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Plant tissue culture studies are one of the pretreatments carried out to increase crop yield by preventing germination in plant seeds. In this research, repeated plant tissue culture studies were conducted with sterilizers specific to safflower seed, which will increase production efficiency but do not cause genetic polymorphism and corrosion in endosperm with 3N chromosomes. Corrosives were used by dilution, and this did not damage the 3N chromosome endosperm, targeting the protein walls of microorganisms on the seed surface without eroding the seed surface, thereby providing biological sterilization. Besides, because it does not contain heavy metals, it did not cause polymorphism, that is, a mutation in the genetic sequence of the seed. Moreover, the environment and the equipment were sterilized with 2 - 3 repetitions, sterilizer treatment, planting, and germination operations were performed in a sterile environment this, in turn, allowed an isolated assessment of the yield of solution G.

The textile sector brings us different functional features besides our need for dressing. One of them is to give antibacterial properties to textile structures. Antibacterial property increases the quality of life by protecting people against bacterial attacks. It is possible to achieve antibacterial activity at different stages of textile production processes. One of these processes is the electrospinning method, which makes it possible to add antibacterial substances into a polymer containing solution to be processed to a nanofiber structure. In this study, nanofiber structures were obtained by electrospinning from polyurethane (PU)/benzalkonium chloride (BAC) solutions at different concentrations. Then, their morphological, mechanical and antibacterial characteristics were investigated. According to the results, the produced fiber membranes had nanometer size. The nanofiber surfaces were intensive and uniform when BAC concentration was 0.5% and 1.0%. But, the uniformity lost at the higher BAC concentrations. The thinnest fiber diameter of nanofibers was 423±80nm. The strongest (6,42MPa) nanofiber structure was observed when the electrospinning solution included 0.98% PU and 1% BAC. The antibacterial activities of the fabrics were tested against gram-negative ( E. coli and P. aeruginosa ) and gram-positive ( B. subtilis and S. aureus ) bacteria. The fabrics showed antibacterial activity with a dose dependent manner against all the tested bacteria by the order of B. subtilis > S. aureus > E. coli > P. aeruginosa .

Objective: Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) is a widely used method for separating, identifying, and purifying nucleic acids. It has been used intensively in molecular researches and biotechnological applications. In AGE, band resolution and band quality are important parameters for researchers. Until now, many factors such as comb thickness, gel concentration, voltage and buffers have been reported to influence resolution and band quality in AGE. However, effect of DNA concentration on band resolution and intensity in AGE is unclear. Therefore, aim of the study was to investigate the effect of DNA concentration on AGE results in detail.Material and Method: Different concentrations of DNA Marker and specific DNA fragments obtained by PCR were analyzed, but the loaded total DNA quantity was not changed. Furthermore, the effect of DNA concentra-tion on AGE was also investigated by designed gel combs with different thicknesses and wideness.Results: It was shown that DNA concentration did not affect gel resolution, and the effectwas not changed by comb thickness and wideness. Also, 2-fold dilution did not affect band intensities while 8-fold dilution signifi-cantly affected band intensities of all tested DNA fragments.Conclusion: Concentrating samples, at least 8-fold, and using thin and narrow gel combs can be used for de-sired results in AGE., Objective: Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) is a widely used method for separating, identifying, and purifying nucleic acids. It has been used intensively in molecular researches and biotechnological applications. In AGE, band resolution and band quality are important parameters for researchers. Until now, many factors such as comb thickness, gel concentration, voltage and buffers have been reported to influence resolution and band quality in AGE. However, effect of DNA concentration on band resolution and intensity in AGE is unclear. Therefore, aim of the study was to investigate the effect of DNA concentration on AGE results in detail. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of DNA Marker and specific DNA fragments obtained by PCR were analyzed, but the loaded total DNA quantity was not changed. Furthermore, the effect of DNA concentration on AGE was also investigated by designed gel combs with different thicknesses and wideness. Findings: It was shown that DNA concentration did not affect gel resolution, and the effect was not changed by comb thickness and wideness. Also, 2-fold dilution did not affect band intensities while 8-fold dilution significantly affected band intensities of all tested DNA fragments. Conclusion: Concentrating samples, at least 8-fold, and using thin and narrow gel combs can be used for desired results in AGE.

8-Hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) is a metal chelating agent that also has antibacterial properties against several different bacterial specie, but its use in cotton textile fabrics has not been tested before. 8HQ may be an alternative to heavy metal-based applications for antibacterial textile fabrics therefore, the aim of this research paper was to investigate the antibacterial properties of 8HQ and borax (BX) treated cotton fabrics for the medical textile industry.The homogenous distribution of the treated chemicals was confirmed with SEM/EDX imaging. The antibacterial activities of the fabrics were also tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by mimicking the ISO 20645:2004 Standard Test Method.The highest antibacterial property was observed with the 8HQ+BX (8HB) treated cotton samples. Therefore, the 8HB treated cotton products have a potential for use especially in the medical fields mainly due to the absence of heavy metals and bacterial growth.

Population studies revealed that metal exposure through food, environment, and smoking was related with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we determined complex chemical elements in surgical carotid endarterectomy specimens and carotid tissues from autopsies without atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques from 41 endarterectomies and normal carotid tissue from 30 autopsies were collected and elemental composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. Eleven (26.8%) patients never smoked in carotid endarterectomy group. One patient was brass souvenir worker and one was goldsmith and others did not have direct contact with metals in the carotid endarterectomy group. Na, Cu, Mn, Bi, Co, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, and W levels were not different between two groups. Bi, Co, Mo, Pb, Ti, and W were below the detection limit of ICP-OES in both groups. Concentrations of Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, B, Zn, Al, As, Cr, Pt, and Hg were significantly higher in carotid endarterectomies than normal carotid tissue samples. Cd and S values were significantly higher in autopsy samples. There is significant multiple non-essential transition metal accumulation in atherosclerotic carotid endarterectomy plaques. The cardiovascular consequences of metal toxicity have not been researched adequately due to large emphasis on the role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis. High level of non-essential transition metal elements in the carotid atherosclerotic plaques may add the missing link of atherogenesis and may necessitate new treatment and prevention strategies in carotid disease if confirmed by further research.

This paper presents a new delignification method (pile processing) for the recovery of cellulose from lignocellulosic bio-wastes, adapted from heap leaching technology in metallurgy. The method is based on the stacking of cellulosic materials in a pile, irrigation of the pile with aqueous reactive solution from the top, lignin and hemicellulose removal and enrichment of cellulose by the reactive solution while percolation occurs through the bottom of the pile, recirculating the reactive solution after adjusting several values such as chemical concentrations, and allow the system run until the desired time or cellulose purity. Laboratory scale systems were designed using fall leaves (FL) as lignocellulosic waste materials. The ideal condition for FL was noted as: 0.1g solid NaOH addition per gram of FL into the irrigating solution resulting in instant increase in pH to about 13.8, later allowing self-decrease in pH due to delignification over time down to 13.0, at which point another solid NaOH addition was performed. The new method achieved enrichment of cellulose from 30% to 81% and removal of 84% of the lignin that prevents industrial application of lignocellulosic bio-waste using total of 0.3g NaOH and 4ml of water per gram of FL at environmental temperature and pressure. While the stirring reactions used instead of pile processing required the same amount of NaOH, they needed at least 12ml of water and delignification was only 56.1%. Due to its high delignification performance using common and odorless chemicals and simple equipment in mild conditions, the pile processing method has great promise for the industrial evaluation of lignocellulosic bio-waste.

Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) is a hydrophilous and semi-crystallized. It has attracted muchrelevancy due to its pretty chemical endurance, fine thermal determination,decent physical specialities, wonderful bio-compatibility and cheapness.Gelatin (G) is a natural polymer and that are interesting materials forbiomedical applications. Electrospinning is a simple method that provides veryporous nanofiber production with high surface area. It is possible to producebiomedical, filtration, energy storage and protective materials by usingelectrospinning method. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a kind of anti-microbialcationic surface-active agent, which has been pretty used in merchant wounddressings and has a powerful status toward Gr+ bacteria. In this study, nanofibers wereproduced from electrospinning of BAC, PVA and G containing solutions at variousconcentrations. The fibers of obtained nanofiber structure were uniform,continuous and intensive. The optimum parameters in terms of good mechanicaland antibacterial properties were determined. S2 sample, electrospun from 11.63% PVA + 1.0% G +1.0% BACcontaining solution, had the best morphological and mechanical properties dueto having the thinnest fiber diameter (51±13nm) and the highest verticalstrength (4.299MPa) and horizontal strength (4.058MPa). It also had antibacterialactivity against all the bacteria tested (E. coli,P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and S. aureus). Due to owninggood mechanical and antibacterial properties, S2 sample can have many uses inmedical sector., Poli (vinil alkol) (PVA), iyi kimyasal dayanımı, iyi termal kararlılığı, iyi fiziksel özellikleri, mükemmel biyouyumluluğu ve ucuzluğu nedeniyle çok dikkat çeken hidrofilik, yarı kristalli bir polimerdir. Jelatin (G) biyomedikal uygulamalar için ilginç ve doğal bir polimerdir. Elektroeğirme, yüksek yüzey alanına sahip çok gözenekli nano elyaf üretimi sağlayan basit bir yöntemdir. Elektrospinning yöntemi kullanılarak biyomedikal, filtrasyon, enerji depolama ve koruyucu malzemeler üretmek mümkündür. Benzalkonyum klorür (BAC), ticari yara sargısında yaygın olarak kullanılan ve Gram-pozitif bakterilere karşı güçlü bir role sahip olan bir tür antimikrobiyal katyonik yüzey aktif malzemedir. Bu çalışmada, çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda BAC, PVA ve G içeren çözeltilerin nano lifler üretilmiştir. Elde edilen nano lif yapısının lifleri homojen, sürekli ve yoğundur. İyi mekanik ve antibakteriyel özellikler açısından optimum parametreler belirlenmiştir. 11.63% PVA + 1.0% G +1.0% BAC içeren S2 örneği en iyi morfolojik ve mekanik özellikler göstermesinin yanında en ince elyaf çapına (51 ± 13nm) ve en yüksek dikey dayanıma (4.299MPa) ve yatay dayanıma (4.058MPa) sahiptir. Ayrıca test edilen tüm bakterilere (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis ve S. aureus) karşı antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahiptir. İyi mekanik ve antibakteriyel özelliklere sahip olması nedeniyle, S2 örneğinin tıbbi sektörde birçok kullanımı olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Asteraceae, the largest known plant family in the world, contains economically important species including ornamental plants. The most abundant enzyme on Earth, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBisCo), catalyzes the first step of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis. In this study, we conducted sequence, physicochemical, phylogenetic, and three-dimensional comparative analyses of 22 RuBisCo proteins in the Asteraceae using various bioinformatic tools. The alignment results showed that all residues corresponding to the region between 48-179 amino acids were conserved in all species, except for just seven residues: G79, I80, S88, F90, F93, I135, and S136. The sequence lengths of the RuBisCo large subunits were between 163 and 477 amino acids, with an average length of 255 amino acids. Their molecular weights (Mw) ranged from 18341.8 to 52895.1 Da, with an average Mw of 26294.5 Da. We found that the most abundant amino acid residue was Gly, which comprised 9.88% of these RuBisCo proteins. Ala (8.17%) and Leu (8.53%) were also both abundant. The extinction coefficient of the RuBisCo proteins at 280 nm ranged from 27515 to 69830 M-1 cm-1. The instability index values ranged from 24.41 to 40.65, and only one protein (from Gymnarrhena micrantha) was unstable in vitro. The aliphatic index values ranged from 72.56 to 81.13, while the GRAVY values ranged from -0.394 to -0.179. A total of ten motifs were identified in the sequences of the RuBisCo proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 22 RuBisCo proteins formed two main clades. A RAMPAGE analysis revealed that 95.0-98.4% of residues were located in the favored region in 22 RuBisCo proteins. Sequence alignment and 3D analysis revealed that a catalytically important Lys residue was conserved among all the RuBisCo enzymes of Asteraceae. The results of this study provide insights into the fundamental characteristics of the RuBisCo proteins of the Asteraceae.

Fall leaves are biodegraded and composted naturally in forests but they are wastes for urban areas. Moreover, they are widely available cellulose sources but have limited applications. Alkaline peroxide treatment of bioresources is one of the most widely studied clean methods for both delignification and hemicellulose removal but there is no study about application of that method on fall leaves at room temperature. In this study, the effect of alkaline peroxide treatment of fall leaves at room temperature on hemicellulose recovery and cellulose delignification were investigated. Fall leaves (FL) were treated with 0.3-3.0 M NaOH + 0-3 M H2O2 at room temperature. Hemicellulose recovery and cellulose delignification values were analyzed. Hemicellulose recovery and cellulose delignification increased and yield decreased by increasing NaOH and H2O2 concentrations. Hemicellulose recovery and cellulose delignification reached to the maximum levels, 99.5% and 81.6% respectively, at 3M NaOH + 3M H2O2 treatment condition. The end products were confirmed by analytically, spectrally and morphologically. Wasted fall leaves were turned into useful hemicellulose and cellulose products by using clean alkaline peroxide treatment at room temperature. The products can be further processed by known methods into other industrial products.