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Context: Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is widely used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. While the standard therapeutic dose of fluoxetine is typically 20 - 60 mg per day, slow-release higher doses, such as 90 mg/weekly and more recently 180 mg/weekly, have been explored to assess their potential benefits in certain psychiatric conditions. This mini-review aims to evaluate the evidence regarding the effects, efficacy, and safety profile of fluoxetine at a dosage of 90 mg in psychiatry. Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed and Embase) to identify relevant studies published until July 2023. Studies investigating the use of fluoxetine at a dosage of 90 mg/week in psychiatric conditions were included. The identified studies were critically appraised for their methodology and quality. Results: Limited research has specifically examined the effects of fluoxetine at a dosage of 90 mg/week in psychiatry. However, some studies have investigated this dosage form and provided insights into its potential efficacy in treating certain psychiatric conditions, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), premature ejaculation, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. These studies have shown that compliance with weekly fluoxetine was better than with oncedaily dosing. Conclusions: Once-weekly dosing may be effective in psychiatry, improving compliance and enhancing psychological wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Public services offering gender-affirming care to minors have rapidly expanded across Australia. Despite limited evidence of safety and efficacy, no public information about these services is routinely available. Data from freedom of information requests sent to Australian public gender services for minors is summarised. Gender service numbers increased rapidly in Queensland (2017:190 – 2022:922) and in Victoria (2019:472 – 2023:1290). Limited transparency prevented strong confidence in the number of patients receiving hormone therapy. Staff FTE employed by gender services jumped after 2020 in NSW (to 16.7 across two sites in 2023), Queensland (to 11.4 in 2023), Victoria (to 9.4 in 2022), and WA (to 10.2 in 2023). Conclusions: Despite low confidence in their safety and efficacy, the number of patients seen by public gender services has expanded rapidly since 2018. Limited transparency makes it difficult to judge the number of patients seen, treatments provided, and outcomes achieved. Safe, effective care of this vulnerable group requires clear treatment goals, and annual reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy and tolerability of psychotropic medications can vary significantly among children and adolescents, and some of this variability relates to pharmacogenetic factors. Pharmacogenetics (PGx) in child and adolescent psychiatry can potentially improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse drug reactions. This article reviews key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes and principles of pharmacogenetic testing and discusses the evidence base for clinical decision-making concerning PGx testing. This article reviews current guidelines from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC), and the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) and explores potential future directions. This review discusses key clinical considerations for clinicians prescribing psychotropic medications in children and adolescents, focusing on antidepressants, antipsychotics, stimulants, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and alpha-2 agonists. Finally, this review synthesizes the practical use of pharmacogenetic testing and clinical decision support systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rationale and Method: Three interrelated topics are examined in this paper. These are (1) the study of shame and the other moral emotions (guilt, regret, remorse) as it relates to clinical approaches in cross‐cultural psychiatry; (2) the examination of methodological problems and choices in researching and treating shame in persons who have experienced forced departure from their country of origin and immigration into ambivalent host countries, in which shame experienced as part of the power differentials between host and refugee is added to whatever shaming experiences the person endured within the violence of the country of origin; and (3) an examination of the suitability of evidence‐based psychiatry (EBP) and narrative psychiatry as vehicles for providing clinical assessment and care that is scientifically rigorous and also establishes a reciprocally respectful relationship between two humans working on a single task of developing and understanding the life story of the person who has experienced the stresses of life as a refugee. Discussion: The three topics outlined above (shame viewed at many levels; experience of entering and receiving hospitality from a host country fraught with political resentment and bureaucratic institutional procedures, yet holding the possibility of rebuilding a life with the support and assistance of the healthcare professions and other agencies; the limitations of EBP and suitability of Narrative Psychiatry are discussed at theoretical and practical levels as these domains interact in seeking, through a true partnership, the common ethical goals of providing the best course of action for this patient at this moment. Conclusions: We present two case vignettes as illustrations of how shame or respect arises and is responded to in the context of a psychiatry session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of the year 2023, twenty-one wellbeing service counties will be responsible for organizing mental health services in Finland. This means a major societal and social change. The change will give new opportunities to foster the development of the whole service system. However, a structural change may also lead to disturbances in processes of the system. There is real need for a whole system approach to skilfully guide the development of mental health services at patientprofessional level, service level, local area level, region level and country level. Service design and development should be rooted in evidence. The quality of scientific evidence on current models of psychiatric care is at best moderate. We have a lack of robust evidence base for many system interventions. In addition, the main approach in the planning and evaluation of service delivery is more provider than user oriented. Person-centred care involves both the acknowledgement of the individual’s right to self-direction with respect to the goals of care, and the protection of this right in ongoing service delivery. This approach promotes the recovery of a meaningful life in the community of the person’s choice rather than solely minimizing symptoms and impairment. It underlines each individual’s own unique life goals and aspirations. Treatment emphasizes the person’s own capacities, strengths and interests, and also the use of community settings and support. Person-centred care may offer several benefits over the usual care. Collaborative care is an effective approach to improving outcomes for common mental disorders, mainly depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care. It aims to promote mutual support between primary care and mental health providers and the delivery of more coordinated, integrated, and evidence-based treatments and prevention. Additional gain of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of mental disorders in adults is only from small to moderate according to the most recent and largest meta-analysis. Continual critical evaluation of current psychiatric practice and mental health services is needed. New evidence-based and effective modes of action from promotion to prevention and treatment are most welcome. Improving evidence-based and effective prevention and treatment strategies for mental disorders can be regarded as a major challenge for 21st century psychiatry.

This editorial reflects on current methodological trends in translational research in mental health. It aims to build a bridge between two fields that are frequently siloed off from each other: interventional research and phenomenologically informed research. Recent years have witnessed a revival of phenomenological approaches in mental health, often - but not only - as a means of connecting the subjective character of experience with neurobiological explanatory accounts of illness. Rich phenomenological knowledge accrued in schizophrenia, and wider psychosis research, has opened up new opportunities for improving prediction, early detection, diagnosis, prognostic stratification, treatment and ethics of care. Novel qualitative studies of delusions and hallucinations have challenged longstanding assumptions about their nature and meaning, uncovering highly complex subjective dimensions that are not adequately captured by quantitative methodologies. Interdisciplinary and participatory research efforts, informed by phenomenological insights, have prompted revisions of pre-established narratives of mental disorder dominated by a dysfunction framework and by researcher-centric outcome measures. Despite these recent advances, there has been relatively little effort to integrate and translate phenomenological insights across applied clinical research, with the goal of producing more meaningful, patient-valued results. It is our contention that phenomenological psychopathology - as the basic science of psychiatry - represents an important methodology for advancing evidence-based practices in mental health, and ultimately improving real-world outcomes. Setting this project into motion requires a greater emphasis on subjectivity and the structures of experience, more attention to the quality and patient-centredness of outcome measures, and the identification of treatment targets that matter most to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning objectives: After completing this activity, practitioners will be better able to: • Discuss and better understand the recently adopted screening standards for adolescents with depression and the potential advantages of using "lifestyle medicine" • Set up a process for providing effective interventions for the increased number of patients with adolescent depression • Design or update their toolbox of treatment options for adolescents with depression based on the new literature and increased demand Recently adopted quality standards recommend that pediatricians screen adolescents for depression and that they document follow-up plans for those who screen positive. As a result of these new recommendations, pediatricians and other pediatric providers, as well as psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, may face an increasing number of referrals and a growing need for effective interventions for adolescent depression. Given the widely acknowledged scarcity of traditional mental health resources, the current study reviewed the rapidly expanding array of evidence-based, but nontraditional, interventions applicable to outpatient pediatric and mental health care settings. Many of these interventions come from a lifestyle medicine framework. Lifestyle medicine interventions are congruent with the cultures of pediatrics and outpatient psychiatry, and offer additional evidence-based tools for providers managing adolescent depression. These interventions can be implemented individually or within group or community settings, and may be used in conjunction with more common interventions such as psychotherapy or psychotropic medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a prevalent public health concern in the United States across all age groups. Research has emphasized the need to identify risk markers that prevent suicide along shorter timeframes, such as days to weeks. Furthermore, little has been done to explore the relative significance of factors that can predict short-term suicide risk or to evaluate how daily variability in these factors impacts suicidal ideation or behavior. This proposed project aims to identify risk factors that best predict near-time changes in suicidal ideation and examine potential interactions between these factors to predict transitions into suicidal thinking or behaviors. Objective: The aim of this proposed study is threefold: (1) To identify which psychological risk factors are most strongly associated with proximal changes in suicide risk across days and weeks. (2) To evaluate theoretical assumptions of the Integrative-Motivational-Volitional Theory of Suicide. (3) To determine how disruptions in physiological arousal interact with theoretical mechanisms of risk to predict concurrent and short-term prospective increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Methods: A daily diary or ecological momentary assessment design will be utilized with 200 participants. Participants will complete 2 in-person visits separated by 3 weeks during which they will complete 3 brief daily assessments within their natural environments using the ilumivu research app on a smart device. Research will occur at the Mayo Clinic Health System (MCHS) Eau Claire site. Participants will be recruited through chart review and standard care delivery assessment. Results: This manuscript outlines the protocol that will guide the conduct of the forthcoming study. Conclusions: The proposed project aims to lead efforts using technological advances to capture microchanges in suicidal thinking/behavior over shorter timeframes and thereby guide future clinical assessment and management of suicidal patients. Results of this study will generate robust evidence to evaluate which risk factors predict proximal changes in suicidal ideation and behaviors. They will also provide the ability to examine potential interactions with multiple theoretically derived risk factors to predict proximal transitions into worsening suicidal thinking or behaviors. Such information will provide new targets for intervention that could ultimately reduce suicide-related morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐disaster mental health and psychosocial support have drawn attention in Japan after the 1995 Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake, with mental health care centers for the affected communities being organized. After the catastrophe, a reconstruction budget was allocated to organize mental health care centers to provide psychosocial support for communities affected by the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake, the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, and the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. There were several major improvements in post‐disaster mental health measures after the Great East Japan Earthquake. The Disaster Psychiatric Assistance Team system was organized after the earthquake to orchestrate disaster response related to the psychiatric health system and mental health of the affected communities. Special mental health care efforts were drawn to the communities affected by the nuclear power plant accident through Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high yield Explosives, being succeeded by measures against the coronavirus pandemic. As another new movement after the Great East Japan Earthquake, the number of surveys involving communities affected by disasters has soared. More than 10 times the number of scientific publications were made in English during the decade following the Great East Japan Earthquake, compared with the previous decades. In this review, we examined the results and issues acquired in the 10 years since the Great East Japan Earthquake, proposing evidence‐based disaster psychiatry as the direction of future mental health measures related to emergency preparedness and response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Consensus Conference of clinicians, researchers, public health specialists and users was convened in Italy to review efficacy, effectiveness, treatment appropriateness and access to care for anxiety and depression, and to consider the role of psychological therapies. Expert opinion was sought concerning identification of people requiring psychological therapies according to levels of symptom severity matched to corresponding levels of treatment intensity, suitability of psychological therapies for subclinical anxiety or depression, definition of a minimum level of information on evidence-based psychotherapies to be provided by university medical and psychology courses, initiatives to raise awareness among potential users and decision makers on the role and effectiveness of psychological therapies in healthcare. The expert jury concluded that a number of psychological therapy models endorsed by most authoritative guidelines are supported by research showing their effectiveness at least equal to the drugs used in common mental disorders (CMDs). Such therapies are under-represented in the Italian public health system, leading many people to resort to the private sector, resulting in unacceptable wealth discrimination. The difficulty of accessing psychological treatments often entails the use of drug therapies in cases where they are not indicated. Starting from these assumptions, the experts recommended the promotion of better and timely recognition of anxiety and depressive disorders and their classification in terms of symptom intensity and functional impairment, differentiating subthreshold mood swings from clinical forms, to foster outcome studies of psychotherapies in CMDs in Italy, to introduce a stepped care model structured according to levels of intensity of treatment, based on wellbeing support strategies in nonmedical contexts for subthreshold situations, self-help, support and psychoeducation as frontline interventions in mild clinical forms, evidence-based psychotherapies in moderate and severe forms, with the option of combining psychological treatment and appropriate drug therapy in the most severe cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental disorders are one of the largest contributors to the burden of disease globally, this holds also for children and adolescents, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence and severity of these disorders are influenced by social determinants, including exposure to adversity. When occurring early in life, these latter events are referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). In this editorial, we provide an overview of the literature on the role of ACEs as social determinants of mental health through the lenses of global mental health. While the relation between ACEs and mental health has been extensively explored, most research was centred in higher income contexts. We argue that findings from the realm of global mental health should be integrated into that of ACEs, e.g. through preventative and responsive psychosocial interventions for children, adolescents and their caregivers. The field of global mental health should also undertake active efforts to better address ACEs in its initiatives, all with the goal of reducing the burden of mental disorders among children and adolescents globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to ensure that research evidence is adopted by health systems and is informed by lived experience expertise has been increasingly recognised in mental health research. In the field of global mental health (GMH), though some progress has been made, the meaningful engagement of key stakeholders in research remains low. This editorial outlines recommendations to support the meaningful engagement of policy makers and people with lived or living experience of mental illness in GMH research. Recommendations include: increasing funding structures that are designed to support meaningful engagement; urging institutions to consider administrative structures that support engagement with lower resourced partners; promoting capacity development opportunities and resources to support researchers to promote meaningful engagement; developing research governance structures that include key stakeholders; and, taking steps to ensure the needs of diverse stakeholders are met through their engagement in research. Examples of good practice from these areas are provided. Though not an exhaustive list of recommendations, this editorial represents a call to the GMH research community to take a deliberate and proactive approach to prioritising meaningful stakeholder engagement in GMH research with the ultimate goal of improving accessible and appropriate mental health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Sleep disturbance is an important factor in the pathophysiology and progression of psychiatric disorders, but whether it is a cause, or a downstream effect is still not clear. Methods: To investigate causal relationships between three sleep-associated traits and seven psychiatric diseases, we used genetic variants related to insomnia, chronotype and sleep duration to perform a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomisation analysis. Summary-level data on psychiatric disorders were extracted from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Effect estimates were obtained by using the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW), weights modified IVW, weighted-median methods, MR-Egger regression, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test and Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS). Results: The causal odds ratio (OR) estimate of genetically determined insomnia was 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–1.45; p = 5.03 × 10−11) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 1.31 (95% CI 1.25–1.37; p = 6.88 × 10−31) for major depressive disorder (MDD) and 1.32 (95% CI 1.23–1.40; p = 1.42 × 10−16) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There were suggestive inverse associations of morningness chronotype with risk of MDD and schizophrenia (SCZ). Genetically predicted sleep duration was also nominally associated with the risk of bipolar disorder (BD). Conversely, PTSD and MDD were associated with an increased risk of insomnia (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.03–1.10, p = 7.85 × 10−4 for PTSD; OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.64; p = 0.001 for MDD). A suggestive inverse association of ADHD and MDD with sleep duration was also observed. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence of potential causal relationships between sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders. This suggests that abnormal sleep patterns may serve as markers for psychiatric disorders and offer opportunities for prevention and management in psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern research has proven that the "typical patient" requiring standardized treatments does not exist, reflecting the need for more personalized approaches for managing individual clinical profiles rather than broad diagnoses. In this regard, precision psychiatry has emerged focusing on enhancing prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders through identifying clinical subgroups, suggesting personalized evidence-based interventions, assessing the effectiveness of different interventions, and identifying risk and protective factors for remission, relapse, and vulnerability. Literature shows that recent advances in the field of precision psychiatry are rapidly becoming more data-driven reflecting both the significance and the continuous need for translational research in mental health. Different etiologies underlying depression have been theorized and some factors have been identified including neural circuitry, biotypes, biopsychosocial markers, genetics, and metabolomics which have shown to explain individual differences in pathology and response to treatment. Although the precision approach may prove to enhance diagnosis and treatment decisions, major challenges are hindering its clinical translation. These include the clinical diversity of psychiatric disorders, the technical complexity and costs of multiomics data, and the need for specialized training in precision health for healthcare staff, besides ethical concerns such as protecting the privacy and security of patients' data and maintaining health equity. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent findings in the conceptualization and treatment of depression from a precision mental health perspective and to discuss potential challenges and future directions in the application of precision psychiatry for the treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge assessment in evidence-based medicine (EBM) is usually performed by the measurement of memorised facts, understanding of EBM concepts and application of learned knowledge in familiar situations, all of which are considered lower-level educational objectives. The aim of this study was to assess EBM knowledge both on higher and lower cognitive levels across EBM topics. Methods: In order to assess knowledge on different EBM topics across learning levels, we created a knowledge test (Six Progressive Levels in Testing – SPLIT instrument), which consists of 36 multiple choice items and measures knowledge in EBM at six cognitive levels (Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analysing, Evaluating and Creating) and addresses six EBM topics (Evidence-based practice, Internal validity, Clinical importance, Study design, Sources of evidence, Diagnostic studies). Three independent assessors defined the minimum passing score (MPS) for the overall test, based on the first-year course content and educational objectives. The instrument was assessed in a sample of first- (n = 119) and third-year medical students (n = 70) and EBM experts (n = 14). Results: The MPS was 16 correct answers out of total 36 questions, and was achieved by 21 out of 119 first-year students, 14 out of 70 third-year students and 9 out of 14 EBM experts (χ2 = 13.3; P < 0.001, with significantly higher proportion of experts passing compared to students). Although experts had the highest scores overall, none of the groups outperformed others on individual cognitive levels, but the experts outperformed students in EBM topics of Study design and Sources of evidence (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively, Kruskal-Wallis test). First- and third-year students performed better on specific course topics taught in that study year (Diagnostic studies and Clinical relevance, respectively). Conclusion: EBM knowledge of students and experts differ according to the specificities of their education/expertise, but neither group had excellent knowledge in all areas. It may be difficult to develop a knowledge test that includes different EBM topics at different cognitive levels to follow the development of specific and general aspects of EBM knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1] The DSM-5 represents the incorporation of psychiatry into evidence-based medicine. 2] The psychiatry proper to the intention was transformed into that based on empirical validation. 3] The DSM-5 is an expression of modern science that gives priority to calculating, objectifying, classifying, operational knowledge. 4] An ethic of autonomy and fairness characteristic of verification was superimposed on the ethics of beneficence proper to the intention. 5] DSM-5 cannot determine whether psychiatric disorders are natural entities, practical types made by researchers, socially constructed entities, labels that are grouped into a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing realization in the field of psychiatry that we are unable to free ourselves of the constraints imposed by our concepts, as well as to move beyond them. Thus, the field demands not only more robust empirical evidence but also a more sophisticated conceptual framework, which would allow for critical and innovative thinking to conceive and to build better models of mental health care. In this spirit, we present a very thought-provoking interview with Dutch psychiatrist Jim van Os, encompassing biographical issues from his academic background as well as his ideas on recovery and the Dutch experience of the recovery colleges as a "shadow mental health system" in the Netherlands. Adopting a critical stance on psychiatric diagnosis and the validity of group-level comparisons in evidence-based psychiatry, and in line with the ideals of the recovery movement, van Os points out that the process of healing should surpass symptom reduction. For him, it should take into account the long-term process of developing resilience, learning to deal with suffering through interactions with other people, building up new perspectives, goals, and existential purposes. In other words, he emphasizes the idea of social recovery and favors the thought that mental health professionals should try to "help people to relate better to their mental variation and offer them ways of doing that differently". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Evidence for the management of inadequate clinical response to clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia is sparse. Accordingly, an international initiative was undertaken with the aim of developing consensus recommendations for treatment strategies for clozapine-refractory patients with schizophrenia. Methods We conducted an online survey among members of the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) working group. An agreement threshold of ≥75% (responses "agree" + "strongly agree") was set to define a first-round consensus. Questions achieving agreement or disagreement proportions of >50% in the first round, were re-presented to develop second-round final consensus recommendations. Results Forty-four (first round) and 49 (second round) of 63 TRRIP members participated. Expert recommendations at ≥75% agreement included raising clozapine plasma levels to ≥350 ng/ml for refractory positive, negative, and mixed symptoms. Where plasma level-guided dose escalation was ineffective for persistent positive symptoms, waiting for a delayed response was recommended. For clozapine-refractory positive symptoms, combination with a second antipsychotic (amisulpride and oral aripiprazole) and augmentation with ECT achieved consensus. For negative symptoms, waiting for a delayed response was recommended, and as an intervention for clozapine-refractory negative symptoms, clozapine augmentation with an antidepressant reached consensus. For clozapine-refractory suicidality, augmentation with antidepressants or mood-stabilizers, and ECT met consensus criteria. For clozapine-refractory aggression, augmentation with a mood-stabilizer or antipsychotic medication achieved consensus. Generally, cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychosocial interventions reached consensus. Conclusions Given the limited evidence from randomized trials of treatment strategies for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia (CRS), this consensus-based series of recommendations provides a framework for decision making to manage this challenging clinical situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first publication of the guideline in 2012, which included critically reviewed evidence up to 2010, several hundred articles with new evidence were published and some topics of the clinical consensus needed to be reconsidered. Therefore, it was urgently necessary to revise the guideline to bring them up to date. In this article important revisions and updates are presented and the chances and limitations of the development of the guidelines and their implementation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012 a German guideline for the diagnosis and therapy of bipolar disorders has been available at the S3 level defined by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. This has now been updated in a revision process and since May 2019 available under the AWMF number 038-019. In order to maintain the high quality of the guidelines it was necessary to review and evaluate studies published since the first release, which is reflected in the number of 20 new and 29 amended recommendations and statements. This article discusses the recently finalized revision process and provides a perspective on future updates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telepsychiatry has become more widely accepted and practiced due to the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A recent study by Dr. Taishiro Kishimoto and colleagues examined the effectiveness of using two-way video for treating depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The study found that two-way video treatment was noninferior to traditional face-to-face interventions, as measured by the SF-36 Mental Component Summary score. The study also found no differences in working alliance or client satisfaction between the two groups. These findings support the integration of telepsychiatry as a feasible and effective form of healthcare, particularly for patients who face barriers to accessing in-person services. However, further research is needed to address economic considerations and digital health equity, as well as to adapt telepsychiatry to different healthcare systems and contexts. [Extracted from the article]