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Recently, some have challenged the idea that there are genuine norms of diachronic rationality. Part of this challenge has involved offering replacements for diachronic principles. Skeptics about diachronic rationality believe that we can provide an error theory for it by appealing to synchronic updating rules that, over time, mimic the behavior of diachronic norms. In this paper, I argue that the most promising attempts to develop this position within the Bayesian framework are unsuccessful. I sketch a new synchronic surrogate that draws upon some of the features of each of these earlier attempts. At the heart of this discussion is the question of what exactly it means to say that one norm is a surrogate for another. I argue that surrogacy, in the given context, can be taken as a proxy for the degree to which formal and traditional epistemology can be made compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse abstract data types that model numerical structures with a concept of error. Specifically, we focus on arithmetic data types that contain an error value \(\bot\) whose main purpose is to always return a value for division. To rings and fields, we add a division operator \(x/y\) and study a class of algebras called common meadows wherein \(x/0=\bot\). The set of equations true in all common meadows is named the equational theory of common meadows. We give a finite equational axiomatisation of the equational theory of common meadows and prove that it is complete and that the equational theory is decidable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous studies have shown that a significant proportion of first-year students tend to maintain favorable self-assessments regarding future performance, displaying a pronounced optimism. This longitudinal study examined how expectations of future performance among freshman students are associated with their actual end-of-degree achievements. Based on the investment theory, we also examined the moderating role of the personality trait of conscientiousness in this relationship. Expectations of future performance at the end-of-first year and conscientiousness levels of 115 freshman students were assessed as predictors of their average academic score at the end-of-the degree. Multiple hierarchical regressions demonstrated that after controlling for high school scores, students who expected better end-of-first-year grades achieved actual better scores at graduation than those who provided lower estimates of their achievements. Results also showed that conscientiousness moderated the expectation-performance relationship, so that it was stronger for students with higher expectations than for students with lower ones. Higher levels of conscientiousness were more beneficial for optimistic students than students with pessimistic views of their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many sampling strategies commonly used in molecular dynamics, such as umbrella sampling and alchemical free energy methods, involve sampling from multiple states. The Multistate Bennett Acceptance Ratio (MBAR) formalism is a widely used way of recombining the resulting data. However, the error of the MBAR estimator is not well-understood: previous error analyses of MBAR assumed independent samples. In this work, we derive a central limit theorem for MBAR estimates in the presence of correlated data, further justifying the use of MBAR in practical applications. Moreover, our central limit theorem yields an estimate of the error that can be decomposed into contributions from the individual Markov chains used to sample the states. This gives additional insight into how sampling in each state affects the overall error. We demonstrate our error estimator on an umbrella sampling calculation of the free energy of isomerization of the alanine dipeptide and an alchemical calculation of the hydration free energy of methane. Our numerical results demonstrate that the time required for the Markov chain to decorrelate in individual states can contribute considerably to the total MBAR error, highlighting the importance of accurately addressing the effect of sample correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief consideration of the development of meta-analyses as a joint discussion of results from a research area across development stages 0, 1, 2, it is concluded that the present form 2.0 is unsuitable to serve as a basis for theory building. Further development of this tool into a meta-analysis 3.0 is necessary for this purpose which requires the validity of the independent variables in the primary studies, the reduction of the error variance of the dependent variables, a stability of the effects over the primary studies and a quantitative comparison between observed and predicted effects in the primary studies. In the current meta-analyses 2.0, a concrete single-case approach creates the impression that mainly everyday ideas are investigated, which one would like to generalize to a population of other conditions. Furthermore, the results of the existing meta-analyses are either homogeneous and very small or heterogeneous. Meta-analysis 2.0 searches for the instability of the measurements under a specific topic with methods of induction. The procedure of a meta-analysis 3.0 is described in general and carried out hypothetically and with an empirical example. It searches for the stability of quantitative reconstructions of data over different topics with the method of abduction. The conclusion can be summarized as that meta-analysis 3.0 is indispensable as a tool for theorizing, and theorizing presupposes meta-analysis 3.0. The link between this interdependence is abduction in contrast to induction as a research strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophers have in recent years displayed an increasing interest in investigating folk metaethical beliefs using rigorous empirical methods. Taken together, these studies put significant pressure on many philosophical theories that depend on the truth of folk moral objectivism, the view that the folk see morality as objectively grounded. Frequently included among the target of criticism is Mackie's error theory, or more specifically the conceptual claim thereof. Finding this criticism misplaced, Benjamin Fraser tries to exonerate error theory from such accusation by distinguishing different senses of objectivity. In this paper, I show why Fraser's strategy is not successful so that the pressure empirically brought upon classical error theory is genuine. However, I also argue that even on the new picture suggested by experimental studies, the folk still entertain erroneous beliefs, which, when coupled with plausible metasemantic assumptions and further empirical support, should warrant an error theory after all, though not in its classical form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Error analysis and estimation of thunder source location results is a prerequisite for obtaining accurate location results of thunder sources, which is of great significance for a deeper understanding of the physical process of lightning channel discharges. Most of the thunder source location algorithms are based on the simplified model of the straight-line propagation of acoustic waves to determine the location of the thunder source; however, the acoustic wave is affected by the inhomogeneity of the atmosphere medium in the propagation process and its acoustic ray will be bent. Temperature and humidity are the main factors affecting the vertical distribution of the velocity of sound in the atmosphere, therefore, it is necessary to study the changes in location errors under the models of uniform vertical distribution of temperature only and uniform vertical distribution of humidity only. This paper focuses on the theory of acoustic ray-tracing in neglecting the presence of the wind and the acoustic attenuation and the theoretical derivation of the location error of thunder source inversion for the three models is carried out by using MATLAB R2019b programming. Then, simulation analysis and comparative study on the variation law of thunder source location error with the height of the source, ground temperature, ground humidity, and array position under the three models are carried out. The results of the study show that the maximum location error can be obtained from the straight-line propagation model, the location error obtained from the model of uniform vertical distribution of temperature only is the second, and the location error obtained from the model of uniform vertical distribution of humidity only is the least and can be negligible compared to the first two models. In the trend of error variation, the variation of location error with temperature and humidity is relatively flat in the first two models; however, the variation of location error with the height of the thunder source is more drastic, which can be more than 80%. The location error obtained from the array inversion closer to the thunder source increases linearly with the height of the thunder source, the location error obtained from the more distant array inversion shows a fast-decreasing trend at the height of the thunder source from 500 to 3500 m, and a flat trend above 3500 m. The location error varies relatively smoothly with the height of the thunder source, the ground temperature, and the ground humidity in the model of uniform vertical distribution of humidity only. In addition, the position of the array also has an important effect on lightning location. The further the horizontal distance from the source, the greater the location error will be obtained in the first two models, and when the thunder source is at a low height and detected at a long distance, the location error will be very large, so relevant data should be modified in actual observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article enriches discussions about the metaphysics of normative facts with conceptual resources from social ontology that metaethics has neglected so far: the resources of Haslanger's critical realism as social constructionism. By pointing out the viability of understanding reasons as socially constructed facts, the article shows how normative facts can be understood as features of mind-independent reality that are, however, not features of the universe independently of social practices. The move into social ontology allows us to understand normative facts as mind-independent in a more substantial sense than deflationists do, by stressing individual mind-independence, while denying collective mind-independence – the subsistence independently of established human cultures. The new position can fruitfully mediate between realism, error theory and constructivism. Finally, the metaphysical nuances provided by social ontology pave the way for novel approaches to normative change and progress – thereby indicating pathways to normative theorising that many traditional metaethical positions lack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents an innovative method for constructing composite indicators: the Subjective–objective method of maximizing extracted variance (Sommev). Sommev's hybrid weighting approach fills an important gap within a highly controversial area of the composite indicators' literature, which criticizes the statistical assignment of weights disconnected from theory and the errors and judgmental biases inherent in the expert opinion-based weighting approach. These innovations contribute to a more coherent and consistent operationalization of the theoretical framework of multidimensional phenomena, reconciling the non-compensability between sub-indicators and the maximum retention of original information through statistically defined weights, in which the expert's opinion is considered, but does not determine the sub-indicator's weights. Twenty simulations were carried out to analyze the application of the method in representing social exclusion in a Brazilian city. Composite indicators constructed by Sommev retain twice as much information as those constructed with equal weights or weights defined by experts. This increased informational capacity favors a more comprehensive representation of the multidimensional phenomenon, having a high potential for application in solving problems of a multidimensional nature in the social, economic, and environmental areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this paper, I distinguish two possible families of semantics of the open future: Linearism, according to which future tense sentences are evaluated with respect to a unique possible future history, and Universalism, according to which future tense sentences are evaluated universally quantifying on the histories passing through the moment of evaluation. An argument in favour of Linearism is based on the fact future tense does not exhibit scope interactions with negation. Todd (2020, 2021) defends Universalism against this argument proposing an error theory, according to which the speakers engaged in non‐philosophical conversations implicitly assume a linearist semantics of the future. In this paper, I show that an error theory is not needed for defending Universalism and that the scopelessness of negation can have another explanation. The absence of a wide‐scope reading of negation characterises many other linguistic constructions: counterfactuals, vague predicates, generics and plural definite descriptions. My main thesis is that, their considerable differences aside, these constructions have something in common: they are true when the predicate applies to the members of a set, false when the predicate does not apply to the members of the set and indeterminate in the intermediate cases. When negation interacts with such constructions tends to take the narrow scope reading only. I review two types of explanations for this behaviour, one semantic and the other pragmatic. Since this explanation for the scopelessness of negation is at least as good as that of Linearism, I conclude that the argument against Universalism is ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the influence of external random shock on the kinematic accuracy of mechanism, a new reliability model of dependent competing failure processes (DCFP) is proposed in this paper. The kinematic accuracy of the mechanism is limited by the original errors such as the dimension error and joint clearance error, and it is also affected by aging and wear-out during service life, thus eventually leading to functional failure. Meanwhile, according to the magnitude of the external random shock, the random shock has different effects on the degradation process of the mechanism. In this study, a DCFP model with accuracy degradation process and multi-type mixed shock is considered. The time-dependent kinematic accuracy reliability model of the planar mechanism is established based on the Gamma degradation theory, effective length model, mechanism kinematic error theory and the fourth moment technique. Moreover, the magnitude of random shock is divided into different regions when the extreme shock, cumulative shock, and δ-shock on mechanism reliability are considered. Finally, a numerical example of the pantograph mechanism is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that the kinematic accuracy reliability of the pantograph mechanism reduces with the increasing of wearing capacity and external shocks. According to sensitivity analysis, an effective way to improve the reliability of the planar mechanism is to optimize its strength of the mechanism. The proposed method can be used to evaluate the reliability of planar mechanisms with dependent competing failure modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial misrepresentation objection (SMO) against the wave theory of sound argues that if sounds are compression waves, then our auditory experiences are massively illusory for not representing sounds as propagating in the medium. Thus, it claims that the wave theory should be rejected because it is unreasonable to accept such an error theory of hearing. This paper presents a metaphysics of compression waves to show that the wave theory correctly implies that we cannot hear sounds as propagating. Moreover, I argue that the SMO is based on a mischaracterisation of the phenomenology of auditory experiences. A new conception of auditory perception is then proposed to explain how a sound source and its compression wave are both represented in the same auditory experience. Finally, I compare my view with some alternative theories of sound. Overall, it is found that the SMO is more of an objection against the traditional conception of hearing than a challenge to the wave theory of sound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to Fermi-Pasta-Ulam type system that describe an infinite system of nonlinearly coupled particles with nonlocal interaction on a two dimensional integer-valued lattice. It is assumed that each particle interacts nonlinearly with several neighbors horizontally and vertically on both sides. This system forms an infinite system of ordinary differential equations and is representative of a wide class of systems called lattice dynamical systems, which have been extensively studied in recent decades. Among the solutions of such systems, traveling waves deserve special attention. The main result concerns the existence of traveling waves solutions with periodic velocity profiles. Note that the profiles of such waves are not necessarily periodic. The problem of the existence of such solutions is reduced to a variational problem for the action functionals. We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of such solutions with the aid of the critical point method and the Linking Theorem for functionals satisfying the Palais-Smale condition and possessing linking geometry. We prove that under natural assumptions there exist subsonic traveling waves. While in our previous paper [12], the existence of supersonic periodic traveling waves in this system was established using variational techniques and a corresponding version of the Mountain Pass Theorem for action functionals that satisfy the Cerami condition instead of the Palais-Smale condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the numerical stability of the backward recurrence algorithm (BRalgorithm) for computing approximants of the continued fraction with complex elements. The new method establishes sufficient conditions for the numerical stability of this algorithm and the error bounds of the calculation of the nth approximant of the continued fraction with complex elements. It follows from the obtained conditions that the numerical stability of the algorithm depends not only on the rounding errors of the elements and errors of machine operations but also on the value sets and the element sets of the continued fraction. The obtained results were used to study the numerical stability of the BR-algorithm for computing the approximants of the continued fraction expansion of the ratio of Horn's confluent functions H7. Bidisc and bicardioid regions are established, which guarantee the numerical stability of the BR-algorithm. The obtained result is applied to the study of the numerical stability of computing approximants of the continued fraction expansion of the ratio of Horn's confluent function H7 with complex parameters. In addition, the analysis of the relative errors arising from the computation of approximants using the backward recurrence algorithm, the forward recurrence algorithm, and Lenz's algorithm is given. The method for studying the numerical stability of the BR-algorithm proposed in the paper can be used to study the numerical stability of the branched continued fraction expansions and numerical branched continued fractions with elements in angular and parabolic domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using statistical methods to analyze data requires considering the data set to be randomly generated from a probability distribution that is unknown but idealized according to a mathematical model consisting of constraints, assumptions about the distribution. Since the choice of such a model is up to the scientist, there is an understandable bias toward choosing models that make scientific conclusions appear more certain than they really are. There is a similar bias in the scientist's choice of whether to use Bayesian or frequentist methods. This article provides tools to mitigate both of those biases on the basis of a principle of information theory. It is found that the same principle unifies Bayesianism with the fiducial version of frequentism. The principle arguably overcomes not only the main objections against fiducial inference but also the main Bayesian objection against the use of confidence intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT According to an influential account of standing, hypocritical blamers lack standing to blame in virtue of their lack of commitment to the norm etc. which they invoke. Nevertheless, the commitment account has the wrong shape for it to explain why hypocrites lack standing to blame. Building on the lessons of that critique I propose a novel account of what undermines standing to blame – the comparative fairness account. This differs from the commitment account and the other prominent account of why hypocrites lack standing to blame offered in the literature: the moral equality account. Finally, I observe that, intuitively, lack of commitment undermines standing to blame and that many hypocrites might lack standing for that reason also. Moreover, typically the hypocrite's failure to address their own faults is a feature in virtue of which, other things being equal, the hypocrite is less committed to the norm in question. These two observations provide the basis for an error theory of the commitment account's appeal, despite its inability to explain why, qua hypocritical blamer, one lacks standing to blame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the error analysis of a Galerkin‐mixed finite element methods for the advection–reaction–diffusion Brinkman flow in porous media. Numerical methods for incompressible miscible flow in porous media have been studied extensively in the last several decades. In practical applications, the lowest‐order Galerkin‐mixed method is the most popular one, where the linear Lagrange element is used for the concentration and the lowest‐order Raviart–Thomas element, the lowest‐order Nédélec edge element and piece‐wise constant discontinuous Galerkin element are used for the velocity, vorticity and pressure, respectively. The existing error estimate of this lowest‐order finite element method is only O(h)$$ O(h) $$ for all variables in spatial direction, which is not optimal for the concentration variable. This paper focuses on a new and optimal error estimate of a linearized backward Euler Galerkin‐mixed FEMs, where the second‐order accuracy for the concentration in spatial directions is established unconditionally. The key to our optimal error analysis is a new negative norm estimate for Nédélec edge element. Moreover, based on the computed numerical concentration, we propose a simple one‐step recovery technique to obtain a new numerical velocity, vorticity and pressure with second‐order accuracy. Numerical experiments are provided to confirm our theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deficient postural adaptation and freezing lead to gait initiation abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. Gait initiation is characterized by longer motor preparation, which is a marker of increased risk of falling, and by abnormal postural adjustments. Better understanding the nature of these motor preparation disturbances will enable us to adapt rehabilitation and reduce falls. Our objective was to describe the different components (in the motor, cognitive and limbic domains) of gait initiation parameters in Parkinson's disease. Forty-four patients with Parkinson's disease performed repeated step initiations under high attentional load with decision-making. The proportions of multiple anticipatory postural adjustments and anticipatory postural adjustment errors, markers of abnormal motor preparation, were measured. A logistic regression analysis studied the relationships between step initiation perturbations and the demographic, motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric characteristics of the patients. Multiple anticipatory postural adjustments and anticipatory postural adjustments errors lengthened step execution time. Motor severity explained the multiple anticipatory postural adjustments, suggesting a pathological role. Attentional performance explained anticipatory postural adjustments errors. Demographic and neuropsychiatric characteristics didn't contribute significantly to the abnormal anticipatory postural adjustments. Motor disability contributes to the delay in step execution in Parkinson's disease through multiple anticipatory postural adjustments, highlighting the need to target motor preparation improvement in rehabilitation. • Deficient postural adaptation and freezing lead to gait initiation abnormalities in Parkinson's disease • Motor severity explained the multiple anticipatory postural adjustments. • Worse attentional performance explained anticipatory postural adjustments errors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate item parameters and standard errors (SEs) are crucial for many multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) applications. A recent study proposed the Gaussian Variational Expectation Maximization (GVEM) algorithm to improve computational efficiency and estimation accuracy (Cho et al., 2021). However, the SE estimation procedure has yet to be fully addressed. To tackle this issue, the present study proposed an updated supplemented expectation maximization (USEM) method and a bootstrap method for SE estimation. These two methods were compared in terms of SE recovery accuracy. The simulation results demonstrated that the GVEM algorithm with bootstrap and item priors (GVEM-BSP) outperformed the other methods, exhibiting less bias and relative bias for SE estimates under most conditions. Although the GVEM with USEM (GVEM-USEM) was the most computationally efficient method, it yielded an upward bias for SE estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a self-developed mobile augmented reality navigation system (MARNS) in guiding spinal level positioning during intraspinal tumor surgery based on a dual-error theory. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients diagnosed with intraspinal tumors admitted to Fujian Provincial Hospital between May and November 2023. The participants were divided into conventional x-rays and self-developed MARNS groups according to the localization methods they received. Position time, length of intraoperative incision variation, and location accuracy were systematically compared. Results: A total of 41 patients (19 males) with intraspinal tumors were included, and MARNS was applied to 21 patients. MARNS achieved successful lesion localization in all patients with an error of 0.38±0.12 cm. Compared to x-rays, MARNS significantly reduced positioning time (129.00±13.03 seconds vs. 365.00±60.43 seconds, p<0.001) and length of intraoperative incision variation (0.14 cm vs. 0.67 cm, p=0.009). Conclusion: The self-developed MARNS, based on augmented reality technology for lesion visualization and perpendicular projection, offers a radiation-free complement to conventional x-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many studies have been conducted on the police use of force, virtually none have been conducted on the unintentional use of force by police. This gap in knowledge is significant, in that any use of force by police carries with it the possibility of injury, up to and including death. The current study examines instances of unintentional use of weapons-based force by police to: (1) establish a framework for studying unintentional use of force; (2) provide descriptive analyses of the issue to better ascertain the frequency and severity of unintentional use of force by police; and (3) identify potential directions for future study of the issue. Results indicate that unintentional weapons-based force occurs most commonly as the unintentional deployment of a TASER during a routine, pre-shift safety check. While unintentional incidents are rare and injuries or death associated with unintentional weapons-based force are rarer still, human error is the most common cause of unintentional force, pointing to the need for better training, weapon-handling, and/or weapon-design to prevent most unintentional force incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two problems involving nonlinear time fractional hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) and time fractional pseudo hyperbolic PDEs with nonlocal conditions are presented. Collocation technique for shifted Chebyshev of the second kind with residual power series algorithm (CTSCSK-RPSA) is the main method for solving these problems. Moreover, error analysis theory is provided in detail. Numerical solutions provided using CTSCSK-RPSA are compared with existing techniques in literature. CTSCSK-RPSA is accurate, simple and convenient method for obtaining solutions of linear and nonlinear physical and engineering problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Measurement Science & Instrumentation is the property of Journal of Measurement Science & Instrumentation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The utilization of nonlinear differential equations has resulted in remarkable progress across various scientific domains, including physics, biology, ecology, and quantum mechanics. Nonetheless, obtaining multiple solutions for nonlinear differential equations can pose considerable challenges, particularly when it is difficult to find suitable initial guesses. To address this issue, we propose a pioneering approach known as the Companion-Based Multilevel Finite Element Method (CBMFEM). This novel technique efficiently and accurately generates multiple initial guesses for solving nonlinear elliptic semi-linear equations containing polynomial nonlinear terms through the use of finite element methods with conforming elements. As a theoretical foundation of CBMFEM, we present an appropriate and new concept of the isolated solution to the nonlinear elliptic equations with multiple solutions. The newly introduced concept is used to establish the inf-sup condition for the linearized equation around the isolated solution. Furthermore, it is crucially used to derive a theoretical error analysis of finite element methods for nonlinear elliptic equations with multiple solutions. A number of numerical results obtained using CBMFEM are then presented and compared with a traditional method. These not only show the CBMFEM's superiority, but also support our theoretical analysis. Additionally, these results showcase the effectiveness and potential of our proposed method in tackling the challenges associated with multiple solutions in nonlinear differential equations with different types of boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of strong coupling, analyzing a complex system by finite element method costs so much due to the degrees of freedom. Although introducing modal superposition technique is able to reduce the sum of coupling system's freedoms, it is still based on the assumption of neglecting the coupling influence between the high-order modes and low-order modes belonging to different subsystems. And it may result in non-convergence when uncoupling modes are used. Based on the undamped acoustic and vibration coupling equation, this paper presents a new coupling method called patch transfer function method (PTFM), by which the coupling face is tackled as a series of independent patches. The patch transfer functions of each patch are calculated by the average value of the nodal value, then the coupling system PTFs can be obtained by the continuity equation. It is faster to predict the coupling system response, as the inversion of coupling equation is substituted for the transfer function from source to receiver. At last, with the model of plate and air-cavity coupling system, this paper reveals the accuracy of PTFM by comparing the result of direct coupling method (DCM). And the theory and calculation error of the method are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-altitude airspace is developing rapidly, but the utilization rate of airspace resources is low. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of the safe operation of the fusion of large UAVs and manned aircraft in the same airspace, this paper analyzes the theoretical calculation of the collision risk of the fusion operation of manned aircraft and UAVs at Feng Ming Airport in Zigong, verifying that while assessing the safety spacing of 10 km in the lateral direction, it further simulates the possibility of calculating the theoretical smaller safety spacing. The study will propose a new theory of error spacing safety margin and improve it according to the traditional Event collision risk model, combining the error spacing safety margin to establish an improved collision model more suitable for the fusion operation of manned and unmanned aircraft and reduce the redundancy of calculation. The error factors affecting manned and unmanned aircraft at Zigong Airport are analyzed, and theoretical calculations are analyzed by combining the actual data of Zigong Airport. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used to solve the error, substitute the calculation results, and simulate a section of the trajectory of the fusion operation for the reverse argument. The theoretical calculation results show that the collision risk from 10 km to 8 km satisfies the lateral target safety level (TSL) specified by ICAO under both traditional and improved models. The collision risk calculated by the improved model incorporating the error spacing safety margin is smaller, which enhances the safety of the model calculations. The results of the study can provide theoretical references for the fusion operation of manned and unmanned aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of failure in innovation projects affects organisational behaviour and the performance of firms. This study develops a theory of errors in innovation project-level failure. Error is a set of faults that generates deviations in phases of the R&D process in projects, decreasing the expected results. From a systemic perspective, innovation failure in a project is due to a set of errors that generates a negative outcome. The proposed theory clarifies the general determinants of innovation failure in projects that are due to errors in design, execution and market orientation. Case studies in the drug discovery industry and pharmaceuticals validate the consistency of the proposed theory, giving examples of errors in projects leading to innovation failures. The payoff matrix of success/failure occurrences predicts that the probability of failure in innovation projects can double by setting a difficult goal compared to an easy one. Inductive implications of the proposed theory are that organisations reduce innovation failure in projects with better adaptedness to changes that minimise errors and learn from them. The proposed theory can guide R&D managers, designers, etc. in detecting critical errors in the R&D process to apply strategies of problem solving based on a winning approach by learning from errors that lead to innovation failure in projects to enable the organisation to adapt, take advantage of important opportunities and cope with consequential environmental threats for achieving goals and sustaining the competitive advantage in turbulent markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterodox ideas face an uphill battle. This is not least the case for heterodox conspiracy theories. As an empirical observation, this is hardly controversial. What is controversial is whether and to what extent this should be the case. Some authors have gone so far as to argue that heterodox conspiracy theories should be generally dismissed, and that it is precisely their heterodox status that justifies such dismissal. Most particularists are likely to object strongly to such an assessment, arguing that conspiracy theories – whether heterodox or orthodox – should not be dismissed before careful examination of the relevant evidence. But even particularists will probably concede that proponents of heterodox conspiracy theories have to bear a special epistemic burden. The main aim of this paper is to take a closer look at this particular epistemic burden. Drawing on the literature about peer disagreement, genealogical debunking arguments, and related philosophical debates, I focus in particular on the question of whether and under what conditions it can be rational to defend heterodox conspiracy theories, and argue that what I will call theories of error play a crucial role in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presentists hold that only present things exist. But we all, presentists included, utter sentences that appear to involve quantification over non-present objects, and so we all, presentists included, seem to commit ourselves to such objects. Equally, we all, presentists included, take utterances of many past-tensed (and some future-tensed) sentences to be true. But if no past or future things exist, it's hard to see how there can be anything that those utterances are about, which makes them true. This paper presents a hitherto unexplored response to both problems: pretence fictionalism about the non-present. This view combines semantic factualism with psychological non-cognitivism. Sentences that appear to quantify over the non-present have propositional content and (almost all of) those propositions are false because the thing they are about – the non-present – does not exist. Nevertheless, when we utter such sentences we don't thereby utter something false. Our utterances do not report the belief that the propositional content of the sentence uttered is true; rather, they express a non-cognitive attitude towards that content: namely an attitude of pretence. Hence by thinking various thoughts, and uttering various sentences we are, collectively, pretending as though things were (or will be) thus and so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ángel Pinillos' Why We Doubt offers an error theory for at least some versions of global skepticism: skeptical doubts are based on a faulty heuristic. Once this heuristic is replaced by a more apt principle inspired by Bayesian approaches to epistemology, the skeptical doubts are shown not to be motivated. I argue contra Pinillos that skeptical doubts may remain even if we grant the main line of Pinillos' argument. Skeptical doubts might be generated by disagreement even when we accept Pinillos' Bayesian inspired principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since John Leslie Mackie's 'popularization' of moral error theories in meta-ethics, increasing attention has been focused on how to escape the force of nihilism. For many opponents of the moral error theory, 'moral nihilism' is used as a derogatory synonym associated with immorality and selfishness, but such a defamatory usage of the label is obviously not very helpful for a serious philosophical examination of the view. The goal of this paper is to draw on insights by David Hume and other Humean philosophers such as J.L. Mackie, Richard Joyce, and Richard Garner, in order to turn 'moral nihilism' from a term of abuse to a 'badge of honour'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This survey proposes a new application of the inverse data envelopment analysis (InvDEA) in the problem of merging decision-making units (DMUs) to improve the performance of DMUs by removing congestion. Congestion is a factor in reducing production; therefore, removing it decreases costs and increases outputs. There are two significant subjects in the merging DMUs. Estimating the inherited inputs and outputs of a new production DMU with no congestion is the first problem while achieving a pre-specified efficiency level from the merged DMU is the second one. Both problems are examined using the ideas of inverse DEA and congestion. Using Pareto solutions to multiple-objective programming problems, sufficient conditions for inherited input/output estimates with no congestion and increasing efficiency are created. Besides, an example is perused for the reliability of the proposed approach in basic research institutes in the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) in 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a hybrid method for solving time-fractional Black-Scholes equation is introduced for option pricing. The presented method is based on time and space discretization. A second order finite difference formula is used to time discretization and space discretization is done by a spectral method based on Chelyshkov wavelets and an op- erational process by defining Chelyshkov wavelets operational matrices. Convergence and error analysis for Chelyshkov wavelets approximation and also for the proposed method are discussed. The method is validated and its accuracy, convergency and efficiency are demonstrated through some cases with given accurate solutions. The method is also utilize for pricing various European options conducted by a time-fractional Black- Scholes model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the unconditionally optimal and superconvergent error estimates of a mass- and energy-conserved finite element method for the Schrödinger–Poisson equation. Firstly, a priori error bound of the numerical solutions in H 1 -norm is obtained by the conserved property. Secondly, the unconditionally optimal error estimates in L 2 -norm are derived without any timestep restriction in terms of the bound of the numerical solution. Thirdly, the unconditionally superclose error estimates in H 1 -norm are got by treating the coupled nonlinear term rigorously and skillfully. Furthermore, the unconditionally superconvergent error estimates in H 1 -norm are acquired by the interpolation post-processing approach. Finally, some numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the piecewise orthogonal collocation method to computing periodic solutions of coupled renewal and delay differential equations. Through a rigorous error analysis, we prove convergence of the relevant finite-element method and provide a theoretical estimate of the error. We conclude with some numerical experiments to further support the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we derive a geometrically nonlinear plate model based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis and the large deflection hypothesis, and provide an error analysis of the corresponding element-free Galerkin method. The penalty method is employed to enforce boundary conditions. The error estimate explicitly depends on nodal spacing, number of monomial basis functions, continuity of weight functions, and penalty factors, which provides some practical choices among these key parameters in engineering applications. In addition, we offer guidance on selecting appropriate penalty factors to improve numerical accuracy. Numerical experiments, involving clamped square and circle plates with uniform and nonuniform nodes, as well as a plate model with a corner singularity, are presented to validate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the flower‐shaped microstrip antenna (FSMA) is investigated theoretically and experimentally for the first time. A theoretical model is proposed to investigate the radiation characteristic of an FSMA using conformal mapping technique. The flower shape is mapped to a circular shape with the help of an appropriate mapping relation. The wave equation is solved in the transformed domain using Galerkin technique to obtain the approximate solution of eigenfunction and eigenvalue. Resonant frequency, internal field patterns, input impedance, and far‐field radiation patterns of the FSMA are investigated. Three antenna prototypes are fabricated for experimental verification. The acceptable agreement is found among the calculated, simulated, and measured data. Our theory shows an error of less than 1.45% in predicting the resonance frequency. Quality factor and bandwidth are also described. This theoretical approach not only quickly evaluates the performance of an FSMA but also provides the instruction to design an FSMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayesian inference is a popular and widely-used approach to infer phylogenies (evolutionary trees). However, despite decades of widespread application, it remains difficult to judge how well a given Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) run explores the space of phylogenetic trees. In this paper, we investigate the Monte Carlo error of phylogenies, focusing on high-dimensional summaries of the posterior distribution, including variability in estimated edge/branch (known in phylogenetics as "split") probabilities and tree probabilities, and variability in the estimated summary tree. Specifically, we ask if there is any measure of effective sample size (ESS) applicable to phylogenetic trees which is capable of capturing the Monte Carlo error of these three summary measures. We find that there are some ESS measures capable of capturing the error inherent in using MCMC samples to approximate the posterior distributions on phylogenies. We term these tree ESS measures, and identify a set of three which are useful in practice for assessing the Monte Carlo error. Lastly, we present visualization tools that can improve comparisons between multiple independent MCMC runs by accounting for the Monte Carlo error present in each chain. Our results indicate that common post-MCMC workflows are insufficient to capture the inherent Monte Carlo error of the tree, and highlight the need for both within-chain mixing and between-chain convergence assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article critically examines the experimental philosophy of free will, particularly the interplay between ordinary individuals' compatibilist and incompatibilist intuitions. It explores key insights from research studies that propose "natural compatibilism" and "natural incompatibilism". These studies reveal a complex landscape of folk intuitions, where participants appear to exhibit both types of intuitions. Here, we examine error theories, which purport to explain the coexistence of apparently contradictory intuitions: the Affective Performance Error hypothesis, the "Free Will No Matter What" hypothesis, the Bypassing hypothesis, and the Intrusion hypothesis, and the article explores the cognitive errors that could shape individuals' inconsistent perceptions of free will. We then explore three possibilities regarding folk intuitions: most individuals may hold either compatibilist or incompatibilist intuitions, both simultaneously, or neither. Our aim is to deepen the understanding of the complex dynamics of intuitions about free will, and we close with suggestions for future studies in experimental philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XY model is a simplified insulation model for transformers that aims to connect the frequency spectrum of major insulation, insulation paper, and oil. It enables the calculation of the paper's frequency spectrum, facilitating a quantitative evaluation of the transformer's insulation status. Given the scarcity of research addressing the accuracy of the XY model and its corresponding equivalent circuit, this paper investigates the accuracy of the XY model and conducts an in‐depth analysis of the error associated with its equivalent circuit. Firstly, the frequency spectrum of oil‐paper insulations based on the XY model with varying moisture content and structure configurations were measured, followed by the simulation of both the corresponding 2D‐coaxial and XY models. By comparing the results obtained from these simulations with experimental data on oil‐paper insulation, the accuracy of XY model is verified. Subsequently, two variants of the equivalent circuit of the XY model are derived by combining the oil, spacer, and paper differently, which denoted as Type I and II circuits. Finally, we analyzed and explained the errors present in these equivalent circuits compared with the XY model. Our findings show that the width‐thickness ratio of oil‐paper insulation is the most critical influencing factor, while moisture content and insulation structure have a less decisive impact. Notably, for general transformers, as the width‐thickness ratio is between 30 and 70, the relative error of the Type I circuit remains consistently below 0.3% across different frequencies. Consequently, the Type I circuit proves to be a more suitable representation of the equivalent circuit for the XY model in the context of general transformers. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reports an error analysis of close-range measurements from a Stonex X300 laser scanner in order to address range uncertainty behavior based on indoor experiments under fixed environmental conditions. The analysis includes procedures for estimating the precision and accuracy of the observational errors estimated from the Stonex X300 observations and conducted at intervals of 5 m within a range of 5 to 30 m. The laser 3D point cloud data of the individual scans is analyzed following a roughness analysis prior to the implementation of a Levenberg--Marquardt iterative closest points (LM-ICP) registration. This leads to identifying the level of roughness that was encountered due to the range-finder's limitations in close-ranging as well as measurements that were obtained from extreme incident angle signals. The measurements were processed using a statistical outlier removal (SOR) filter to reduce the noise impact toward a smoother data set. The geometric differences and the RMSE values in the 3D coordinate directions were computed and analyzed, which showed the potential of the Stonex X300 measurements in close-ranging following a careful statistical analysis. It was found that the error differences in the vertical direction had a consistent behavior when the range increased, whereas the errors in the horizontal direction varied. However, it is more common to produce errors in the vertical direction as compared to the horizontal one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I hope to demonstrate the value of a close reading Williams's 'Internal and External Reasons', and to provide a theory of error regarding the substantial body of work which seeks to, in various ways, defang the essay. I do this by providing some historical context for the paper, and sketching where, historically, internalism and certain sorts of moral realism became separated. It will likely not surprise the reader when I suggest that the modern scientific worldview has an important place in the discussion of the notion of external reasons. As mind, motivation, and perception have become less opaque to us, certain avenues for explaining our reasons have come closer to relying on hypotheses which may turn out to be falsifiable, and have thus been abandoned. What may come as more of a surprise is my suggestion that modern egalitarianism is an important factor as well. I suggest that impersonal reason has been used as an (implausible, but perhaps well-intentioned) alternative to the practice of some inflicting their reasons on others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inner speech is commonly understood as the conscious experience of a voice within the mind. One recurrent theme in the scientific literature is that the phenomenon involves a representation of overt speech, for example, a representation of phonetic properties that result from a copy of speech instructions that were ultimately suppressed. I propose a larger picture that involves some embodied objects and their misperception. I call it “the Body Error Theory,” or BET for short. BET is a form of illusionism, but the particular version I favor is a cross-modal illusion. Newly described here, my hypothesis is that the experience of inner speech arises from a mix of interoception and audition. Specifically, there is the detection of slight but well-confirmed activities in the speech musculature that occur during inner speech, which helps to transform representations of normal but quiet nonverbal sounds that inevitably occur during inner speech, from breathing to background noise, into a mistaken perception of inner speech. Simply put, activities in the speech musculature mix with sounds to create the appearance of speech sounds, which thus explains the “voice within the mind.” I also show how BET’s cross-modal system fits with standard information processing accounts for speech monitoring and how it accommodates the central insights of leading theories of inner speech. In addition, I show how BET is supported by data from experience-sampling surveys and how it can be empirically tested against its rivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the important issues widely discussed in scientific circles in general, and in particular religious circles, is the issue of “understanding text” and the correct method in dealing with text. There is the famous view that primarily relies on the external understanding of the text to know what the purport of the speaker, because the objective is to know what the speaker wants to say. There is also the view of philosophical hermeneutics that holds a different view, where it relies of the centralisation of the interpreter. It does not want to know what the speaker says, but rather its goal is to achieve a reliable understanding of what the reader understands, based on his potential and education. The reader dictates the new text and can have a different result, and another reader can have another result, with eternal understandings to one text. This study looks into the centralisation of the interpreter in these two methods and its foundations. We have relied on the analytical critical methodology to reach a correct understanding of the Quranic text, because some Muslim researchers have fell under the influence of philosophical hermeneutics and have applied it to the holy Quran. This research shows the errors of this theory through arguing with evidence how to reach the purport of the speaker, which opposes the method of those who rely on philosophical hermeneutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colebrook equation has been used to estimate the friction factor (f) in turbulent fluids. In this regard, many equations have been proposed to eliminate the iterative process of the Colebrook equation. The goal of this article was to perform an evaluation, classification, and proposal of the friction factor for better development of hydraulic projects. In this study, Gene Expression Programming (GEP), Newton-Raphson, and Python algorithms were applied. The accuracy and model selection were performed with the Maximum Relative Error (Δf/f), Percentage Standard Deviation (PSD), Model Selection Criterion (MSC), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Of the 30 equations evaluated, the Vatankhah equation was the most accurate and simplest to obtain the friction factor with a classification of very high, reaching a value of Δf/f < 0.5% and 1.5 < PSD < 1.6 A new equation was formulated to obtain the explicit f with fast convergence and accuracy. It was concluded that the combination of GEP, error theory, and selection criteria provides a more reliable and strengthened model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]