especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell’s inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence that contradicted local realistic theories of nature, thereby validating quantum mechanics as a fundamental non-local theory. However, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell’s “super-deterministic” loophole, which was validated (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) non-locally, thus compromising the subsequent Nobel Prize. More importantly, the discovery of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive non-local hidden variables revealed why local scientific methods obtain false-positive and false-negative results. With knowledge of this fundamental omission, the inclusion of the non-local hidden variables in the local methods used in science can then advance it to be a complete study of nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation analogy presented in this work enhances the accessibility of abstract quantum theories, specifically the stochastic hydrodynamic model (SQHM), by relating them to our daily experiences. The SQHM incorporates the influence of fluctuating gravitational background, a form of dark energy, into quantum equations. This model successfully addresses key aspects of objective-collapse theories, including resolving the ‘tails’ problem through the definition of quantum potential length of interaction in addition to the De Broglie length, beyond which coherent Schrödinger quantum behavior and wavefunction tails cannot be maintained. The SQHM emphasizes that an external environment is unnecessary, asserting that the quantum stochastic behavior leading to wavefunction collapse can be an inherent property of physics in a spacetime with fluctuating metrics. Embedded in relativistic quantum mechanics, the theory establishes a coherent link between the uncertainty principle and the constancy of light speed, aligning seamlessly with finite information transmission speed. Within quantum mechanics submitted to fluctuations, the SQHM derives the indeterminacy relation between energy and time, offering insights into measurement processes impossible within a finite time interval in a truly quantum global system. Experimental validation is found in confirming the Lindemann constant for solid lattice melting points and the 4He transition from fluid to superfluid states. The SQHM’s self-consistency lies in its ability to describe the dynamics of wavefunction decay (collapse) and the measure process. Additionally, the theory resolves the pre-existing reality problem by showing that large-scale systems naturally decay into decoherent states stable in time. Continuing, the paper demonstrates that the physical dynamics of SQHM can be analogized to a computer simulation employing optimization procedures for realization. This perspective elucidates the concept of time in contemporary reality and enriches our comprehension of free will. The overall framework introduces an irreversible process impacting the manifestation of macroscopic reality at the present time, asserting that the multiverse exists solely in future states, with the past comprising the formed universe after the current moment. Locally uncorrelated projective decays of wavefunction, at the present time, function as a reduction of the multiverse to a single universe. Macroscopic reality, characterized by a foam-like consistency where microscopic domains with quantum properties coexist, offers insights into how our consciousness perceives dynamic reality. It also sheds light on the spontaneous emergence of gravity in discrete quantum spacetime evolution, and the achievement of the classical general relativity limit in quantum loop gravity and causal dynamical triangulation. The simulation analogy highlights a strategy focused on minimizing information processing, facilitating the universal simulation in solving its predetermined problem. From within, reality becomes the manifestation of specific physical laws emerging from the inherent structure of the simulation devised to address its particular issue. In this context, the reality simulation appears to employ an optimization strategy, minimizing information loss and data management in line with the simulation’s intended purpose.

The simulation analogy presented in this work enhances the accessibility of abstract quantum theories, specifically the stochastic hydrodynamic model (SQHM), by relating them to our daily experiences. The SQHM incorporates the influence of fluctuating gravitational background, a form of dark energy, into quantum equations. This model successfully addresses key aspects of objective-collapse theories, including resolving the 'tails' problem through the definition of quantum potential length of interaction in addition to the De Broglie length, beyond which coherent Schrödinger quantum behavior and wavefunction tails cannot be maintained. The SQHM emphasizes that an external environment is unnecessary, asserting that the quantum stochastic behavior leading to wavefunction collapse can be an inherent property of physics in a spacetime with fluctuating metrics. Embedded in relativistic quantum mechanics, the theory establishes a coherent link between the uncertainty principle and the constancy of light speed, aligning seamlessly with finite information transmission speed. Within quantum mechanics submitted to fluctuations, the SQHM derives the indeterminacy relation between energy and time, offering insights into measurement processes impossible within a finite time interval in a truly quantum global system. Experimental validation is found in confirming the Lindemann constant for solid lattice melting points and the 4He transition from fluid to superfluid states. The SQHM's self-consistency lies in its ability to describe the dynamics of wavefunction decay (collapse) and the measure process. Additionally, the theory resolves the pre-existing reality problem by showing that large-scale systems naturally decay into decoherent states stable in time. Continuing, the paper demonstrates that the physical dynamics of SQHM can be analogized to a computer simulation employing optimization procedures for realization. This perspective elucidates the concept of time in contemporary reality and enriches our comprehension of free will. The overall framework introduces an irreversible process impacting the manifestation of macroscopic reality at the present time, asserting that the multiverse exists solely in future states, with the past comprising the formed universe after the current moment. Locally uncorrelated projective decays of wavefunction, at the present time, function as a reduction of the multiverse to a single universe. Macroscopic reality, characterized by a foam-like consistency where microscopic domains with quantum properties coexist, offers insights into how our consciousness perceives dynamic reality. It also sheds light on the spontaneous emergence of gravity in discrete quantum spacetime evolution, and the achievement of the classical general relativity limit in quantum loop gravity and causal dynamical triangulation. The simulation analogy highlights a strategy focused on minimizing information processing, facilitating the universal simulation in solving its predetermined problem. From within, reality becomes the manifestation of specific physical laws emerging from the inherent structure of the simulation devised to address its particular issue. In this context, the reality simulation appears to employ an optimization strategy, minimizing information loss and data management in line with the simulation's intended purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first experimental observation of entangled visible light was achieved by optically exciting free atoms of calcium and detecting pairs of photons emitted in a two-stage cascade. The polarizations of the entangled photons were observed to be correlated, in agreement with quantum theory. This review describes the rationale, methodology, challenges, and results, including experimental details not previously published.

Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science, especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell's inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence that contradicted local realistic theories of nature, thereby validating quantum mechanics as a fundamental non-local theory. However, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell's “super-deterministic” loophole, which was validated (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) non-locally, thus compromising the subsequent Nobel Prize. More importantly, the discovery of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive non-local hidden variables revealed why local scientific methods obtain false-positive and false-negative results. With knowledge of this fundamental omission, the inclusion of the non-local hidden variables in the local methods used in science can then advance it to be a complete study of nature.

By utilizing a generalized version of the Madelung quantum hydrodynamic framework that incorporates noise, we derive a solution using the path integral method to investigate how a quantum superposition of states evolves over time. This exploration seeks to comprehend the process through which a stable quantum state emerges when fluctuations induced by the noisy gravitational background are present. The model defines the conditions that give rise to a limited range of interactions for the quantum potential, allowing for the existence of coarse-grained classical descriptions at a macroscopic level. The theory uncovers the smallest attainable level of uncertainty in an open quantum system and examines its consistency with the localized behavior observed in large-scale classical systems. The research delves into connections and similarities alongside other theories such as decoherence and the Copenhagen foundation of quantum mechanics. Additionally, it assesses the potential consequences of wave function decay on the measurement of photon entanglement. To validate the proposed theory, an experiment involving entangled photons transmitted between detectors on the moon and Mars is discussed. Finally, the findings of the theory are applied to the creation of larger Q-bit systems at room temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox is widely regarded as a conclusive logical argument that rules out the possibility of reproducing the predictions of Quantum Mechanics within the framework of any physical theory sharing the notions of reality and relativistic causality that we acknowledge as a given in our classical descriptions of the macroscopic world. Thus, this renowned argument stands as a seemingly insurmountable roadblock on the path to a very desired, physically intuitive understanding of quantum phenomena and, in particular, quantum entanglement. In this paper, we notice, however, that the GHZ argument involves unaccounted spurious gauge degrees of freedom and that it can be overcome once these degrees are properly taken into account. It is then possible to explicitly build a successful statistical model for the GHZ experiment based on the usual notions of relativistic causality and physical reality. This model, thus, completes—in the EPR sense—the quantum description of the GHZ state and paves the way to a novel intuitive interpretation of the quantum formalism and a deeper understanding of the physical reality that it describes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplified one-dimensional model of measurement of the position of a quantum particle by two distant detectors is considered. Detectors are modelled by quantum particles bounded in potential wells with just two bound states, prepared in the excited states. Their de-excitation due to the short range interaction with the measured particle is the signal for the detection. In the approximations of short time or small coupling between the particle and the measuring apparatuses, the simultaneous detection of the particle by both detectors is suppressed. The results extend to other models with two-level detectors.

The EPR paradox was caused by the provision that quantum variables must have pre-existing values. This type of "hidden property realism" was later falsified by Bell's Theorem. Accordingly, the physical basis for action-at-a-distance between entangled quanta was removed. Yet, modern interpretations present Bell's inequality as a Locality Criterion, as if Bell violations can only happen at the quantum level, and only with remote interactions. This is a questionable practice, considering that classical joint measurements also violate such inequalities for mutually exclusive wave properties. In particular, consecutive measurements of polarization produce the same coefficients of correlation as parallel measurements with entangled quanta, yet they are explicitly local. Furthermore, it is possible to combine parallel and consecutive measurements of Type I polarization-entangled photons in a single experiment, conclusively showing that quantum Bell violations can be local. Surprisingly, classical phenomena also require nonlocal interpretations if pre-existing properties are taken for granted. Hence, the solution is to reject the models with pre-existing properties for both classical and quantum wave-like phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox is widely regarded as a conclusive logical argument that rules out the possibility of reproducing the predictions of Quantum Mechanics within the framework of any physical theory sharing the notions of reality and relativistic causality that we acknowledge as a given in our classical descriptions of the macroscopic world. Thus, this renowned argument stands as a seemingly insurmountable roadblock on the path to a very desired, physically intuitive understanding of quantum phenomena and, in particular, quantum entanglement. In this paper, we notice, however, that the GHZ argument involves unaccounted spurious gauge degrees of freedom and that it can be overcome once these degrees are properly taken into account. It is then possible to explicitly build a successful statistical model for the GHZ experiment based on the usual notions of relativistic causality and physical reality. This model, thus, completes—in the EPR sense—the quantum description of the GHZ state and paves the way to a novel intuitive interpretation of the quantum formalism and a deeper understanding of the physical reality that it describes.

The quantum computer, is a "supercomputer" that relies on the phenomena of quantum mechanics to perform operations on data. Object of suppositions, sometimes far- fetched, quantum mechanics gave birth to the quantum computer, a machine capable of processing data tens of millions of times faster than a conventional computer. A quantum computer doesn't use the same memory as a conventional computer. Rather than a sequence of 0 and 1, it works with qubits or quantum bits. The quantum computer is a combination of two major scientific fields: quantum mechanics and computer science. Quantum mechanics, on which this computer is based, governs the movement of bodies in the atomic, molecular and corpuscular domains, is a theory whose logic is totally contrary to intuition and it is essential to use mathematics to fully grasp it. Quantum computing is the sub-domain of computer science that deals with quantum computers using quantum mechanical phenomena, as opposed to those of electricity exclusively, for so-called "classical" computing. The quantum phenomena used are quantum entanglement and superposition. The article examines some aspects related to the development, operation, advantages and difficulties, applications and future of the quantum computer.

In a paper published in the journal [Phys. Essays 34, 340 (2021)], Mamas writes "A polarized photon interacts with a polarizer through the component of the photon's electric field which is aligned with the polarizer. This component varies as the cosine of the angle through which the polarizer is rotated, explaining the cosine observed in Bell test data. Quantum mechanics is unnecessary and plays no role". Mamas is right that according to this physical model, one will observe a negative cosine. However, the amplitude of the cosine curve is 50%, not 100%, and it consequently does not violate any Bell-CHSH inequality. Mamas' physical model is a classic local hidden variables model. The result is illustrated with a Monte Carlo simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EPR paradox was caused by the provision that quantum variables must have pre-existing values. This type of “hidden property realism” was later falsified by Bell’s Theorem. Accordingly, the physical basis for action-at-a-distance between entangled quanta was removed. Yet, modern interpretations present Bell’s inequality as a Locality Criterion, as if Bell violations can only happen at the quantum level, and only with remote interactions. This is a questionable practice, considering that classical joint measurements also violate such inequalities for mutually exclusive wave properties. In particular, consecutive measurements of polarization produce the same coefficients of correlation as parallel measurements with entangled quanta, yet they are explicitly local. Furthermore, it is possible to combine parallel and consecutive measurements of Type I polarization-entangled photons in a single experiment, conclusively showing that quantum Bell violations can be local. Surprisingly, classical phenomena also require nonlocal interpretations if pre-existing properties are taken for granted. Hence, the solution is to reject the models with pre-existing properties for both classical and quantum wave-like phenomena.

In this review, we go over the bases of quantum teleportation, ER bridges in Genera! relativity, and the foundational work on the hypothesis ER=EPR and summarize the resulting wormhole teleportation protocol. Wethen discuss that -- resulting from ER=EPR -- certain wormholes have to be either traversable or at the very least let information permeate, resulting in the exploration of the possibility that incoming matter might change the metric outside of wormhole throats. In this study, made in the Schwarzschild metric with the original coordinate system, we managed to find a non-zero energy-momentum tensor produced by a particular solution of the electromagnetic wave equation in curved spacetime, implying a change in the overall metric by Einstein's Equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EPR paradox appears when measurement results of some properties of two distantly entangled particles are correlated in a way that cannot be explained classically, and apparently violate locality. The resolution of the paradox depends on one's interpretation of quantum mechanics. Explanations from quantum mechanics remain commonplace today, but they fail to explain the EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen) paradox totally in a way than can be accepted by the whole community. Here, we present a simple resolution to this paradox in which the uncertainty in the energy of the two-particle system is reduced by its lack of interaction during the journey so that the uncertainty in time becomes greater than the time they have been separating. Consequently, the present and past become indistinguishable because when we measure an observable in the system its value is the same as if the two particle were still together or very close. It is also argued that the destruction of information as the present and past become identical should release heat by Landauer's principle, and this might make this proposal testable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bell-CHSH inequalities are trivial algebraic properties satisfied by each line of an Nx4 spreadsheet containing ±1 entries, thus it is surprising that their violation in some experiments allows us to speculate about the existence of non-local influences in nature and casts doubt on the existence of the objective external physical reality. Such speculations are rooted in incorrect interpretations of quantum mechanics and in a failure of local realistic hidden variable models to reproduce quantum predictions for spin polarization correlation experiments (SPCE). In these models, one uses a counterfactual joint probability distribution of only pairwise measurable random variables (A, A′, B, B′) to prove Bell-CHSH inequalities. In SPCE, Alice and Bob, using 4 incompatible pairs of experimental settings, estimate imperfect correlations between clicks registered by their detectors. Clicks announce the detection of photons and are coded by ±1. Expectations of corresponding random variables—E (AB), E (AB′), E (A′B), and E (A′B′)—are estimated and compared with quantum predictions. These estimates significantly violate CHSH inequalities. Since variables (A, A′) and (B, B′) cannot be measured jointly, neither Nx4 spreadsheets nor a joint probability distribution of (A, A′, B, B′) exist, thus Bell-CHSH inequalities may not be derived. Nevertheless, imperfect correlations between clicks in SPCE may be explained in a locally causal way, if contextual setting-dependent parameters describing measuring instruments are correctly included in the description. The violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities may not therefore justify the existence of a spooky action at the distance, super-determinism, or speculations that an electron can be both here and a meter away at the same time. In this paper we review and rephrase several arguments proving that such conclusions are unfounded. Entangled photon pairs cannot be described as pairs of socks nor as pairs of fair dice producing in each trial perfectly correlated outcomes. Thus, the violation of inequalities confirms only that the measurement outcomes and ‘the fate of photons’ are not predetermined before the experiment is done. It does not allow for doubt regarding the objective existence of atoms, electrons, and other invisible elementary particles which are the building blocks of the visible world around us.

The Bell theorem stands as an insuperable roadblock in the path to a very desired intuitive solution of the EPR paradox and, hence, it lies at the core of the current lack of a clear interpretation of the quantum formalism. The theorem states through an experimentally testable inequality that the predictions of quantum mechanics for the Bell's polarization states of two entangled particles cannot be reproduced by any statistical model of hidden variables that shares certain intuitive features. In this paper we show, however, that the proof of the Bell theorem involves a subtle, though crucial, assumption that is not required by fundamental physical principles and, hence, it is not necessarily fulfilled in the experimental setup that tests the inequality. Indeed, this assumption can neither be properly implemented within the standard framework of quantum mechanics. Namely, the proof of the theorem assumes that there exists a preferred absolute frame of reference, supposedly provided by the lab, which enables to compare the orientation of the polarization measurement devices for successive realizations of the experiment and, hence, to define jointly their response functions over the space of hypothetical hidden configurations for all their possible alternative settings. We notice, however, that only the relative orientation between the two measurement devices in every single realization of the experiment is a properly defined physical degree of freedom, while their global rigid orientation is a spurious gauge degree of freedom. Hence, the preferred frame of reference required by the proof of the Bell theorem does not necessarily exist. In fact, it cannot exist in models in which the gauge symmetry of the experimental setup under global rigid rotations of the two detectors is spontaneously broken by the hidden configurations of the pair of entangled particles and a non-zero geometric phase appears under some cyclic gauge symmetry transformations. Following this observation, we build an explicitly local model of hidden variables that reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics for the Bell's states.

In this paper, the new mathematical correlation of two quantum systems that were initially allowed to interact and then separated is being formulated and analyzed. These correlations are illustrated by many examples and are also connected with fractals at a certain level. The main idea of the paper arises from the EPR paradox, the paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen that occurs when the measurement of a physical observable performed on one system has an immediate effect on the other separate system being entangled with it. That is a physical phenomenon, especially when the particles are separated by a large distance. In this paper, we define distant correlations as the advanced method for the exact interpretation of strong connection and influence among those particles even when they are widely separated. On the given topological space (X,τ), we define a notion of τ-metric such that the set X is a τ-metric space and we prove some properties of these spaces. By using this new proposed model, we nullify the contradiction that appears in the EPR paradox. An illustrative example involving fractals is given. This innovative mathematical approach to this physical phenomenon may be attractive for future research in the field of quantum physics.

We describe an explicit statistical model of local hidden variables that reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics for the ideal Franson experiment and sheds light on the physical mechanisms that might be involved in the actual experiment. The crux of our model is the spontaneous breaking of time-translation gauge symmetry by the hidden configurations of the pairs of photons locked in time and energy involved in the experiment, which acquire a non-zero geometric phase through certain cyclic transformations.

The Bell inequality is thought to be a common constraint shared by all models of local hidden variables that aim to describe the entangled states of two qubits. Since the inequality is violated by the quantum mechanical description of these states, it purportedly allows distinguishing in an experimentally testable way the predictions of quantum mechanics from those of models of local hidden variables and, ultimately, ruling the latter out. In this paper, we show, however, that the models of local hidden variables constrained by the Bell inequality all share a subtle, though crucial, feature that is not required by fundamental physical principles and, hence, it might not be fulfilled in the actual experimental setup that tests the inequality. Indeed, the disputed feature neither can be properly implemented within the standard framework of quantum mechanics and it is even at odds with the fundamental principle of relativity. Namely, the proof of the inequality requires the existence of a preferred absolute frame of reference (supposedly provided by the lab) with respect to which the hidden properties of the entangled particles and the orientations of each one of the measurement devices that test them can be independently defined through a long sequence of realizations of the experiment. We notice, however, that while the relative orientation between the two measurement devices is a properly defined physical magnitude in every single realization of the experiment, their global rigid orientation with respect to a lab frame is a spurious gauge degree of freedom. Following this observation, we were able to explicitly build a model of local hidden variables that does not share the disputed feature and, hence, it is able to reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics for the entangled states of two qubits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum mechanics predicts correlations between measurements performed in distant regions of a spatially spread entangled state to be higher than allowed by intuitive concepts of Locality and Realism. These high correlations forbid the use of nonlinear operators of evolution (which would be desirable for several reasons), for they may allow faster-than-light signaling. As a way out of this situation, it has been hypothesized that the high quantum correlations develop only after a time longer than L/c has elapsed (where L is the spread of the entangled state and c is the velocity of light). In shorter times, correlations compatible with Locality and Realism would be observed instead. A simple hidden variables model following this hypothesis is described. It is based on a modified Wheeler–Feynman theory of radiation. This hypothesis has not been disproved by any of the experiments performed to date. A test achievable with accessible means is proposed and described. It involves a pulsed source of entangled states and stroboscopic record of particle detection during the pulses. Data recorded in similar but incomplete optical experiments are analyzed, and found consistent with the proposed model. However, it is not claimed, in any sense, that the hypothesis has been validated. On the contrary, it is stressed that a complete, specific test is absolutely needed.

By using the Born Markovian master equation, we study the relationship among the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering, Bell nonlocality, and quantum entanglement of entangled coherent states (ECSs) under decoherence. We illustrate the dynamical behavior of the three types of correlations for various optical field strength regimes. In general, we find that correlation measurements begin at their maximum and decline over time. We find that quantum steering and nonlocality behave similarly in terms of photon number during dynamics. Furthermore, we discover that ECSs with steerability can violate the Bell inequality, and that not every ECS with Bell nonlocality is steerable. In the current work, without the memory stored in the environment, some of the initial states with maximal values of quantum steering, Bell nonlocality, and entanglement can provide a delayed loss of that value during temporal evolution, which is of interest to the current study.

In this paper, the concept of causality in physics is discussed. Causality is a necessary tool for the understanding of almost all physical phenomena. However, taking it as a fundamental principle may lead us to wrong conclusions, particularly in cosmology. Here, three very well-known problems—the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, the accelerating expansion and the asymmetry of time—are discussed from this perspective. In particular, the implications of causality are compared to those of an alternative approach, where we instead take the probability space of all possible developments as the starting point.

It is shown that there is no remote action with polarization measurements of photons in singlet state. A model is presented introducing a hidden parameter which determines the polarizer output. This model is able to explain the polarization measurement results with entangled photons. It is not ruled out by Bell’s Theorem.

Radiative transfer calculations are presented for multi-filamentary BSCCO 2212 and 2223 and for thin film-coated YBaCuO 123 superconductors. A strictly radiative view allows conductor morphology of these superconductors to be interpreted as particulate or quasi-particulate objects. Problems then arising from non-regular particle shape, missing refractive indices, dependent scattering and superconductor material (diamagnetic) properties are solved in a multi-step, approximation approach. Both types of conductors are shown to be non-transparent to mid-IR radiation. Non-transparency may become critical for superconductor stability. The obtained extinction cross sections converge near the phase transition. A substantial difference of extinction properties between the superconducting and normal conducting state thus cannot be observed. As a first corollary from non-transparency, application of the additive approximation for the total thermal conductivity used in previous numerical calculations of the BSCCO and YBaCuO superconductors is confirmed. Second, within transit time intervals, the length of which depends on optical thickness, no uniform equilibrium conditions of electron pair density within the conductor cross section and near critical temperature are observed. Phase transition does not proceed uniformly, neither spatial nor temporal, and the order (succession on time scales) of local events (temperature variations, quench), in extreme cases, is completely dissolved. As another corollary, non-transparency even makes the existence of uniquely defined, physical time scales doubtful in a superconductor. The obtained results are expected to improve existing stability models and will be of practical value for future materials development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the integral wave equation, having path integral kernel, has resulted, that collapse phenomenon is based on the nonlocal transformation of the internal structure of a quantum particle, considering in the form of the matter fields collection. This nonlocality allows to escape the contradiction between the reduction quantum mechanics postulate and special relativity. It is shown, that the wave function transformation, corresponding to von Neumann’s reduction, has the deterministic nature and the quantum mechanics stochasticity is a consequence of a macroscopic measurer presence in the measuring process. Besides it is demonstrated, that the decogerence phenomenon has the same mechanism of the wave function transformation. EPR-type experiment is described in detail and the possibility of the faster-then light communication is proved, as well the possible rules of thumb of this communication are proposed.

It is well known that Wheeler proposed several delayed choice experiments in order to show the impossibility to speak of the way a quantum system behaves before being detected. In a double-slit experiment, when do photons decide to travel by one way or by two ways? Delayed choice experiments seem to indicate that, strangely, it is possible to change the "decision" of the photons until the very last moment before they are detected. This led Wheeler to his famous sentence: "No elementary quantum phenomenon is a phenomenon until it is a registered phenomenon, brought to a close by an irreversible act of amplification." Nevertheless, some authors wrote that backward in time effects were needed to explain these results. I will show that in delayed choice experiments involving only one particle, a simple explanation is possible without invoking any backward in time effect. Delayed choice experiments involving entangled particles such as the socalled quantum eraser can also be explained without invoking any backward in time effect but I will argue that these experiments cannot be accounted for so simply because they rise the whole problem of knowing what a measurement and a collapse are. A previously presented interpretation, Convivial Solipsism, is a natural framework for giving a simple explanation of these delayed choice experiments with entangled particles. In this paper, I show how Convivial Solipsism helps clarifying the puzzling questions raised by the collapse of the wave function of entangled systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common mistake present in the derivation of the usually known as the CHSH form of Bell's inequalities is pointed out. References and comments to the correct approach are given. This error does not alter the final result and only affects the logical consistency of the derivation, but since it seems to be a widespread misconception regarding the roll and interpretation of the of use of hidden variables in Bell's theorem it is considered to be of general interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]