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Permasalahan pada sistem kelistrikan gedung RSIGM adalah nilai faktor daya yang kecil pada Sub Distribution Panel (SDP) Penerangan, disebabkan oleh ballast lampu LED. Dampaknya adalah pemborosan energi dan meningkatnya tagihan listrik. Solusinya adalah perbaikan faktor daya sesuai standar dengan menggunakan capacitor bank. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbaikan faktor daya sesuai standar PLN dengan menentukan single line diagram kelistrikan. Parameter yang ditentukan adalah: tegangan, arus, daya aktif, semu, reaktif, dan faktor daya existing. Perhitungan nilai capacitor bank dilakukan untuk mengompensasi nilai faktor daya yang masih di bawah standar. ETAP digunakan untuk simulasi perbaikan faktor daya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ETAP mampu menyimulasikan perbaikan faktor daya, dibuktikan dengan nilai faktor daya sebelum dan sesudah perbaikan dengan target faktor daya = 0,85 / 85%. Faktor daya meningkat pada BUS 1 dari 0,831 / 83,10% menjadi 0,851 / 85,1%, pada BUS 5 dari 0,715 / 71,5% menjadi 0,852 / 85,2%, pada BUS 9 dari 0,804 / 80,4% menjadi 0,851 / 85,1%. Penelitian ini juga menargetkan faktor daya = 1 / 100% pada semua BUS.

One of the main selling features of the hybrid power generating system, which is driving its growing popularity, is the integration of renewable energy sources into the conventional power grid. This integration is one of the main reasons behind the growing popularity of the hybrid power-generating system. These generations provide the necessary power during transient disturbances and steady-state demand to maintain the system within the voltage stability boundaries. This study will provide a hybrid energy system and conduct an in-depth investigation into the stability of the voltage. A solar photovoltaic array (SPVA), wind turbine (WT), and distribution generators (DGs) are the components of the hybrid energy system that has been described. This study aims to analyze the system and support the weakest regions. ETAP software will be utilized to model the IEEE 42 bus standard system, including the hybrid system that will be constructed. The entirety of the system will also be investigated and simulated for a variety of case studies. During this process, consideration will be given to the effect of adopting techniques, such as capacitor bank (Cb), SPVA, WT, DGs, and hybrid energy system (HES), which consist of all these components to maintain a high power margin for voltage stability. The results show that injecting a 5MW plus optimal Cb using HES on two of the five weakest regions (WRs) of the IEEE 42 bus system reduces the overall system losses and increases the power margin for all WRs, which increases voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an accurate harmonic identification strategy for microgrids and distributed power systems. The harmonic identification strategy is one of the complex tasks in microgrids due to the need of high computational burden in terms of memory and computational time. The complexity of the considered problem is resulted from solving the transcendental nonlinear equations that characterize harmonics especially in real time is considered as a highly challenged problem. The proposed identification strategy aims at detecting individual and total harmonic distortion levels that is generated from several harmonic sources. In the current paper, the Machine Learning Regression Analysis (MLRA) including location-specific data and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are proposed to identify the harmonic distortion. To enhance the identification and prediction performance, the standard IEEE 34-bus test feeder with verified harmonic sources power system is emulated for various scenarios using Electric Transient Analysis Program (ETAP). An extracting procedure for individual and total harmonic components are employed. The higher reduction level of error with approximately maximum median of 3.7127e $-^{15}$ % assures the accurate prediction of harmonic components. In addition, this work investigates the impact of several practical cases when the voltages of the renewable clean energy source arrays vary (e.g., solar cell, wind turbine, and EV), and a double-stage topology is needed to have the same amount of voltage at the input of the inverter before inversion.

The contemporary electrical grid aims to deliver safe and reliable energy to consumers. As technology advances and distributed generation (DG) becomes more prevalent, the distribution system grows increasingly complex and decentralized. The swift integration of renewable energy sources, driven by concerns about global warming and carbon emissions, adds to this complexity. Given the direct link between the distribution system and consumer needs, reliability is paramount. However, the current distribution system faces operational issues, necessitating a dependable, resilient power system devoid of interruptions and glitches. Distributed generation (DG), along with its grid integration, holds promise in significantly enhancing the reliability of the existing distribution system. This research studied a case study of distribution system reliability evaluation using solar PV in the system. Various instances were addressed, and we found that after implementing DG, system dependability increased. For the case study and analysis, data were taken from a solar photo-voltaic energy source linked to the Kigali national grid in the Rwanda bus system. The Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP 19) software is utilized for modeling and reliability analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed generation offers a bright future for electric networks, but requires optimal allocation of dispersed resources and an acceptable optimization technique. This article proposes optimal integration of DGs and capacitor banks to optimize distribution network parameters. Imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) has been used to optimize the distribution network parameters such as optimal location and capacity of Photo Voltaic Distributed Generator ((PVDG) & capacitor. Loss reduction, declination in C O 2 emission, and an enhanced voltage profile are major advantages of positioning DGs into the distributive topology. The proposed model has been validated and tested on IEEE-33 and Indian real system of 130 bus of Jaipur City for different load patterns. Furthermore, the results obtained from ICA have been verified by simulating the test systems on ETAP software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protection relays are crucial to analyzing how photovoltaic (PV) systems improve network dependability during disturbances. Thus, an in-depth analysis is performed to determine how PV integration affects the nominal load current of the medium voltage (MV) line. This analysis helps determine appropriate pickup currents in overcurrent (OC) relay protection systems. This requires careful relay operation times, exact estimations of the highest and lowest short-circuit values, and methods to mitigate the impact of interfacing inverters across PV penetration levels. In energy indices calculation, a final study proposes new restrictions coordination between OC relay and PV in-feed current protection. A method for computing the energy not supplied (ENS) metric takes into account the harmonized operation of principal and secondary OC relays and PV system current-based protective actions at their connection points. The simulations have shown that the proposed method is better at lowering the ENS's yearly value than the standard method, which includes PV. Consequently, the reliability indices will reach the minimum value and to showcase the efficacy and precision of the provided analysis, the ETAP software program is utilized as a demonstrative tool. Without failure rate modification, the EENS is 144643.500 MWh/year, and the ENS is 478.155 h/year. After PV integration, bus failure rates dropped 35% compared to the relay coordination situation. As a result, the EENS equals 158435.755 MWh/year, and the suggested method lowers the ENS's annual weight by 47.5% compared to the conventional way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardu induk merupakan salah satu bagian penting dalam sistem transmisi menjadikan gardu induk ini harus sangat diperhatikan karena jika terjadi kegagalan operasi pada gardu induk maka akan terjadi pemadaman bagi konsumen. Banyak cara yang dilakukan agar keandalan penyaluran tenaga listrik tetap terjaga. Berdasarkan hal tersebut pada sistem distribusi, efisiensi dapat dilakukan salah satunya dengan meminimalisir jatuh tegangan (drop voltage) pada saluran dan mengurangi daya reaktif yang terjadi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aliran daya yang dibutuhkan trafo daya untuk mensuplai penyulang dengan rugi-rugi daya yang diperbolehkan. Serta mengetahui berapa besar rugi-rugi daya yang terjadi dan perubahan rugi-rugi daya sebelum dan sesudah perbaikan. Metode Newton-Raphson akan digunakan untuk menganalisis aliran daya pada sisi penyulang Gardu Induk Denai. Hasil pengukuran rata rata Arus beban puncak pada sisi penyulang trafo daya I dan trafo daya II adalah 1159 A dan 644 A. Cara yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi rugi-rugi daya pada sisi penyulang Gardu Induk Denai dengan mengerubah luas penampang penghantar yang di bantu perangkat lunak ETAP. Hasil penelitian rugi-rugi daya pada saluran penyulang trafo daya I dan Trafo daya II Gardu Induk Denai adalah sebesar 51,58 kW dan 25.381 kW. Setelah dilakukan perbaikan maka rugi-rugi daya yang dikurangi sebesar 30,89 kW. Perbaikan luas penampang kabel merupakan salah satu acara yang efisien untuk mengurangi rugi-rugi daya pada saluran.

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ABSTRAK Saluran distribusi 20 kV ULP Sukaraja merupakan saluran distribusi yang cukup panjang. Hal ini memungkinkan terjadinya tegangan jatuh dan rugi daya yang cukup besar. Pada saat beban dalam Waktu Beban Puncak (WBP) tegangan yang diterima pada gardu PAIGD sebesar 18,794 kV atau tegangan jatuhnya sebesar 6,53%. Artinya tegangan jatuh yang terjadi pada sistem distribusi 20 kV ULP Sukaraja tidak sesuai dengan standar SPLN 72:1987 maksimal sebesar 5%. Metoda penelitian memodelkan aliran daya pada sistem distribusi tersebut menggunakan aplikasi ETAP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan berdasarkan beberapa alternatif solusi yang disimulasikan, untuk menurunkan tegangan jatuh dan rugi daya paling optimal yaitu untuk jangka pendek dengan metode manuver jaringan karena dapat memberikan cost reduction tertinggi sebesar Rp 1.065.175.911,35 per tahun sedangkan untuk jangka panjang dengan metode penggantian penghantar disertai pengaturan tap changer dengan tegangan jatuh terendah sebesar 2,85%. Kata kunci: ETAP, PAIGD, Rugi daya, Tegangan jatuh, ULP Sukaraja. Â ABSTRACT The 20 kV distribution line of ULP Sukaraja is a fairly long distribution line. This allows for considerable voltage drops and power losses. When the load is in Peak Load Time (WBP) the voltage received at the PAIGD substation is 18.794 kV or the voltage drop is 6.53%. This means that the voltage drop that occurs in the 20 kV distribution system of ULP Sukaraja is not in accordance with the SPLN 72: 1987 standard of a maximum of 5%. The research method modelled the power flow in the distribution system using the ETAP application. The results showed that based on several alternative solutions simulated, to reduce the voltage drop and the best power loss is for the short term with the network manoeuvre method because it can provide the highest cost reduction of Rp 1,065,175,911.35 per year while for the long term with the conductor replacement method accompanied by tap changer settings with the lowest voltage drop of 2.85%. Keywords: Drop voltage, ETAP, Losses, PAIGD, ULP Sukaraja

Technical shrinkage is shrinkage caused by impedance in generation equipment or transmission equipment to the distribution network so that there is energy loss. There are several technical shrinkage problems at PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) especially in Customer Service Unit (ULP) Lhokseumawe City and for now the cause is still unsolved, because this technical shrinkage problem will harm and have an impact on consumers and PLN itself. The purpose of the study was to optimize technical shrinkage in the distribution network to reduce energy losses that occurred during the electrical power distribution process in the distribution network of PT. PLN (Persero) ULP Lhokseumawe City. This study uses the help of Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software to simulate the power flow so that the depreciation value that occurs is obtained, then re-load adjustment is carried out to simulate again to determine the change in the depreciation value obtained after load adjustment. The results of the ETAP simulation show the depreciation value that occurred before the load adjustment was made by 76.7 kW after the depreciation load adjustment was adjusted to 59.6 kW. This means that this technical shrinkage can be suppressed by changing the feeder operation pattern and voltage drop value in accordance with the limitation provisions set in SPLN 72:1987.

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Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Técnica Energía is the property of Centro Nacional de Control de Energia CENACE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Elevated stations or commonly called elevated stations have an electric power system with a main power supply of 20KiloVolt with a nominal voltage of 750volt and a station operating facility voltage of 380volt laying station. This research uses the inspection method by making observations by work instructions and instruction manuals for railway infrastructure maintenance studies. The main objective of this study is to prevent overvoltage interference problems by recommending risk mitigation through investigative and simulation analysis methods using Electric Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software that can help evaluate and estimate strategic steps by paying attention to regulations and standard references and detecting losses in operating pattern disturbances due to disruption of power quality conditions caused by overvoltage surges in the station traction substation system by investigation and simulation methods using Electric Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software. This overvoltage is carried out in the context of research on maintaining services to the public and preventing system failures by using risk mitigation and investigation and simulation methods using Electric Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software that pays attention to environmental, safety, technical, and economic aspects with regulations and standard references. This research is in the form of mitigation analysis and describes the losses that have an impact by looking at a power quality condition and the follow-up provided to prevent overvoltage and components of modern railway electric facilities. The results of this study are in the form of recommendations, strategies for risk mitigation with risk analysis, and policies from voltage increase problems recorded by SCADA OCC logs and relays with a value of 893.88 Volt DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex power plays a key role in maintaining and sustaining the fields i.e. magnetic and electric fields. The efficiency of the power system depends entirely on the loss and voltage profile level of the system. The lower the level of loss and the higher the voltage profile, the higher the system efficiency. Installation of the capacitors on a system greatly helps in controlling and reducing levels of the reactive energy of the system. The location and size of the capacitors that need to be installed are of great importance in the installation of the bank of capacitors. The idea of a Genetic Algorithm and also a Particle Swarm Algorithm are deployed in this paper for calculating the optimal location and size of the capacitor. In this paper, the system of the 132 KV Manipur Transmission System is designed in ETAP considering a radial distribution part and the optimization method of a genetic method, and also the particle swarm algorithm is utilized for finding the optimal location and size of the capacitor. The system is further optimized by reducing the loss and improving the voltage profile of the system. And the comparison of both the optimization techniques is presented. The results show that PSO provides optimal solutions while GA is simpler in the optimization process.

Due to increased load demands, distribution systems suffer from high power losses, low voltage levels, high current, and low reliability. To solve these problems, integrate distributed generator units (DG) into the distribution system. DG units are among the most popular methods of improving distribution system reliability, power losses, and bus voltage improvement through the placement and selection of distributed generator units in an optimal location and size. This work proposed Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) technology to find the optimum location and size of DG units to reduce power losses, improve bus voltage level, and employed the Transient Electricity Analyzer (ETAP) to evaluate the reliability of the distribution system network. ETAP is a programming tool for modeling, analysis, design, optimization, operation, and control of electrical power systems. These findings may be useful in conducting reliability assessments and correctly utilizing dispersed generation sources for future power system growth by power utilities and power producer companies. The proposed method was employed on the Iraqi distribution system (AL-Abasia distribution network (F10 feeder)). After adding three DG units to the distribution system, theer adding three DG units to the distribution system, the obtained simulation results showed a significant reduction in power losses, voltage levels, and reliability enhancement.

Cameroon’s electricity mix is dominated by hydropower sources despite the huge potentials of other sources like solar. The over-dependence on hydropower has led to frequent load shedding especially in the dry season as a result of low water levels. Interestingly, the government plans to diversify her power mix and provide sustainable energy to Cameroonians. It is in this framework that this study evaluates the integration of solar PV into the Southern Interconnected Grid of Cameroon using dynamic analysis. The ETAP tool was used in developing the model. A power loss assessment was done through successive injection of solar PV into the candidate busbars while monitoring the active power losses in the grid. Then, a transient stability analysis was conducted so as to assess the grid’s response to induced instability after the penetration of large-scale solar PV. The study showed that the use of static performance indices to evaluate the solar PV hosting capacity do not safeguard the grid’s technical robustness. The results indicated an optimum solar PV penetration level of 30% (211.8 MW) at the Ngousso 93 kV busbar. The findings will be useful to system operators and regulators in developing low-carbon pathways in the electricity network in Cameroon.

In any transmission and distribution system- the performance of that system mainly depends on voltage regulation and efficiency. Hence for the better operation of the system, it is required to maintain constant voltage regulation with good power factor and low power loss throughout the feeder. This can be achieved by using various methods. Out of those, placement of a capacitor bank at the densely loaded areas is the best-proven method compared to any other method. This research work considered the feeder-5 of the Al-Uwainath primary substation which was suffering from low voltage–poor regulation- problems. Here in this research modeled and analyzed 3 different techniques for rehabilitation to this low voltage, poor regulation, and power factor problem and recommended the most efficient method out of the three methods. As a part of this project simulated the same conditions of the site after collecting the data of the feeder from the site by using ETAP software and checked the performance by calculating its voltage regulation, power losses, and power factor in all three 3 different methods and recommended the most efficient method of feeder-5 rehabilitation by comparing the results of three methods with the exciting system.

Sistem distribusi tenaga listrik adalah bagian dari sistem tenaga listrik yang berfungsi menyalurkan listrik kepada konsumen. Analisa keandalan sistem proteksi meliputi koordinasi antar peralatan proteksi dalam jaringan distribusi yang harus memenuhi standard yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa besaran nilai setting dan karakteristik overcurrent relay (OCR) dan ground fault relay (GFR) di Gardu Induk 150 kV Buduran menggunakan aplikasi ETAP 19.0.1. Nilai setting OCR dan GFR ditentukan berdasarkan pada standard IEC 60255, relay yang terpasang pada GI 150 kV Buduran memiliki kurva karakteristik standard invers. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa besarnya arus gangguan hubung singkat dipengaruhi oleh jarak titik gangguan, semakin jauh lokasi gangguan maka arus gangguan hubung singkat akan semakin kecil, begitu pula sebaliknya. Waktu kerja relay di sisi outgoing lebih cepat dibandingkan sisi incoming dengan selisih waktu rata-rata sebesar 0,06 detik. Hal ini disebabkan lokasi gangguan mempengaruhi besar kecilnya selisih waktu. Semakin jauh jarak lokasi gangguan, maka semakin besar selisih waktu kerja relay sisi incoming.

El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar los parámetros de calidad energética en el sistema de un usuario conectado en media tensión, la cual registraba penalizaciones por parte de la distribuidora local. Para ello se ejecutó una auditoría energética acorde a la regulación Nro. ARCERNNR 002/20; realizándose un estudio de carga, valoración técnica de activos y análisis de variables con un equipo FLUKE 435. Determinándose; valores de Pst superiores a 1, registros de hasta 36% en THD y un fp de 0,84 en más del 50% de los registros. Se empleó el software ETAP para analizar los flujos de carga, evidenciándose que algunos puntos no cumplen con los niveles de voltaje permitidos, registrándose variaciones de hasta el 26%. Adicionalmente se propuso alternativas de ahorro mediante el aprovechamiento de radiación solar, ejecutando simulaciones en el software DIALUX. Con el análisis y propuestas planteadas, se plantea mejorar sustancialmente el desempeño energético del usuario.

Our energy future must be based on non-polluting energies with significant resources. Renewable energies are the best candidates, but the intermittency of their production requires finding efficient and environmentally friendly storage means. Solar electricity must be stored to be used later when needed. There are many ways to store electricity, and they all involve converting it to another form of energy that is easier to contain. A study on the design of an autonomous electrical system was carried out at Nyabikenke Hospital to solve the major problem of the lack of hydroelectric power at Nyabikenke Hospital. We therefore first sought to estimate the energy needs of the user and then proceeded to an optimal dimensioning of our system using the ETAP software. In normal operation, the photovoltaic field and the battery bank will operate, in the event of a cut in the two sources, the emergency Diesel generator intervenes. The design tool simulates the operation of an autonomous electrical system for a load of 131.5kW necessary for the hospital to be supplied. He can design any system from the experimental results of the components. The results of the simulation make it possible to characterize the operation of the system in an autonomous application, determine its performance, and evaluate the influence of the various losses.

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Substations are grounded by means of earth-embedded electrodes in order to provide safety during normal or fault conditions. Electric substations are effectively grounded to guarantee the proper operation of electrical devices, minimize the likelihood of flash-over during transient conditions as well as dispel lightning strokes. A structure is termed grounded if it is electrically bonded to earth-embedded metallic frames. The earth-embedded metallic frames provide a conducting pathway of electricity to the earth and it is called a ground grid system. Substation ground grid mesh is comprised of vertical and horizontal conductors as well as vertical rods buried beneath the substation ground. Electric current flow through the human body is hazardous. Therefore, ground grid systems should be designed such that the likely electric body current in an operator or passer-by should not exceed the standard defined limits under any foreseeable harmful circumstances and as well provide protection of equipment. The objective of this study is to determine substation, safe ground grid system parameters as well as the cost-effectiveness of designing substation ground grids by comparing the IEEE Std. 80-2000/2013 and the Finite Element Method (FEM). ETAP 16.0 Power Tool is employed in carrying out this analysis. The substation expected maximum short circuit current is stated. The design analysis using both methods is presented separately and suggestions are made with reference to the most cost effective and safest method for the effective designing of the substation ground grid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the transient stability of the Nigerian 330kV power transmission network connecting Afam to Port Harcourt was the main focus of this study. Software called the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) was used to create the network's single-line diagram and simulation. The experiment involved a thyristor-controlled reactor fixed capacitor (TCR-FC) type SVC. To allow for network instability, a three-phase short circuit fault was created in bus 5 at 0.8 seconds. At 0.9 seconds, the circuit breakers opened to clear the fault. The transient stability plot in figure 3 without SVC installation and before fault initiation at 0.8 seconds revealed that the system was running at synchronous speed with a rotor angle of 61.08 electrical degrees between 0.00 and 0.79 seconds. The rotor angle then climbed to 64.5 electrical degrees when the fault was first detected at 0.8 seconds. As seen from the first swing in figures 4 and 8, the addition of SVC of 75 MVAR rating at bus 12 reduced the maximum power angle deviation during a fault, from 64.5 electrical degrees (without SVC) to 64.1 electrical degrees (with SVC). This demonstrates how SVC significantly improved the transient stability of the network. By reducing the maximum power-angle deviation, the use of SVC will help maintain synchronism in some grave situations, such as more severe failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient distribution of high-quality power for commercial, industrial and residential purposes is a major issue in Nigeria. The performance evaluation of Rumuomoi 11/0.415kV distribution network is the focus of this research work. It was done to determine the status of the power network for efficient performance. The Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company supplied the data used in this study. Rumuola 33kV injection substation consists of eight (8) 11kV outgoing feeders of which Rumuomoi distribution network is one of them. The network consists of twelve (12) distribution transformers. The 11KV distribution network has a total load of 5.2MVA. The network was modelled using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP 19.0) software. The Newton-Raphson power flow technique embedded in the software was used to run the load flow simulation. The simulation results showed that the performance status of the network was not satisfactory as there were violations of the statutory bus voltage limits and some of the transformers were overloaded. Using transformers of higher ratings in the weak buses and capacitor banks as improvement measures, the result showed significant improvement of the voltage profile. The load flow results before and after improvement were compared and there was 69.9% reduction in voltage drop, 41.2% reduction in kW losses and 70.7% reduction in kVAR losses after improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cameroon’s electricity mix is dominated by hydropower sources despite the huge potentials of other sources like solar. The over-dependence on hydropower has led to frequent load shedding especially in the dry season as a result of low water levels. Interestingly, the government plans to diversify her power mix and provide sustainable energy to Cameroonians. It is in this framework that this study evaluates the integration of solar PV into the Southern Interconnected Grid of Cameroon using dynamic analysis. The ETAP tool was used in developing the model. A power loss assessment was done through successive injection of solar PV into the candidate busbars while monitoring the active power losses in the grid. Then, a transient stability analysis was conducted so as to assess the grid’s response to induced instability after the penetration of large-scale solar PV. The study showed that the use of static performance indices to evaluate the solar PV hosting capacity do not safeguard the grid’s technical robustness. The results indicated an optimum solar PV penetration level of 30% (211.8 MW) at the Ngousso 93 kV busbar. The findings will be useful to system operators and regulators in developing low-carbon pathways in the electricity network in Cameroon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Técnica Energía is the property of Centro Nacional de Control de Energia CENACE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El Sistema de Interconexión Eléctrica de los Países de América Central (SIEPAC) ha sido un motor de desarrollo para la región y a partir de su constitución los beneficios han sido cuantiosos mostrando avances socioeconómicos de gran importancia para los habitantes de la zona. El presente artículo muestra un modelado del Sistema Eléctrico Regional (SER) para realizar estudios de flujos de potencia usando el software ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program). Hasta donde tienen conocimiento los autores, solo existe un modelo del sistema regional centroamericano usando PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering). En la presente investigación fueron simulados diversos escenarios, con condiciones de operación para distintas y variadas como son lo invierno y verano tanto en carga como generación en estado máximo, medio y mínimo. Se estudia una red de más de 2150 barras que abarca los países de Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá. Comparando los datos obtenidos de flujos de potencia entre ETAP y PSS/E, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios pues las variaciones fueron menores al 0.5% de los flujos de potencia entre los países y de esta manera se validaron los resultados de ETAP a las mismas condiciones de análisis. Se concluye que, para fines académicos o de investigación el sistema de potencia de interconexión de Centroamérica, es posible simularlo utilizando la herramienta de ETAP, en sustitución de PSS/E, siendo esta última la utilizada hoy día por los operadores de la red centroamericana.

Este documento presenta una metodología para el diseño de un Esquema de Alivio de Carga (EAC) para sistemas eléctricos que sirve a facilidades de extracción de petrolero. El campo petrolero, a lo largo de su operación, ha experimentado problemas en su sistema de generación eléctrica, lo cual ha ocasionado colapsos totales por baja frecuencia. El sistema eléctrico del campo es modelado en software de simulación ETAP, incluyendo la dinámica de los generadores y sus sistemas de control (reguladores automáticos de voltaje y reguladores de velocidad) considerando valores típicos y validando los modelos en base a mediciones obtenidas del sistema SCADA. A través de simulaciones en el dominio del tiempo, se obtiene la evolución de la frecuencia ante la perdida de generación para varios escenarios operativos; estos escenarios son clasificados en base a la tasa de cambio de la frecuencia (ROCOF). Se genera una lista de prioridad cargas para su desconexión. Finalmente, se proponen un EAC adaptativo y EAC de frecuencia fija y ROCOF, cuyo desempeño es comparado a través de simulaciones dinámicas.

Jaringan transmisi saat ini sudah menggunakan konfigurasi single Busbar dan double Busbar. Untuk konfigurasi pada GI Banyuwangi tidak semua penghantar dalam sistem tersebut sudah dalam konfigurasi double Busbar. Padahal dengan konfigurasi double Busbar menjadikan sistem tersebut lebih handal dan memiliki jatuh tegangan yang lebih rendah. Dengan laju pertumbuhan beban yang cukup tinggi khususnya di daerah Situbondo. Untuk menghindari adanya overload atau overcurrent ketika ada gangguan pada penghantar Banyuwangi-Situbondo yang dalam konfigurasi single Busbar, perlu adanya perubahan konfigurasi ke double Busbar. Hasil analisis load flow menggunakan ETAP dengan metode Newton Rhapson menunjukan bahwa beban yang melewati penghantar bus Banyuwangi mencapai 80 % dari beban maksimal. Ketika konfigurasi sistem dirubah dari single Busbar ke double Busbar, maka beban yang melewati penghantar bus Banyuwangi dan bus situbondo hanya 63.4%. Untuk bus Banyuwangi pada konfigurasi single circuit tegangan jatuhnya 21% dari tegangan nominalnya sedangkan double Busbar tegangan jatuhnya yaitu 14% dari tegangan nominalnya. Dari hasil analisis rugi-rugi daya menunjukkan total keseluruhan rugi-rugi daya untuk konfigurasi single Busbar sebesar 62.282 MW dan 191.619 MVAR untuk konfigurasi double circuit 44.038 MW dan 137.304 MVAR.

In this paper the use of active power filter to improve voltage and current distortion caused by the presence of dispersed generation in the distribution system is investigated. The harmonics produced by photovoltaic distributed generation sources is studied and the unified power quality conditioner is introduced as a technique of minimizing these harmonics generated by the presence of distributed generation. The network is modeled and simulated in ETAP 16.0 software environment and harmonic load flow results show an increase in harmonic level when DG is introduced into the network which is subsequently reduced by the introduction of UPQC into the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents. If sustained for a long time, such high currents can damage system equipment. Thus, it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time. In this paper, a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protection scheme (SIPS). Whenever a fault occurs, the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure. The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced. Busbar splitting eliminates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set (MBPS) and reduces the relay operating time, thus making it adaptive. The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions. The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP, and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient stability analysis has become an important subject, as the world’s demand for electricity is increasing with an enormous speed, and power systems are facing different challenges, new power plants are being installed to fulfill the demand and supply mismatch, in addition to that degradation of equipment, sudden load changes and switching operations are also some of the problems in large networks. For large power systems it is a highly non-linear problem and also used to analyze whether the system remain in synchronism or not following a disturbance. To analyze the effect of these disturbances and consequences of the outages transient stability analysis is usually performed. In this paper this analysis is performed for an HPR-1000 nuclear power plant connected to the 500kV network of NTDC Grid. Different external 3-phase fault scenarios are considered on the 500kV network and simulated using ETAP (Electric Transient Analyzer Program) software. To analyze the system behavior during and after the fault has occurred, certain parameters are monitored. It was observed that the HPR-1000 power plant-maintained synchronism and remained stable in all the fault scenarios.

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Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The power transmission system, in this age, is characterized by ultra- and extra-high voltage AC, and multi-terminal high voltage DC networks. It has a wide-area power network across the nation. It incorporates conventional and ultra-mega-power plants (UMPPs). It also has a submission of increasing penetration due to Renewable Energy Sources (RES). A crucial role is delivered by the system integrity and protection schemes (SIPS) in sustaining guaranteed and safe grid operation. A SIPS also assists efficient grid management during serious power system emergencies. In this article, thorough investigation of the performable capabilities of three influential SIPS in India is made. The shortcomings in ongoing SIPSs got revealed. A proposed methodology eliminates these obstacles. Apperception and vitality of the recommended technique get decided by simulation exercise on an IEEE 10 generators 39-bus test system ingrained with HVDC link in MATLAB. Simulation outcomes accomplished the credibility of the method in defending system integrity. Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) is used for the validation of MATLAB results. ETAP has an organizing/investigation mechanism and it is a remarkably convenient interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on the knowledge of implications of incorporating a solar PV system. Topics include distribution systems increasing voltage level and voltage profile while decreasing voltage drop and grid losses; green revolution making a concerted effort for promoting renewable energy (REn) and energy efficiency; and transient stability being defined as the ability of the power system for maintaining synchronism.

With the utilization of DC systems increasing, and constant emphasis for worker safety as a top priority for all companies, arc flash feasibility for DC systems is a growing concern. This article details the feasibility of DC arc flash events with experimental scouting tests for a 130 VDC system. Sensitivity studies are experimentally performed on the impact of bus gap distance and bolted fault current level on incident energy. Test results are analyzed and conclusions drawn on the results, in particular incident energies. Details of the tests performed including the setup, procedure, and system parameters are also provided. Theoretical methods of determining incident energy for the testing conditions are also explored. Specifically, these are Doan's and NFPA 70E's maximum power models, and Stokes and Oppenlander's and Paukert's arc resistance models. A comparative analysis of the test results to industry standard, NFPA 70E, and software analysis methods using ETAP, an industry leading software used for arc flash studies, is performed.

Inventories are assets that are held for sale in the normal course of business or goods that are used or consumed in production to be sold. For companies, inventory is a very important asset because with the company’s inventory can maintain it’s survival. The problem that often occurs in inventory accounting is recording and valuation. The purpose of this research is determine the suitability of the application of recording and valuation or raw material inventories at Dolphin Donuts Bakery Manado with the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards for Entities without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP). Dolphin Donuts Bakery Manado is a company engaged in the food industry that produces a variety of breads, pastries, donuts and birthday cakes. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Based on research results obtained that method of recording inventories is not all in accordance with SAK ETAP. Whereas the valuation of raw material inventories applied by Dolphin Donuts Bakery Manado is in accordance with the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards for Entities without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) Chapter 11 Regarding Inventories.

Calculation of short circuit fault current ratings are more important in power systems to design the ratings of relays. In this paper about wind turbine system connected to the utility grid through load bus and utility bus is discussed and in this system the Short circuit fault current ratings can be calclated using electrical power system analysis software (ETAP). This software is intilligent and it can perform, monitoring, simulation, optimization, and control of electrical power systems. Here the short circuit current ratings calculated for wind generating system is connected to the utility grid using ETAP software and faults are characterized by LG faults only. It can analyses the with different frequencies in ETAP and also faults are applied every bus like load bus, generator bus and combination of load bus and generator bus using ETAP simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]