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Mediation analysis empirically investigates the process underlying the effect of an experimental manipulation on a dependent variable of interest. In the simplest mediation setting, the experimental treatment can affect the dependent variable through the mediator (indirect effect) and/or directly (direct effect). However, what appears to be an indirect effect in standard mediation analysis may reflect a data-generating process without mediation, including the possibility of a reversed causal ordering of measured variables, regardless of the statistical properties of the estimate. To overcome this indeterminacy where possible, the authors develop the insight that a statistically reliable total effect, combined with strong evidence for conditional independence of the treatment and the outcome given the mediator, is unequivocal evidence for mediation as the underlying causal model into an operational procedure. This is particularly helpful when theory is insufficient to definitely causally order measured variables, or when the dependent variable is measured before what is believed to be the mediator. The procedure combines Bayes factors as principled measures of the degree of support for conditional independence, with latent variable modeling to account for measurement error and discretization in a fully Bayesian framework. The authors reanalyze a set of published mediation studies to illustrate how their approach facilitates stronger conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we have chosen to explore the performance of the piezoresistive accelerometer, favoured for its comparative advantages over other accelerometers. Our approach includes modelling this accelerometer according to the law of motion and validating the model through simulation tests and experimental trials. With this approach, we can determine the optimal damping rate and frequency range for the piezoresistive accelerometer, the optimisation of these parameters is crucial to maximise the performance of the accelerometer in various operating conditions, ensuring high sensitivity and fast response while minimising distortions or errors in the collected data. These optimal values of damping rate and frequency range guarantee precise and reliable accelerometer measurements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of sensor design principles and signal processing methods from a theoretical standpoint. Beginning with sensor design, we delve into the foundational aspects of transduction principles, emphasising the conversion of physical quantities into electrical signals. The selection and optimisation of sensing elements are explored, highlighting material properties, geometrical considerations, and packaging strategies to ensure sensitivity, linearity, and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional practices in handling cross-sectional data treated the explanatory variables as fixed variables without measurement errors. This article proposed a novel autocorrelated unreplicated linear functional relationship model (AULFR) model to accommodate the autocorrelated errors in the measurement errors model. Some basic properties of the model have been derived. A modified backshift operator is used in transforming the autocorrelated error into uncorrelated error. Simulation studies show that AULFR outperforms other benchmarking models even with a relatively small training data percentage or a sample size of 100 training observations. The application of the AULFR model on an actual economic case shows consistent results with simulation studies. The advantages of the proposed model are (i) it models the relationship between a time-based dependent variable and a set of time-based explanatory variables which subjected to measurement errors, and (ii) it can predict the current or future values of both dependent and explanatory variables using historical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR genome engineering and single-cell RNA sequencing have accelerated biological discovery. Single-cell CRISPR screens unite these two technologies, linking genetic perturbations in individual cells to changes in gene expression and illuminating regulatory networks underlying diseases. Despite their promise, single-cell CRISPR screens present considerable statistical challenges. We demonstrate through theoretical and real data analyses that a standard method for estimation and inference in single-cell CRISPR screens—"thresholded regression"—exhibits attenuation bias and a bias-variance tradeoff as a function of an intrinsic, challenging-to-select tuning parameter. To overcome these difficulties, we introduce GLM-EIV ("GLM-based errors-in-variables"), a new method for single-cell CRISPR screen analysis. GLM-EIV extends the classical errors-in-variables model to responses and noisy predictors that are exponential family-distributed and potentially impacted by the same set of confounding variables. We develop a computational infrastructure to deploy GLM-EIV across hundreds of processors on clouds (e.g. Microsoft Azure) and high-performance clusters. Leveraging this infrastructure, we apply GLM-EIV to analyze two recent, large-scale, single-cell CRISPR screen datasets, yielding several new insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In undeclared work research, the estimation of the magnitude of the phenomenon (i.e., the amount of income and/or the percentage of workers involved) is of major interest. This has been done either using indirect methods or by means of ad hoc surveys such as the Eurobarometer special survey on undeclared work, our motivating study. The extent of undeclared work can be measured by means of two different outcomes: the event of working off-the-book (binary variable) and, when the event occurs, the amount of earnings deriving from the undeclared activity (continuous variable). This setup has been typically modeled via the so called two-part model: a binary choice model for the probability of observing a positive-versus-zero outcome and then, conditional on a positive outcome, a regression model for the positive outcome. We propose an extension of the two-part model that goes in two directions. The first regards the measurement error that, given the very nature of undeclared activities, is most likely to affect both the outcomes of interest. The second is that we generalize the linear regression part of the model to allow individual-level means. We also conduct an extensive simulation study to investigate the performance of the proposed model and compare it with traditional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive decline represents a severe non‐motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that can significantly reduce the benefits of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Here, we aimed to describe post‐surgery cognitive decline and identify pre‐surgery cognitive profile associated with faster decline in STN DBS‐treated PD patients. A retrospective observational study of 126 PD patients treated by STN DBS combined with oral dopaminergic therapy followed for 3.54 years on average (SD = 2.32) with repeated assessments of cognition was conducted. Pre‐surgery cognitive profile was obtained via a comprehensive neuropsychological examination and data analysed using exploratory factor analysis and Bayesian generalized linear mixed models. On the whole, we observed a mild annual cognitive decline of 0.90 points from a total of 144 points in the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (95% posterior probability interval [−1.19, −0.62]) with high inter‐individual variability. However, true score changes did not reach previously reported reliable change cut‐offs. Executive deficit was the only pre‐surgery cognitive variable to reliably predict the rate of post‐surgery cognitive decline. On the other hand, exploratory analysis of electrode localization did not yield any statistically clear results. Overall, our data and models imply mild gradual average annual post‐surgery cognitive decline with high inter‐individual variability in STN DBS‐treated PD patients. Nonetheless, patients with worse long‐term cognitive prognosis can be reliably identified via pre‐surgery examination of executive functions. To further increase the utility of our results, we demonstrate how our models can help with disentangling true score changes from measurement error in future studies of post‐surgery cognitive changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the practical application of adaptive filters has indeed garnered substantial attention, two pressing issues persist that have a profound impact on their performance—system sparsity and the presence of contaminated Gaussian impulsive noise. In this research paper, we propose a novel approach to tackle both of these issues simultaneously by introducing the concept of a proportionate matrix. Specifically, we present a proportionate maximum total complex correntropy algorithm based on the errors-in-variables model. The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the steady-state weight error power under the influence of impulsive noise. Furthermore, it discusses the performance comparison in system identification and highlights the robustness of the proposed algorithm. To validate its effectiveness, a simulation involving stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation is conducted, and the results confirm the clear advantages of the proposed Proportionate Maximum Total Complex Correntropy algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When investigating unobservable, complex traits, data collection and aggregation processes can introduce distinctive features to the data such as boundedness, measurement error, clustering, outliers, and heteroscedasticity. Failure to collectively address these features can result in statistical challenges that prevent the investigation of hypotheses regarding these traits. This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of the Bayesian beta-proportion generalized linear latent and mixed model (beta-proportion GLLAMM) (Rabe-Hesketh et al., Psychometrika, 69(2), 167–90, 2004a, Journal of Econometrics, 128(2), 301–23, 2004c, 2004b; Skrondal and Rabe-Hesketh 2004) in handling data features when exploring research hypotheses concerning speech intelligibility. To achieve this objective, the study reexamined data from transcriptions of spontaneous speech samples initially collected by Boonen et al. (Journal of Child Language, 50(1), 78–103, 2023). The data were aggregated into entropy scores. The research compared the prediction accuracy of the beta-proportion GLLAMM with the normal linear mixed model (LMM) (Holmes et al., 2019) and investigated its capacity to estimate a latent intelligibility from entropy scores. The study also illustrated how hypotheses concerning the impact of speaker-related factors on intelligibility can be explored with the proposed model. The beta-proportion GLLAMM was not free of challenges; its implementation required formulating assumptions about the data-generating process and knowledge of probabilistic programming languages, both central to Bayesian methods. Nevertheless, results indicated the superiority of the model in predicting empirical phenomena over the normal LMM, and its ability to quantify a latent potential intelligibility. Additionally, the proposed model facilitated the exploration of hypotheses concerning speaker-related factors and intelligibility. Ultimately, this research has implications for researchers and data analysts interested in quantitatively measuring intricate, unobservable constructs while accurately predicting the empirical phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the auction literature, it is well established that bidders' asymmetry plays an important role in determining auction revenues. In this article, we propose a nonparametric methodology to analyze first-price auctions with two popularly adopted asymmetries: heterogeneous risk preferences and asymmetric value distributions. We find that the two competing models provide distinct implications for the bid distributions conditional on heterogeneity. By modeling bidders' asymmetry as unobserved heterogeneity, we show that the conditional bid distributions are identified nonparametrically. These results enable researchers to test the two competing models. In an application using the US Forest Service timber auction data, we find that the data supports the model with heterogeneity in risk preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the functional partially linear single index models with contaminated functional and real covariates when the functional sample grid is dense. To eliminate the influence of measurement error on the estimations of the proposed models, a two-stage estimation procedure is introduced. In the first stage, we utilize a kernel presmoothing regression to denoise the corrupted functional curves. In the second stage, the fitted functional curves are applied to replace the original ones to obtain the predictor of unknown parameter in parametric component with the attenuation correction method and then we derive the predictor of unknown link function in nonparametric part with kernel method. Meanwhile, in order to improve computational efficiency, functional slice inverse regression method is employed to estimate the functional single index parameter. The asymptotic properties are also stated in this process at the situation of independent and identical distribution sample under some mild conditions. A simulation study and real data analysis are further explored to illustrate the good performance of our methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We consider evaluating biomarkers for treatment selection under assay modification. Survival outcome, treatment, and Affymetrix gene expression data were attained from cancer patients. Consider migrating a gene expression biomarker to the Illumina platform. A recent novel approach allows a quick evaluation of the migrated biomarker with only a reproducibility study needed to compare the two platforms, achieved by treating the original biomarker as an error‐contaminated observation of the migrated biomarker. However, its assumptions of a classical measurement error model and a linear predictor for the outcome may not hold. Ignoring such model deviations may lead to sub‐optimal treatment selection or failure to identify effective biomarkers. To overcome such limitations, we adopt a nonparametric logistic regression to model the relationship between the event rate and the biomarker, and the deduced marker‐based treatment selection is optimal. We further assume a nonparametric relationship between the migrated and original biomarkers and show that the error‐contaminated biomarker leads to sub‐optimal treatment selection compared to the error‐free biomarker. We obtain the estimation via B‐spline approximation. The approach is assessed by simulation studies and demonstrated through application to lung cancer data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the symmetry and asymmetry of the model error under multiplicative distortion measurement errors setting, we propose a correlation coefficient-based measure between the distribution function and the root of density function. The unknown distribution function and density function are estimated from four kinds of residuals: the conditional mean calibration-based residuals, the conditional absolute mean calibration-based residuals, the conditional variance calibration-based residuals, and the conditional absolute logarithmic calibration-based residuals. We study the asymptotic results of the estimators of correlation coefficient-based measure under four calibrations. Next, we consider statistical inference of the correlation coefficient-based measure by using the empirical likelihood method. The empirical likelihood statistics are shown to be an asymptotically standard chi-squared distribution. Simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimators and test statistics. A real example is analyzed to illustrate its practical usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the complete convergence and complete moment convergence for randomly weighted sums of arrays of rowwise widely negative dependent random variables in sub-linear expectation space under some appropriate conditions, which extend and improve the corresponding ones in classical probability space to the case of sub-linear expectation space. And we obtain a strong law of large numbers for the randomly weighted sums of arrays of rowwise widely negative dependent random variables. As applications of our main results, we not only present a result on the complete consistency for the weighted estimator in a nonparametric regression model, but also obtain the complete consistency for the least squares estimators in errors-in-variables regression models based on widely negative dependent errors under sub-linear expectations. We perform some numerical simulations to verify the validity of the theoretical results and a real example is analysed for illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the subsidence cone at Salina Ocna Dej involved modern measurement techniques, including drones, to evaluate terrain changes and generate a detailed 3D model. Data collection occurred in two stages, in 2021 and 2022, utilizing drones to capture a large number of high-resolution images (5472x3648 pixels) [1], resulting in a significant volume of data. These images were processed using specialized software to create a 3D model, employing advanced alignment, data fusion, and interpolation techniques. The results demonstrated that using drones offers considerable benefits over traditional methods, including increased accuracy and reduced time and resource consumption [2], with minimal errors recorded at just 0.7 mm. The project emphasized the importance of adapting initial plans to field conditions and considering weather forecasts to prevent accidents. Post-processing the data enabled clear delineation of the subsidence contour and slope angles, facilitating their integration into the analysis of other mining activities in the region. The generated 3D model serves as a reference for monitoring subsidence evolution and assessing risks to nearby residences. Continuous measurement and constant monitoring of the subsidence cone are essential to prevent potential future damage caused by slope instability and erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper derives a general Bartlett correction formula to improve the inference based on the likelihood ratio test in a multivariate model under a quite general parameterization, where the mean vector and the variance-covariance matrix can share the same vector of parameters. This approach includes a number of models as special cases such as non-linear regression models, errors-in-variables models, mixed-effects models with non-linear fixed effects, and mixtures of the previous models. We also employ the Skovgaard adjustment to the likelihood ratio statistic in this class of multivariate models and derive a general expression of the correction factor based on Skovgaard approach. Monte Carlo simulation experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the improved tests, and the numerical results confirm that the modified tests are more reliable than the usual likelihood ratio test. Applications to real data are also presented for illustrative purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of measurement errors in data and multicollinearity among the explanatory variables have negative effects on the estimation of regression coefficients. Within this respect, the motivation of this article is to examine measurement errors and multicollinearity problems simultaneously. In this paper, by utilizing three different forms of corrected score functions three consistent ridge regression estimators are proposed. Theoretical comparisons of these new estimators are examined by implementing the mean squared error criterion. Large sample properties of these estimators are investigated without assuming any distributional assumption. Two numerical examples are presented using real data sets and also a simulation study is performed. The findings indicate that the newly proposed three estimators outperform the existing estimators by the criterion of mean squared error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partially linear models are useful tools to analyze data from economic, genetic, and other fields. Similar to other data analyses, the identification of influential observations that may be potential outliers is an important step beyond estimation in such models. The objective of this article is to develop some diagnostic measures for identifying influential observations in partially linear models when some of the covariates are measured with errors. Deletion measures are developed based on case deletion, mean shift outlier models, and the corrected likelihood of Nakamura (1990). The performance of the methods is illustrated by an artificial example and a real example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Item response theory (IRT) analyses are often used to evaluate measurement error in educational and psychological test instruments. In such contexts, the latent traits/proficiencies are typically assumed normally distributed and a cumulative normal/logistic measurement link function is applied. Such choices are consistent with constructs that are viewed as bipolar in nature and play a critical role in defining the latent proficiency metric against which the measurement error in the test is evaluated. Recently, alternative models that portray the construct as unipolar have been highlighted as being more appropriate for certain psychopathology and personality constructs. In this paper we extend consideration of unipolar IRT models for a recognition task measure, using several example datasets from various versions of the Author Recognition Test (ART), a measure of print exposure. We show how the decision between unipolar versus bipolar IRT modeling has substantial implications for the quantification and interpretation of measurement error in the ART. In sharp contrast to prior bipolar IRT analyses of the ART, under unipolar IRT measurement error in the ART is minimized at low levels of latent print exposure, and increases as latent print exposure increases. Implications for consideration of unipolar IRT with other constructs and measures (e.g., vocabulary, specialized forms of knowledge) that reflect a similar type of response process are considered in the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topography measurement accuracy of coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) suffers from the local characteristic of micro-structured surfaces, such as local surface slopes. A cylindrical reference artefact made of single-mode fiber with high roundness and low roughness has been proposed in this manuscript to traceably investigate the surface tilting induced measurement deviations using coherence scanning interferometry with high NA objectives. A feed-forward neural network (FF-NN) is designed and trained to model and thereafter compensate the systematic measurement deviations due to local surface tilting. Experimental results have verified that the FF-NN approach can well enhance the accuracy of the CSI for radius measurement of cylindrical samples up to 0.3%. Further development of the FF-NN for modelling of the measurement errors in CSI due to the optical properties of surfaces including areal roughness is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regularized regression methods have attracted much attention in the literature, mainly due to its application in high-dimensional variable selection problems. Most existing regularization methods assume that the predictors are directly observed and precisely measured. It is well known that in a low-dimensional regression model if some covariates are measured with error, then the naive estimators that ignore the measurement error are biased and inconsistent. However, the impact of measurement error in regularized estimation procedures is not clear. For example, it is known that the ordinary least squares estimate of the regression coefficient in a linear model is attenuated towards zero and, on the other hand, the variance of the observed surrogate predictor is inflated. Therefore, it is unclear how the interaction of these two factors affects the selection outcome. To correct for the measurement error effects, some researchers assume that the measurement error covariance matrix is known or can be estimated using external data. In this paper, we propose the regularized instrumental variable method for generalized linear measurement error models. We show that the proposed approach yields a consistent variable selection procedure and root-n consistent parameter estimators. Extensive finite sample simulation studies show that the proposed method performs satisfactorily in both linear and generalized linear models. A real data example is provided to further demonstrate the usage of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the estimators of parameters for a partially linear single-index spatial model which has measurement errors in all variables. We propose an efficient methodology to estimate our model by combining a local-linear smoother based Pseudo- θ algorithm, simulation-extrapolation (SIMEX) algorithm, the estimation equation and the estimation method for profile maximum likelihood. Under some regular conditions, we derive the asymptotic properties of the link function and unknown estimators. Some simulations indicate our estimation method performs well. Finally, we apply our method to a real data set of Boston Housing Price. The result shows that our model fits the data set well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-modulus gears, which are essential for motion transmission in precision instruments, present a measurement challenge due to their minuscule gear gaps. A high-precision measurement method under the influence of positioning errors is proposed, enabling precise evaluation of the machining quality of small-modulus gears. Firstly, a compound measurement platform for small-modulus gears is developed. Using a 3D model of the measurement system, the mathematical relationships governing motion transmission between various components are analyzed. Secondly, the formation mechanism of gear positioning error is revealed and its important influence on measurement accuracy is discussed. An optimization method for spatial coordinate transformation matrices under positioning errors of gears is proposed. Thirdly, the study focuses on small-sized gears with a modulus of 0.1 mm and a six-level accuracy. Based on the aforementioned measurement system, the tooth profile measurement points are collected in the actual workpiece coordinate system. Then, gear error parameters are extracted based on the established models for tooth profile deviation and pitch deviation. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed measurement method are verified by comparing the measurement results of the P26 gear measuring center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new method for correction of dynamic errors occurring when measuring flat surfaces in the presence of mechanical effects. Mechanical effects cause inertial forces and moments that affect the moving components of measuring instruments, thereby causing dynamic errors. The study proposes a mathematical model, on the basis of which algorithms for correction of dynamic errors can be developed. The basic concept of the model is based on determining the optimal estimate in the current coordinate point on the basis of the theoretical model of the measured surface and the information from the measurement that contains errors caused by internal and external factors. Based on this model, an algorithm for real-time data processing has been developed. The algorithm works in "predictor-corrector" mode at each step of which the best estimate is obtained. The estimate is based on minimizing the variance of a random component in which the main values are formed from the accumulated statistical data of the error of the model and the measurement error. This paper presents the results of experimental studies, carried out with simulations of mechanical effects in four modes. The results confirm the high efficiency of the algorithm for high-accuracy measurement of flat surfaces in the presence of mechanical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of mutual inductance parameters of transmission lines in the environment of double circuit power lines without power outage, this paper establishes simulation models for measuring mutual inductance parameters of transmission lines using the different frequency method in two modes: equal and unequal zero sequence self‐parameters of two circuit lines, using a parallel zero sequence coupling model of double circuit power lines. In the article, simulation analysis is conducted on the line parameters with a coupling coefficient between 0.4 and 0.6 and a line length of 20–50 km. In order to further verify the correctness of the simulation model and measurement methods, a test bench was established based on the principle of line mutual inductance parameter testing in a laboratory dual circuit line without a power outage environment for experimental testing. By comparing the test values under experimental conditions with the standard values, it has been proven that the model and method can meet the actual measurement requirements of engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNumerous biased estimators are known to circumvent the multicollinearity problem in linear measurement error models. This article proposes a general biased estimator with the ridge regression and the Liu estimators as special cases. The efficiency of the suggested estimator is compared with ridge regression and Liu estimators under the mean squared error matrix criterion. In addition, a Monte Carlo simulation study and a numerical evaluation have been conducted to elucidate the superiority of the new general biased estimator over other estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A particle swarm algorithm-based identification method for the optimal measurement area of large coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is proposed in this study to realize the intelligent identification of measurement objects and optimize the measurement position and measurement space using laser tracer multi-station technology. The volumetric error distribution of the planned measurement points in the CMM measurement space is obtained using laser tracer multi-station measurement technology. The volumetric error of the specified step distance measurement points is obtained using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation algorithm. The quasi-rigid body model of the CMM is solved using the LASSO algorithm to obtain the geometric error of the measurement points in a specified step. A model of individual geometric errors is fitted with least squares. An error optimization model for the measurement points in the CMM space is established. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to optimize the model, and the optimal measurement area of the CMM airspace is determined. The experimental results indicate that, when the measurement space is optimized based on the volume of the object being measured, with dimensions of (35 × 35 × 35) mm3, the optimal measurement area for the CMM, as identified by the particle swarm algorithm, lies within the range of 150 mm < X < 500 mm, 350 mm < Y < 700 mm, and −430 mm < Z < −220 mm. In particular, the optimal measurement area is defined as 280 mm < X < 315 mm, 540 mm < Y < 575 mm, and −400 mm < Z < −365 mm. Comparative experiments utilizing a high-precision standard sphere with a diameter of 19.0049 mm and a sphericity of 50 nm demonstrate that the identified optimal measurement area is consistent with the results obtained through the particle swarm algorithm, thereby validating the correctness of the method proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we define mixed predictor and stochastic restricted ridge predictor of partially linear mixed measurement error models by taking advantage of Kernel approximation. Under matrix mean square error criterion, we make the comparison of the superiorities the linear combinations of the new defined predictors. Then we investigate the asymptotic normality characteristics and the situation of the unknown covariance matrix of measurement errors. Finally, the study is ended with a Monte Carlo simulation study and COVID-19 data application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the groundbreaking work by Cleveland and McGill in 1984, studies have revealed the difficulties humans have extracting quantitative data from visualizations as simple as bar graphs. As a first step toward understanding this situation, this paper proposes a mathematical model of the interpretation effort of a bar graph using concepts drawn from eye tracking. First, three key areas of interest (AOIs) are identified, and fixations are modeled as random point clouds within the AOIs. Stochastic geometry is introduced via random triangles connecting fixations within the adjacent key visual regions. The so-called landmark methodology provides the basis for the probabilistic analysis of the constructed system. It is found that the random length of interest in a stochastic triangle has a noncentral chi distribution with a known mean. Unique to this model, in terms of previous landmark applications, is the inclusion of a correlation between fixations, which is justified by physiological studies of the eyes. This approach introduces several model parameters, such as the noncentrality parameter, variance of the fixation cloud, correlation between fixations, and a visualization scale. A detailed parametric analysis examining the dependence of the mean on these parameters is conducted. The paper ties this work to the visualization via a definition of the expected visual measurement error. An asymptotic analysis of the visual error is performed, and a simple expression is found to relate the expected visual measurement error to the key model parameters. From this expression, the influence these parameters have on a visualization's interpretation is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Matrix-variate generalized linear model (mvGLM) has been investigated successfully under the framework of tensor generalized linear model, because matrix-form data can be regarded as a specific tensor (2-dimension). But there are few works focusing on matrix-form data with measurement error (ME), since tensor in conjunction with ME is relatively complex in structure. In this paper we introduce a mvGLM to primarily explore the influence of ME in the model with matrix-form data. We calculate the asymptotic bias based on error-prone mvGLM, and then develop bias-correction methods to tackle the affect of ME. Statistical properties for all methods are established, and the practical performance of all methods is further evaluated in analysis on synthetic and real data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistent estimators of the baseline hazard rate and the regression parameter are constructed in the Cox proportional hazards model with heteroscedastic measurement errors, assuming that the baseline hazard function belongs to a certain class of functions with bounded Lipschitz constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a situation where one is interested in estimating the density of a survival time that is subject to random right censoring and measurement errors. This happens often in practice, like in public health (pregnancy length), medicine (duration of infection), ecology (duration of forest fire), among others. We assume a classical additive measurement error model with Gaussian noise and unknown error variance and a random right censoring scheme. Under this setup, we develop minimal conditions under which the assumed model is identifiable when no auxiliary variables or validation data are available, and we offer a flexible estimation strategy using Laguerre polynomials for the estimation of the error variance and the density of the survival time. The asymptotic normality of the proposed estimators is established, and the numerical performance of the methodology is investigated on both simulated and real data on gestational age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-instrument covariates are often included as controls in instrumental variable (IV) analyses to address a violation of the exclusion restriction. However, we show that such analyses are subject to biases unless strong assumptions hold. Using linear constant-effects models, we present asymptotic bias formulas for three estimators (with and without measurement error): IV with post-instrument covariates, IV without post-instrument covariates, and ordinary least squares. In large samples and when the model provides a reasonable approximation, these formulas sometimes allow the analyst to bracket the parameter of interest with two estimators and allow the analyst to choose the estimator with the least asymptotic bias. We illustrate these points with a discussion of the settler mortality IV used by Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an adaptive finite impulse response filtering algorithm, the maximum total correntropy (MTC) algorithm plays an important role in parameter estimation of the errors-in-variables model where both input and output signals are contaminated with impulsive noises. However, the MTC algorithm is difficult to obtain a sufficiently high estimation accuracy under impulsive noises because the MTC cost function contains second-order moments of the error signal and its first-order gradient is susceptible to large outliers in the input noise. In this paper, a maximum total fractional-order correntropy (MTFOC) cost function is proposed and then a fractional-order gradient based MTFOC adaptive filtering algorithm is developed to improve the estimation accuracy of MTC. Moreover, the local stability and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm are analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the estimation accuracy and robustness of the MTFOC algorithm are superior to previous algorithms in both Gaussian mixture noise environments and α -stable distribution noise environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In psychological studies, multivariate outcomes measured on the same individuals are often encountered. Effects originating from these outcomes are consequently dependent. Multivariate meta‐analysis examines the relationships of multivariate outcomes by estimating the mean effects and their variance–covariance matrices from series of primary studies. In this paper we discuss a unified modelling framework for multivariate meta‐analysis that also incorporates measurement error corrections. We focus on two types of effect sizes, standardized mean differences (d) and correlations (r), that are common in psychological studies. Using generalized least squares estimation, we outline estimated mean vectors and variance–covariance matrices for d and r that are corrected for measurement error. Given the burgeoning research involving multivariate outcomes, and the largely overlooked ramifications of measurement error, we advocate addressing measurement error while conducting multivariate meta‐analysis to enhance the replicability of psychological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we introduce an innovative mathematical and statistical framework for the analysis of motion energy dynamics in psychotherapy sessions. Our method combines motion energy dynamics with coupled linear ordinary differential equations and a measurement error model, contributing new clinical parameters to enhance psychotherapy research. Our approach transforms raw motion energy data into an interpretable account of therapist–patient interactions, providing novel insights into the dynamics of these interactions. A key aspect of our framework is the development of a new measure of synchrony between the motion energies of therapists and patients, which holds significant clinical and theoretical value in psychotherapy. The practical applicability and effectiveness of our modelling and estimation framework are demonstrated through the analysis of real session data. This work advances the quantitative analysis of motion dynamics in psychotherapy, offering important implications for future research and therapeutic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several advantages to the MIG (Metal Inert Gas) process, which explains its increased use in various welding sectors, such as automotive, marine, and construction. A variant of the MIG process, where the same equipment is employed except for the deposition of a thin layer of flux before the welding operation, is the AMIG (Activated Metal Inert Gas) technique. This study focuses on investigating the impact of physical properties of individual metallic oxide fluxes for 304L stainless steel welding joint morphology and to what extent it can help determine a relationship among weld depth penetration, the aspect ratio, and the input physical properties of the oxides. Five types of oxides, TiO2, SiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, and Mn2O3, are tested on butt joint design without preparation of the edges. A robust algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is applied to optimally tune the models' parameters, such as the quadratic error between the actual outputs (depth and aspect ratio), and the error estimated by the models' outputs is minimized. The results showed that the proposed PSO model is first and foremost robust against uncertainties in measurement devices and modeling errors, and second, that it is capable of accurately representing and quantifying the weld depth penetration and the weld aspect ratio to the oxides' thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large amount of smoke generated during minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) processing not only pollutes the ambient air but also directly endangers the health of operators. Establishing a smoke diffusion model is crucial for achieving precise control of MQL smoke. Currently, accurate smoke diffusion models in this field are lacking. In this study, a smoke diffusion model under MQL was established to predict the mass concentration of PM10. The cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, and nozzle injection rate were integrated into the model using an extreme learning machine (ELM) to improve the accuracy of predicting the spatial distribution of smoke particles. A nonlinear equation reflecting the variation in concentration over time was solved using a backpropagation (BP) neural network. Finally, a spatiotemporal prediction model for smoke concentration during MQL turning was established. Comparing the predicted values of oil mist concentration in the test set with the true values through validation experiments, the results show that the absolute error of the prediction model at the measurement point tends to decrease with the increase of time, and the prediction accuracies are all above 90%. The maximum and minimum errors between the predicted and true values at different times are 9.77% (at the 0th second) and 4.11% (at the 6th second), respectively, which are less than 10%. Thus, the establishment of a highly accurate MQL cutting oil mist diffusion prediction model was realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface cracks are alluded to as one of the early signs of potential damage to infrastructures. In the same vein, their detection is an imperative task to preserve the structural health and safety of bridges. Human-based visual inspection is acknowledged as the most prevalent means of assessing infrastructures' performance conditions. Nonetheless, it is unreliable, tedious, hazardous, and labor-intensive. This state of affairs calls for the development of a novel YOLOv8-AFPN-MPD-IoU model for instance segmentation and quantification of bridge surface cracks. Firstly, YOLOv8s-Seg is selected as the backbone network to carry out instance segmentation. In addition, an asymptotic feature pyramid network (AFPN) is incorporated to ameliorate feature fusion and overall performance. Thirdly, the minimum point distance (MPD) is introduced as a loss function as a way to better explore the geometric features of surface cracks. Finally, the middle aisle transformation is amalgamated with Euclidean distance to compute the length and width of segmented cracks. Analytical comparisons reveal that this developed deep learning network surpasses several contemporary models, including YOLOv8n, YOLOv8s, YOLOv8m, YOLOv8l, and Mask-RCNN. The YOLOv8s + AFPN + MPDIoU model attains a precision rate of 90.7%, a recall of 70.4%, an F1-score of 79.27%, mAP50 of 75.3%, and mAP75 of 74.80%. In contrast to alternative models, our proposed approach exhibits enhancements across performance metrics, with the F1-score, mAP50, and mAP75 increasing by a minimum of 0.46%, 1.3%, and 1.4%, respectively. The margin of error in the measurement model calculations is maintained at or below 5%. Therefore, the developed model can serve as a useful tool for the accurate characterization and quantification of different types of bridge surface cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the dynamic parameters of journal bearings in asymmetric rotor systems without additional test runs or excitations. Design/methodology/approach: An asymmetric rotor-bearing test rig was set up for the identification experiment. Comparations were made between the measured response of the asymmetric rotor and the symmetric rotor. The mathematical model of the asymmetric rotor is established by the finite element method. The identification algorithm is based on the model of the rotor and the measured vibration response to identify bearing parameters. The influence of modeling error and measurement noise on the identification results are numerically analyzed. The dynamic parameters of the journal bearings under different rotational speeds are identified and compared with the theoretical values calculated by the perturbation method. Findings: The experiment results show that the vibration characteristics of the asymmetric rotor and the symmetric rotor are different. The numerical evaluation of the identification algorithm shows that the algorithm is accurate and has good robustness to modeling error and measurement noise. The identified dynamic parameters agree reasonably well with the parameters derived from the theoretical bearing model. Originality/value: The proposed identification method uses the unique vibration characteristics of asymmetric rotors to identify the bearing dynamic parameters. As the method does not require excitations or additional test runs, it is suitable for the field test. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-03-2024-0096/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water distribution network (WDN) models are a common decision support tool for understanding the behavior and performance of WDNs, aiding in the planning and management of WDN systems. The increasing availability of real-time data has recently promoted the exploration of Data Assimilation (DA) techniques to improve these models. However, flow, pressure and demand data are uncertain, particularly due to sensor characteristics such as precision and noise. An open question is to what extent DA can still improve hydraulic models when the data used to this end is uncertain. This paper proposes a three-step Ensemble Kalman Filter based DA approach for WDNs (3-EnKF-WDN), building on previous approaches, and advancing in two main fronts: the use of extended period simulation, and the use of pressure-dependent demand (PDD) analysis. Different scenarios considering uncertain sensor data, with varied precision and noise, are applied to two networks of different sizes, representative of real-world WDNs. The computational demand of the 3-EnKF-WDN method is also assessed. Results show that increasing sensor's precision and decreasing the noise in state measurements reduce model error, as expected. However, we also found that model errors: 1) are reduced more effectively by using 3-EnKF-WDN than by increasing sensors' precision; 2) are not reduced if certain noise thresholds are surpassed; 3) can be reduced without assimilating demand data if the WDNs are fully monitored with head sensors in all the nodes and flow sensors in all the links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider measurement error models for two variables observed repeatedly and subject to measurement error. One variable is continuous, while the other variable is a mixture of continuous and zero measurements. This second variable has two sources of zeros. The first source is episodic zeros, wherein some of the measurements for an individual may be zero and others positive. The second source is hard zeros, i.e., some individuals will always report zero. An example is the consumption of alcohol from alcoholic beverages: some individuals consume alcoholic beverages episodically, while others never consume alcoholic beverages. However, with a small number of repeat measurements from individuals, it is not possible to determine those who are episodic zeros and those who are hard zeros. We develop a new measurement error model for this problem, and use Bayesian methods to fit it. Simulations and data analyses are used to illustrate our methods. Extensions to parametric models and survival analysis are discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural dynamic response reconstruction of large-scale civil engineering structures using traditional methods results in heavy computational burden with low efficiency. To improve efficiency, a novel time-domain response reconstruction method based on model condensation and modal decomposition is proposed in this paper. The finite element model of the target structure is transformed and condensed. The system matrices of the condensed model have lower dimensionality than those of the original finite element model. A checking procedure based on the modal assurance criterion is developed to ensure the accuracy of the condensed system. Measured dynamic responses are decomposed to time-domain modal responses at measured degrees of freedom (DOFs) using band-pass filters. The mode shape matrix of the condensed model is used to calculate the modal responses at the unmeasured DOFs. Following modal superposition and coordinate transformation, the dynamic responses at unmeasured DOFs are reconstructed without knowledge of the excitation. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methodology are verified in a numerical case study of a three-dimensional building frame model and an experimental case study of a two-story steel frame under laboratory conditions. In contrast with the numerical case study, the effects of modeling error and measurement noise are considered in the experiment verification. The results show the outstanding performance of the proposed methodology when compared with a traditional response reconstruction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Order‐restricted hypothesis testing problems frequently arise in practice, including studies involving regression models for longitudinal data. These tests are known to be more powerful than tests that ignore such restrictions. In this article, we consider order‐restricted tests for nonlinear mixed‐effects models with measurement errors in time‐dependent covariates. We propose to use a multiple imputation method to address measurement errors, since this approach allows us to use existing complete‐data methods for order‐restricted tests. Some theoretical results are presented. We evaluate our proposed methods via simulation studies that demonstrate they are more powerful than either a competing naive method or a two‐step approach to testing hypotheses. We illustrate the use of our proposed approach by analyzing data from an HIV/AIDS study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of the pointing error in the subreflector is of great importance to the large steerable radio telescope, so the measurement of the six degree-of- freedom (DOF) poses of the subreflector is crucial, which are measured by the detector and the laser array. The errors in the pose measurement system of the subreflector contain random measure errors and fitting iteration errors; all of them will add up to the pose measurement, which affects the accuracy of the six DOF parameters. This paper proposed the accuracy analysis method in the pose measurement of the subreflector of large antennas, which includes the error in the variable model in laser three-dimensional point space linear fitting, iterative accuracy analysis of spatial equations in Newton's downhill method, and the analysis of the adjustment theory of the Bursa model. The experimental results show that the measure time in six-DOF poses of the subreflector in a large- aperture antenna is at most 0.5 s, while the measurement accuracy error of translation is within 0.0131 mm and the error of rotation is within 0.2323°, which indicates that the pose measurement method of the subreflector in large antennas based on stereo structured light is efficient and applicable enough to analyze the measurement system accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper proposes two new estimation methods to fit a multiple structural measurement error model when all variables are subject to errors. The new estimation methods were extensions of the Wald estimation method, one is the weighted grouping method, and the other is the iterative method. A Monte Carlo experiment is performed to investigate the performance of the new estimators compared with the classical estimation methods; the Maximum Likelihood Estimator and Method of Moment, in terms of root mean square error and its bias. The simulation outcomes demonstrated that the suggested estimators are more effective than conventional estimators. In addition, real data analysis is discussed to examine the relationship between the national gross domestic product, unemployment rate, and human development index after applying the two proposed estimation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement errors occur very commonly in practice. After fitting the model, influence diagnostics is an important step in statistical data analysis. The most frequently used diagnostic method for measurement error models is the local influence. However, this methodology may fail to detect masked influential observations. To overcome this limitation, we propose the use of the conformal normal curvature with the forward search algorithm. The results are presented through easy to interpret plots considering different perturbation schemes. The proposed methodology is illustrated with three real data sets and one simulated data set, two of which have been previously analyzed in the literature. The third data set deals with the stability of the hygroscopic solid dosage in pharmaceutical processes to ensure the maintenance of product safety quality. In this application, the analytical mass balance is subject to measurement errors, which require attention in the modeling process and diagnostic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractComparing two measurement methods is vital in various fields, such as medical research, epidemiology, economics, and environmental studies, to determine whether a new measurement method can be used interchangeably with an existing one. Measurement error models (MEMs) are commonly used for this purpose, where the methods have different measuring scales. However, these models often assume normality, which can be problematic when dealing with skewed and heavy-tailed data. To address this issue, we propose the replicated measurement error model (RMEM) under scale mixtures of skew-normal (SMSN) distributions with different levels of skewness and heavy tails of the true covariate and error distributions. Our primary aim is to assess the extent of similarity and agreement between two measurement methods using this model. The expectation conditional maximization (ECM) approach is applied to fit the model. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methodology and is illustrated by analyzing systolic blood pressure data. The probability of agreement is used further to assess the agreement between the two measurement methods. The findings indicate that the proposed model effectively analyses replicated method comparison data with measurement errors, even when there are outliers, skewness, and heavy-tailedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ASTRACT: Brain-effective connectivity analysis quantifies directed influence of one neural element or region over another, and it is of great scientific interest to understand how effective connectivity pattern is affected by variations of subject conditions. Vector autoregression (VAR) is a useful tool for this type of problems. However, there is a paucity of solutions when there is measurement error, when there are multiple subjects, and when the focus is the inference of the transition matrix. In this article, we study the problem of transition matrix inference under the high-dimensional VAR model with measurement error and multiple subjects. We propose a simultaneous testing procedure, with three key components: a modified expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, a test statistic based on the tensor regression of a bias-corrected estimator of the lagged auto-covariance given the covariates, and a properly thresholded simultaneous test. We establish the uniform consistency for the estimators of our modified EM, and show that the subsequent test achieves both a consistent false discovery control, and its power approaches one asymptotically. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method through both simulations and a brain connectivity study of task-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Partially linear mixed effects model relating a response Y to predictors $ (X,Z,T) $ (X , Z , T) with the mean function $ X^{T}\beta +Zb+g(T) $ X T β + Zb + g (T) is considered in this paper. When the parametric parts' variable X are measured with additive error and there is ill-conditioned data suffering from multicollinearity, a new kernel two-parameter prediction method using the kernel ridge and Liu regression approach is suggested. The kernel two parameter estimator of β and the predictor of b are derived by modifying the likelihood and Henderson methods. Matrix mean square error comparisons are calculated. We also demonstrate that under suitable conditions, the resulting estimator of β is asymptotically normal. The situation with an unknown measurement error covariance matrix is handled. A Monte Carlo simulation study, together with an earthquake data example, is compiled to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]