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A reconnaissance study of the Ash-Sharqi area displays that this area is covered by Tertiary rift-related volcanic rocks and their associated plutonic rocks with some exposures of Mesozoic sandstones. These volcanic rocks belong to the Yemen Trap Series (YTS) that form the lower part of the Yemen Volcanic Group (YVG), which consists of a part of the Afro-Arabian continental flood basalt province. The plutonic rocks are represented by intrusion composed of granitoid rocks located in the center of the study area, which is the subject of this paper. These granitoid rocks range in composition from granite (G) to quartz-monzonite - quartz-monzodiorite - quartz diorite (QM-QMD-QD) and are composed of plagioclase (An32-46: Andesine), K-feldspars, quartz, hornblende with minor, biotite, opaques, allanite and zircon. Secondary minerals are represented by chlorite, sericite calcite sphene, hematite epidote, and kaolinite. These rocks show variations in their colors (color index 6 to 47 vol. %) and grain sizes, which reflect changes in mineral composition and textures. They have equigranular, porphyritic, rapakivi, and anti-rapakivi textures and contain enclaves of various sizes of basalt and diorite blocks. Xenocrysts of pyroxene and plagioclase are found and detonated during the magma-mingling processes. Finally, these granitoid rocks are subjected to various degrees of hydrothermal alterations, including silicification, argillization, hematitization, chloritization, epidotization, sericitization, carbonation and spheronization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European immigrants at the turn of the twenty century initially established their enclaves in central cities, but gradually moved to suburban areas as they achieved assimilation and social mobility. Post-1965 Asian immigrants followed the same pattern of spatial assimilation, moving from central-city enclaves to suburban areas. However, Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese groups have established their enclaves in suburban areas. Suburban enclaves have advantages over central-city enclaves in their electoral politics and preservation and promotion of ethnic culture. But no social scientist has paid attention to this social phenomenon. This paper compares Korean ethnic enclaves in Queens, New York City with suburban Korean enclaves in Bergen County, New Jersey to examine the advantages of suburban enclaves. The findings show that as expected Korean suburban enclaves give Koreans huge advantages over those in Queens in electoral politics, preservation of Korean culture, and the installment of Korean "comfort women" statues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an ethnographic study of former Bangladeshi enclaves in India, the article explores how the India–Bangladesh border is negotiated and reproduced in the everyday spaces of people living in the borderland that is often overlooked by the usual representation of geopolitical nationalism and hard realities of the barbed wire. Enclaves are fragmented territories surrounded by another state, such as Bangladeshi enclaves surrounded by Indian land and vice versa. Being abandoned by the home state, the former enclave residents were deprived of identity documents, and as a result, precluded from judicial and citizenship rights. The article focuses on marriage-related migration of women that was often used as a way out to overcome the vulnerabilities associated with living in the enclaves. Marriage proposal inside the host country promises access to public goods like a 'Ration Card', or identity documents like an 'Aadhaar card', thus determining the possible migration of women—their life paths and destinations across the enclaves and the host country. The latitudes of such migratory life courses of women along the border are determined by their religion and economic status. The study shows that these practices, although often necessary for survival, subsequently compromise the agency of the women in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a relatively overlooked dimension of urban development in India: the nature of community-making in new urban spaces. Using concepts from sociological and geographical literature on community formation, it examines the relationship between specific forms of urbanisation in contemporary (neo-liberal) India and community-making processes. The study is situated in the city of Noida within the national capital region in northern India. Examining two habitational forms, that of urban middle-class enclaves and urban villages, we suggest that a model of urbanisation involving eminent domain (the state's power to acquire private property and convert it into public use) to produce gentrified urban spaces may promote conditions for rival forms of exclusivist community-making, including nativist 'othering'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with three analytical issues central to the study of the worldwide expansion of palm oil plantations from a relational and historic standpoint, based on the process in Southeastern Chiapas. The author initially reflects on the pertinence of the notion of enclave in contexts in which this single-crop cultivation is carried out by small producers. She then shines a light on the case by reviewing the relationship between different kinds of peasantries and plantation systems in past and contemporary periods. Finally, she describes the apparent disconnect between social and environmental content expressed in recent collective actions sparked by single-crop farming in this area, reflecting about the importance of considering them in light of different scales and arenas of discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the association between participation in localistic enclaves and labour market outcomes among internal migrants in Shenzhen, China. Using data from the 2005 mini-census, we examine native-place residential enclaves and industrial enclaves on the basis of migrants' counties of origin, residential neighbourhoods, and two-digit industrial sectors, and report four main findings. First, migrants who live in native-place residential enclaves tend to earn less than those who do not, but migrants who work in industrial enclaves tend to earn more than those working in the open economy. Second, the earnings disadvantage of new arrivals relative to established migrants is smaller in a residential enclave than that outside an ethnic enclave, and the advantage of working in industrial enclaves disappears for those new arrivals, compared to migrants who have left their place of origin more than five years. Third, the earnings return to years of schooling is smaller for migrants who live in or work in native-place enclaves than for those who do not. Finally, migrants in residential or industrial enclaves are more likely to be self-employed or to be employers. Our findings suggest that residential and economic enclaves may play different roles in labour market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary world conditions, characterised by rapidly developing social processes, the problem of the study of civic identity as part of social identity is becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a cross‐sectional study of the factors of constructing the civic identity of residents of the Maktaaral district of Kazakhstan—an enclave in the territory of Uzbekistan. The study involved 350 people from Myrzakent, the administrative centre of the Maktaaral district. The scientific novelty of the study lies in highlighting the main indicators of civic identity that are inherent in citizens of Kazakhstan living in the Maktaaral district in isolation from the parent state. The practical significance of the study is to identify the features of constructing civic identity among residents of this enclave formation. It was found that their civic identity was formed at the level of citizenship, the level of civic consciousness, and the level of patriotism. It was concluded that the territorial isolation of enclaves does not significantly affect the construction of civic identity construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report new petrographic and geochemical observations on magmatic sulfides occurring in different enclave types, including hornblende and/or clinopyroxene‐rich cumulates, and in the host lavas, in Nisyros (South Aegean volcanic arc). We discuss our findings in the context of pre‐existing petrological and thermobarometry studies. Our results indicate that sulfides become less abundant and Cu‐richer (Cu median values) with magma differentiation at progressively lower pressure/P‐temperature/T‐depth conditions. Starting with high T‐P sulfide‐free pillow lavas and wehrilitic cumulates still representing a sulfide undersaturated system, passing to high T and lower P, deep‐forming sulfide‐rich and hornblende‐rich gabbroic enclaves (SiO2 = 53–55 wt.%, 4–5 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 260 μg/g) at the base of the crust (∼25–30 km), then to clinopyroxene‐rich gabbroic micro‐cumulates (2–3 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 570 μg/g) forming in shallower crustal levels (∼10 km), then to more evolved sulfide‐poor hybrid enclaves (SiO2 = 56–70 wt.%, 1 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 602 μg/g), and finally to even more sulfide‐poor rhyodacitic host lavas (SiO2 = 66–76 wt.%, <0.5 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 6.4 wt.%) differentiating at even shallower crustal levels (∼7 km). Sulfide‐free quenched basaltic andesitic enclaves differentiating near surface levels, carry no textural evidence of pre‐existing magmatic sulfides suggesting that the system returned to a sulfide‐undersaturated state. Finally, we point out two important processes for sulfide evolution, a reaction replacement of clinopyroxene by amphibole observed in the deep‐forming hornblende‐rich gabbroic enclaves triggering the onset of sulfide saturation, and an increased mafic input followed by magma mingling and enclave disaggregation leading to sulfide dissolution and Cu‐enrichment of the magmas. Plain Language Summary: In this study we investigate the occurrence and chemistry of magmatic sulfide minerals found within volcanic lavas, and within smaller rock inclusions (‐enclaves), of Nisyros active volcano, located in the Aegean arc. Sulfides are the main repositories of Cu and other precious metals and thus determine their availability in the residual ascending melt which in turn affects the potential of a system to produce an economic ore deposit. Meanwhile, enclaves offer a unique possibility to "access" different parts of a plumbing system, as they preserve the information corresponding to a specific depth range. Our results are discussed in the context of previous studies which have extensively studied the plumbing system of Nisyros. Understanding what triggers the formation of these sulfides, as well as how do they evolve from the roots to the surface of a well‐studied plumbing system can help to further constrain metal transport and concentration through the crust. Our results suggest that sulfides: (a) form at the base of the crust with the first occurrence of amphibole, (b) become less abundant and Cu‐richer with magma evolution at progressively lower crustal depths, and (c) dissolve, thus causing the release of metals back in the system. Key Points: Magmatic sulfide saturation is triggered at the base of the crust due to the replacement of clinopyroxene by amphiboleMagmatic sulfide abundance and composition vary according to magma evolution and the T‐P‐depth of magma differentiationIncreased mafic input followed by magma mingling and enclave disaggregation lead to sulfide dissolution and Cu‐enrichment of the magmas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclaves are characterized by several advantages and disadvantages related to physical, economic, historical, social and cultural attributes; these depend on the owner- and the host-state as well as on relationship between the two. Using the case of Ceuta, a Spanish pene-exclave located in north-western Africa bordering Morocco, air travel mobility and accessibility issues faced by residents are identified and discussed primarily in the context of outbound tourism. The empirical research uses a mixed method approach of data collection based on questionnaires distributed to Ceuta residents and participant observation of the local community. Findings suggest that while enhancing accessibility is generally considered to be positive for travel, the reality is more complex in the case of exclaves and pene-exclaves, where geographical discontinuity and lack of land transport connections with the mainland and hinterland of the owner state may co-exist with geo-political conflicts between the owner and the host countries, i.e. Spain and Morocco respectively in the present context. Based on the concept of tourism for peace and its implications for border tourism and the scaling-up of spatial interaction between neighboring regions belonging to different countries, simpler border-crossing procedures along with innovative destination management policies at local level are proposed to improve exclave accessibility and travel mobility in practice to the benefit of both local residents and inbound tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the analysis of the 18 graves discovered during the research carried out between 1980 and 1981 at Alba Iulia-Staţia de Salvare. The following data is designed to provide additional information on the Transylvanian funerary landscape at the dawn of the Middle Ages. The research carried out at the site mentioned above has revealed some truly remarkable information about an archaeological find that is only partially understood. in terms of the grave orientation, a wide range can be observed so that one cannot highlight a predominant. All 18 uncovered graves present a diverse and numerous funerary inventory: weapons (battle axes, arrowheads, daggers), utensils (flint, knife, blades, steel, skins, burnt spindle whorls), adornments and clothing accessories (buttons, Kecel type buckles, beads, earrings, rings, bracelets, torques, pendants, appliques, coins) and pottery. In addition to these elements, remains of animal offerings deposited at the time of the deceased's burial were discovered in the sepulchral pits. At the current research stage, it is appropriate to add the graves that are the subject of this article to the 87 found between 1981 and 1985 in the same area. Taking into account elements of rite and ritual, funerary inventory, and other conclusive aspects, one can place the graves within the first funerary horizon dated to the 9th-10th c., when existed Bulgarian enclave in Transylvania. All these burial finds can be added to those made at Blandiana A and Sebeş (Alba County, Romania) and facilitate the idea that a Bulgarian enclave existed in the Transylvanian area in the 9th-10th c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID‐19 has challenged people worldwide to comply with strict lock‐downs and meticulous healthcare instructions. Can states harness enclave communities to comply with the law in such crucial times, even when compliance conflicts with communal sources of authority? We investigated this question through the case of Israeli ultra‐Orthodox schools compliance with COVID‐19 regulations. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with school principals, documents and media sources, and a field survey, we found that the state has the capacity to quickly internalize new norms and harness the cooperation of previously suspicious communities. At the same time, we found that communal authorities were able to shield widespread communal defiance from legal enforcement. These findings expose the bidirectionality of legal socialization: As the community uses its defiance power to attenuate the law, it socializes public authorities to accede to their bounded authority. As public authorities come to realize that the community cannot be brought to full compliance, they curtail enforcement efforts and socialize the community to operate outside the law. Our findings animate the reciprocity assumption in legal socialization theory and highlight one of the crucial tasks for the next 50 years of research: to examine the bidirectionality of legal socialization and discover its socio‐legal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on land grabs has identified the Gulf Arab states as major actors in the acquisition of agricultural land. However the role of these investments in the economies of the Gulf remains underexplored in the scholarly literature. In response, I propose that these projects are part of commodity chains that are articulated to the agribusiness industry in the Gulf states. I argue that they are extractive zones; enclaves created through articulation to the investor states, and disarticulation from their host society. With this considered, the commodity chains that link these projects with the Gulf economies transfer surplus value in the form of labour time, but also biophysical matter such as water, energy, and soil nutrients. This focus on the appropriation of nature allows a better understanding of these schemes and their role in the Gulf's economic growth. As will be demonstrated, the cycle of exhaustion of water impells the location of these land grabs, and this context connects them with the history of domestic projects. This article uses a framework that integrates theory on the spatial contestations of commodity chains with work on political ecology, and by doing so it contributes to a growing body of work that examines the relationship between networks of commodity production and nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In a context of global-scale inequalities and increased middle-class transnational mobility, this paper explores how the arrival of Western European and North American migrants in Barcelona drives a process of gentrification that coexists and overlaps with the development of tourism in the city. Research has focused increasingly on the role of visitors and Airbnb in driving gentrification. However, our aim is to add another layer to the complexity of neighbourhood change in tourist cities by considering the role of migrants from advanced economies as gentrifiers in these neighbourhoods. We combined socio-demographic analysis with in-depth interviews and, from this, we found that: (1) lifestyle opportunities, rather than work, explain why transnational migrants are attracted to Barcelona, resulting in privileged consumers of housing that then displace long-term residents; (2) migrants have become spatially concentrated in tourist enclaves and interact predominantly with other transnational mobile populations; (3) the result is that centrally located neighbourhoods are appropriated by foreigners – both visitors and migrants – who are better positioned in the unequal division of labour, causing locals to feel increasingly excluded from the place. We illustrate that tourism and transnational gentrification spatially coexist and, accordingly, we provide an analysis that integrates both processes to understand how neighbourhood change occurs in areas impacted by tourism. By doing so, the paper offers a fresh reading of how gentrification takes place in a Southern European destination and, furthermore, it provides new insights into the conceptualisation of tourism and lifestyle migration as drivers of gentrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What was the actual status and sovereignty of the Tsushima state under its "ritual subjection" and what seems an "(almost) tributary relationship" to Joseon? What were the implications of Joseon being unable to apply its own criminal code on its vassals, that is, Tsushima residents in the waegwan? This article examines the dispute over judicial sovereignty between Joseon and the Tsushima state--something insufficiently explained by the conventional Joseon-Tokugawa Japan neighborly relations model--by focusing on the illegal prostitution issue that regularly provoked political feuds between the two countries. This article uses the report of the incident of Magistrate Kwon I-jin to focus on the issue of disparities in sentencing for the same crime between Joseon and the Tsushima state. This case exemplifies the complex relations between a suzerain and its vassal and an analysis of it promises a better understanding of the realities of international relationships in traditional East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The article's objective is to explore how Eritrean refugees self‐identified in the face of racial classification in South Africa. Methods: A qualitative approach and one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with participants. Results: As part of a larger study that resulted in diverse themes, this article discusses Eritrean refugees who interpreted the South African racial classification system as meaningless. Conclusion: The rejection of the host country's racial classification scheme emerged among some first‐generation Eritrean refugees who did not have racial self‐awareness in Eritrea and who were strongly embedded in their ethnic communities and enclaves in urban South Africa, isolated from the host community. Furthermore, some refugees' rejection of the racial system in South Africa reinforces some South African nationals' call for the dismantling of the apartheid‐inherited classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 1999 and 2001 Canadian matched employer-employee data with rich information on worker and job characteristics, the authors identify the relative importance of immigrant wage differentials within and across establishments and the sources of these differentials. Whereas existing explanations of immigrant wage differentials emphasize immigrants' productive characteristics, differentials across establishments may be entirely independent of immigrants' actual or perceived skills or quality. The findings show highly non-random sorting of immigrants across establishments within Canada's major cities and geographic regions. For immigrant men, this sorting affected wage differentials more than did differences in how immigrant and native men were paid within establishments. For immigrant women, however, particularly those from less developed world regions, within-establishment wage differentials appear to have been more important. These findings raise numerous important questions for future research, such as whether the highly non-random sorting of immigrants across establishments primarily reflects immigrants' search behavior or employers' recruiting methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaliningrad's post-Soviet economic interconnection with Europe is encountering obstacles due to specific Russian governmental idiosyncrasies as well as its particular regional challenges. In essence, the Kremlin's direct control from afar and European misgivings have influenced the territory's economic development in relation to Europe. The distance of the region from Russia, exclave status, large size for an exclave, and conflicted history subject the area to contradictory forces. On the one hand, it links Kaliningrad to Europe because of a shared history and geography. On the other, it promotes a sense of political instability and geographical isolation that discourages economic integration with Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban integration (UI) has emerged as the guiding maxim for enabling efficient resource flows and smart and connected cites. The last decade has led to renewed interest in exploiting interconnections to optimise city capacities in urban policy, practice and research. However, the imperative for integration across resources, infrastructures, sectors and disciplines remains largely unquestioned, and its socio-political and environmental implications receive little critical attention. This paper subjects the ideas and practices of UI to scrutiny. We argue that integration-in-practice (as opposed to integration-in-theory) is partial and selective in its objects of combination and outcomes. The key issue this raises is whether the promise of new metropolitan-wide imaginaries of horizontal integration gives way to more selective logics of vertical integration that privilege socially and spatially valued enclaves. Rather than challenge urban splintering, UI practices would therefore reinforce urban infrastructure divides. The paper argues that a subtle shift is taking place in the UI discourse that whilst promising resource sustainability and metropolitan inclusivity, re-prioritises and re-intensifies more selective infrastructural planning processes. We term this new emerging mode bifurcated urban integration (BUI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the Canadian General Social Survey (2008), this study considers the role of social networks in immigrants' earnings. Despite higher levels of education, immigrants continue to earn less than native-born Canadians. This paper shows that social network characteristics are associated with earnings net of the effects of human capital and visible minority status. Social networks are important for understanding immigrants' earnings both as a direct cause of employment disadvantages and as a force that exacerbates the disadvantages that immigrants face due to racial discrimination, a lack of proficiency in Canada's official languages, and/or discrepancies over foreign credentials. While most current data on immigrant networks is limited to specific ethnic groups, cities, and/or occupations, the present study contributes to scholarship by generalizing data to all immigrants in Canada. This study also expands the temporal scope by comparing immigrants who arrived in the 2000s, 1990s, and earlier. Future research and public policy should put greater emphasis on the role of social networks in the economic integration of new immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cenozoic high–Sr/Y shoshonites in western Yunnan, China, are spatially and temporally associated with porphyry deposits and mafic volcanic rocks that formed at a post–collisional setting. However, the petrogenesis of these rocks and the origins of the associated mineralization remain unclear. Here we present new geochemical data for the high–Sr/Y shoshonites and associated mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan mineralization belt, which formed as a result of India–Asia collision during the Cenozoic. Both fertile and barren shoshonitic porphyries were emplaced during the Eocene–Oligocene (32–37 Ma) and are characterized by enrichment in large–ion lithophile elements (LILE), depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), high K 2 O (4–6 wt%), Sr contents (674–1370 ppm), and low Y contents (7–18 ppm). The barren Zhanhe, Yongsheng, Songgui, and Jianchuan, and fertile Machangqing (Cu–Au–Mo mineralization) porphyry intrusions have variable zircon εHf(t) values of −6 to +9 and old T DM2 ages of 1433 to 900 Ma. However, the barren Shigu porphyry intrusion yields relatively positive zircon εHf(t) values (−4 to +8) and younger T DM2 ages (903–631 Ma). These features indicate that the Shigu intrusion was derived from late Permian juvenile lower crust, and the other high Sr/Y shoshonites were derived mainly from Neoproterozoic juvenile lower crust. Fertile and barren porphyries have variable whole–rock εNd(t) values (−5 to −0.7) and (87Sr/86Sr) i ratios (0.70595–0.70788) that are within the range of coeval mafic magmas in western Yunnan. The MMEs comprise mafic enclaves and andesitic enclaves that formed during the Eocene (34–35 Ma) and have spheroidal shapes, igneous textures and contain acicular apatites. This indicates that the MMEs are globules of coeval mafic magma that was injected into and mixed with the host shoshonitic magma. The enclaves show low TiO 2 contents (0.7–0.8 wt%), high MgO (6–9 wt%), Cr (184–450 ppm) and Ni contents (98–157 ppm), positive LILE anomalies, marked negative HFSE anomalies, a narrow range of εNd(t) values (−1.2 to −0.6), and (87Sr/86Sr) i values of 0.70556–0.70635. The andesitic enclaves show adakitic geochemical affinities and have similar zircon εHf(t) values (−2.7 to +2.5) to the host porphyries, whereas, the mafic enclaves have relatively negative zircon εHf(t) values (−8.7 to +1.5), similar to enriched mantle. These evidences suggest the high−Sr/Y shoshonites were produced by partial melting of juvenile lower crust mixed with ultrapotassic or potassic mafic magmas as represented by the andesitic enclaves. The mafic enclave melts were derived from enriched mantle metasomatized by slab–derived fluids, which elevated the Mg#, Cr, Ni contents of the host porphyries at Machangqing, Zhanhe and Yongsheng. Zircon saturation temperatures (T Zr) of the high–Sr/Y shoshonitic rocks range from 735 to 777 °C and indicate the shoshonites were derived mainly from water–fluxed melting of lower crust. The Manchangqing fertile intrusion had a high oxidation state (zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ = 38–180, average = 91) and was derived by mixing between juvenile lower–crustal melts and voluminous coeval lamprophyres. In contrast, the barren Jianchuan, Songgui, Shigu, Yongsheng and Zhanhe high–Sr/Y shoshonites formed by partial melting of juvenile lower crust and some mixing with mafic lavas, and are characterized by low oxygen fugacity (zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ = 0.5–77, average = 20). As such, we suggest the mafic magmas triggered water–fluxed, moderate–degree partial melting of the lower crust and caused amphibole breakdown during melting. This process could not provide enough water for the formation of porphyry Cu-Au deposits in western Yunnan, and therefore formed low–fO 2 , relatively low–H 2 O, and barren high–Sr/Y magmas. However, ultrapotassic magmas (e.g., lamprophyres) with high H 2 O are able to trigger intense water–fluxed, partial melting of metal–fertilized lower crust, which generated high–fO 2 , relatively high–H 2 O, fertile, high–Sr/Y shoshonitic magmas in this intracontinental setting. Highlights • The high-Sr/Y shoshonites were emplaced during the Eocene-Oligocene. • The shoshonites were derived from heterogeneous juvenile lower crust. • The MMEs are dominated by mafic enclaves and andesitic enclaves. • Fertile shoshonites were formed by intense water-fluxed partial melting. • Barren shoshonites were originated from moderate water-fluxed partial melting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract At the dawn of the recent mining boom, James Ferguson has forcefully argued that new investors in Africa develop a new capital-intensive mode of production within securitized enclaves, breaking with the tradition of providing housing and social infrastructure to workers characteristic of large corporations in the 20th century. This article aims to provide a more detailed analysis of changes in mining companies' spatial government practices by retracing the genealogy of workers' camps in the Congolese copperbelt from the early 20th century to the present day. Based on archival and ethnographic research, the article draws attention to transformations in the camps' architecture and the political rationalities underlying them. What this historical exploration shows is less the emergence of a new spatial government reflecting the globalization of neoliberal capitalism than a series of gradual changes over a century that result from the adaptation of mining companies to local constraints and correspond to the development, or re-organization, of various power strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Tor being a popular anonymity network, many attacks have been proposed to break its anonymity or leak information of a private communication on Tor. However, guaranteeing complete privacy in the face of an adversary on Tor is especially difficult, because Tor relays are under complete control of world-wide volunteers. Currently, one can gain private information, such as circuit identifiers and hidden service identifiers, by running Tor relays and can even modify their behaviors with malicious intent. This paper presents a practical approach to effectively enhancing the security and privacy of Tor by utilizing Intel SGX, a commodity trusted execution environment. We present a design and implementation of Tor, called SGX-Tor, that prevents code modification and limits the information exposed to untrusted parties. We demonstrate that our approach is practical and effectively reduces the power of an adversary to a traditional network-level adversary. Finally, SGX-Tor incurs moderate performance overhead; the end-to-end latency and throughput overheads for HTTP connections are 3.9% and 11.9%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public media depicts the enclave of Ceuta as the watchdog of Fortress Europe. This ignores how its Christian, Muslim, Hindu and Jewish inhabitants are using the notion of convivencia to manage the enclave's mounting ethno-religious tensions. Led by the local government, convivencia challenges mono-cultural models of Spanishness, instead presenting Ceuta (to outsiders and itself) as a melting pot whose 'cultures' are all equally validly Spanish. The government gets citizens to subscribe to this interpretation of Ceuta's demography by incorporating them into an emergent system of public ritual backed up by lucrative state sponsorship. Ceuta's cultures are funded if they invite religious others to attend and participate in their rituals, traditions and sacred spaces. These rituals of/for convivencia celebrate Ceuta's multiculturalism while publicly committing participants to uphold and foster the values of coexistence. This paper focuses on why ritualists participate in this ritual system, and how they manage disturbance and error in rituals that undermine a system already under considerable attack as politically inefficient and economically unsustainable. The Ceutan case contributes to the literature on ritual disturbance in three ways. First, it reminds observers how difficult it is to define failure. Second, ritual systems fail not only when they are unable to keep up with social changes, but also when they are incapable of instituting change. Third, in the absence of expiatory rites, ritualists can transform traumatic failure into success through restraint and self-parody. This points to an abstruse ethical dimension to ritual that is often missed by analysts of ritual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The history of Indian continental subduction beneath Asian plate remains unclear. Miocene ultrapotassic rocks in southern Tibet, with extremely enriched isotopes, have often been used to trace mantle metasomatism and geodynamic processes associated with Indian continental subduction. These rocks, however, may have been contaminated by Lhasa ancient crust. Uncertainties on primary ultrapotassic magmas obscure their mantle sources. Here we report on first mafic igneous enclaves in Cenozoic lavas of southern Tibet. They consist principally of clinopyroxene, phlogopite, and sanidine and have a zircon U‐Pb age of 21.5 ± 0.3 Ma. Mineral and bulk‐rock geochemical characteristics indicate their crystallization from primary ultrapotassic magmas. Bulk‐rock Sr‐Nd, clinopyroxene Sr, and zircon O isotopes demonstrate their isotopically enriched character. Combined with precollisional basalts, we suggest that the mantle source of the enclaves was enriched by the subducted Indian continent. This study implies that the Indian continent had subducted beneath central Lhasa no later than early Miocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article critically challenges scholarship on ethnic enclaves, from Chicago School scholars to the ethnic enclave debates of the 1980s and 1990s, and introduces a new type of ethnic enclave in an era of globalization: the “transclave.” By using Manhattan's Koreatown as a case study, I define transclave as a commercialized ethnic space that exists exclusively for consumption, leisure, and entertainment, differentiating itself from traditional ethnic enclaves that offer housing and jobs for newer immigrants. Instead, transclaves are spaces where transnational consumer culture and brands from sending nations are transferred to, negotiated with, and anchored in a geographic space in a global city, and shape the landscape of that space. Based on archival research, in‐depth interviews, and participant observation, this article investigates how and why Koreatown serves as an intersection of where Korea's political, economic, and sociocultural influences meet New York City's diverse cosmopolitan mosaic and tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the author's Vancouver's Chinatown (1991), and an Australian Geographical Studies (1990) piece on Melbourne and Sydney's Chinatown, to extend their genealogical method into the twenty-first century. In a century marked by the rise of China and a proliferation of inter-Asian mobilities, the Haymarket district of Australia's most Asian-inflected city is undergoing a dramatic transformation. Sydney's Chinatown, once a stigmatised ghetto of white colonial making, increasingly sets its own terms as a hub of strategic significance to the City of Sydney and its diverse Asian and non-Asian publics. A closeted enclave of orientalist imagining has become an unbounded and differentiated space that condenses the dynamics of a more interconnected world region. This is an Asia-Pacific in which 'East' and 'West' steadily--if not always comfortably--inhabit, rather than stand in opposition and hierarchy to each other. The article elicits a Chinatown increasingly unmoored from any singular (Western) reference point of the kind that has long informed the enclave paradigm of much global Chinatown research, including the author's own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has three interrelated aims: first, to examine the achievements of the study of the phenomenon of backpacker congregations as 'enclaves', and present the principal historical trajectory of those enclaves in terms of a sequence of transitions: from inception and enclavisation, to conventionalisation and eventual medialisation. Second, to offer a critique of the prevailing approach to backpacker enclaves and dwell upon its inherent deficiencies. Finally, to suggest an alternative approach to backpacker congregations, based on the concept of 'assemblages', for a more adequate and nuanced representation of the spatial and virtual processes, by which backpacker enclaves are constituted, and to explicate their multiple enmeshments in their proximal and distal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) with varying sizes are a common occurrence in porphyritic amphibole-bearing granite of the Bintang batholith, which is part of the Main Range granite province. The MMEs of the amphibole-bearing granite are significant as they are related to the I-type granitoids within the Main Range granite province. Petrographic observations indicate the MMEs are mantled with coarse mafic crystals on the rim and contain similar minerals to the host (biotite + plagioclase + K-feldspar + pyroxene + amphibole), but in different proportions. Geochemical analyses indicate the MMEs are shoshonitic with mg# comparable to the granite host. Substantial similarities exist between the MMEs and granite with regards to the normalized rare earth element patterns and trace elements variation diagrams. The MMEs and granite are not completely coeval as the MME zircon U-Pb age (224.3 ± 1.2 Ma) is slightly older than its granite host zircon U-Pb age (216.2 ± 1.0 Ma). The age difference is also observed from the unusual 500 m-long Tiak MME and another amphibole-bearing granite sample from the south of the pluton, which yield 221.8 ± 1.1 Ma and 217.4 ± 1.0 Ma respectively. The oldest inherited zircons found in the MME and granite are 2.0 Ga and 1.3 Ga respectively, while the oldest xenocrystic zircons found in the MME and granite are 2.5 Ga and 1.5 Ga respectively. Identical negative εHf(t) values from zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf analysis for a MME-granite pair indicates the rocks were generated from a similar, ancient source in the basement. Combining the results, we suggest that incongruent melting of an ancient protolith played an important part in the evolution of the MMEs and granite and the MMEs characteristics are best explained as restite. The zircon Hf model age (two-stage) and the I-type peritectic and restitic mineral assemblages in the MMEs further describe the protolith as Early Proterozoic-Late Archean (≈2.5 Ga) meta-igneous rock. This shows the Western Peninsular Malaysia basement does not consist entirely of meta-sedimentary rocks. As the amphibole-bearing granite and MMEs ages both falls within the suggested period of Late Triassic Sibumasu and Indochina-East Malaya collision and the calculated melt temperature for the amphibole-bearing granite is much higher than melt generated from a sedimentary source, the high heat flow required for protolith melting is best explained by episodes of lithosphere attenuation during the collision. The age of the MME and Tiak MME (∼221–224 Ma) can be taken to indicate the time of such an event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elongated NE-SW trending bodies of iron-rich rock are exposed adjacent to pyroxenite dyke within Sukinda ultramafic complex, Odisha. Field study followed by optical and electron microscopy, XRD and EPMA investigation reveal the rocks to be fine grained, weathered, limonitised; containing quartz, magnetite, hematite/martite and goethite. The rock has suffered from deformation during intrusion of chromiferous magma. It rarely shows banding/lamination, but largely exhibits mylonitic fabric, resulting from magmatic intrusion. The stronger deformation is evident from sub-grain formation, deformed mineral grains; often with orientation, stretching (boudinage) and shortening (folding); presence of porphyroclasts, pull-apart structure, undulose extinction, dynamic recrystallisation etc. From the microstructure and mineral abundance, the rock is designated as 'Mylonitic Magentite Quartzite' (MMQ). Enrichment of some elements like Ni, Mg, Cr in the magnetite phase of MMQ is attributed to solid state diffusion of these elements from chromiferous mafic magma during thermal metamorphism. This is determined from electron probe microanalysis of iron-rich phase in MMQ, which is found to contain 88-90 wt% of FeO with ~1%, NiO, ~1%, MgO and 0.1% CrO having around 3 mole% of trevorite; 4-6% of magnesioferrite; 0.15-0.3% of chromite; 86-87% of magnetite and 3-4% of wustite. Considering presence of wustite as temperature indicator, the temperature of magma envisaged to be around 950-1100°C. In a later period, the MMQ has undergone oxidation and lateritisation owing to its prolonged exposure. During this process, new minerals like hematite and goethite substituted magnetite, resulting leaching of iron (FeO: 62-68%) and magnesium (MgO: 0.1-0.35) and enrichment of chromium (CrO:4-7%) and nickel (NiO: 1.6-2.3%). The silica (SiO: 4-5%), alumina (AlO:~1%) are contributed by kaolinite, formed during lateritisation. The field and laboratory studies confirm these iron-rich exposures to be enclaves of BIFs, banded magnetite quartzite (BMQ) in particular, within the Sukinda chromiferous ultramafic complex. Micro-structural features and microchemical composition of iron minerals in these exposures are interpreted as the influence of forceful ultramafic intrusion into the existing BMQ and effect of thermal metamorphism followed by oxidation, weathering/lateritisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating the social development of a migrant enclave in the context of rapid economic development and circular migration, this paper builds upon recent work emphasising the co-production of place by migrants and their hosts. In doing so, it introduces a longitudinal element to the analysis, highlighting that place in migrant enclaves is shaped by the interaction of not two forces - home and the host environment - but three: home, the non-migrant environment, and the cultural and economic practices developed by existing migrants. This triangular lens also helps to shed light on the linkages between economic and social change in migrant enclaves, demonstrating that migrants' experience of economic development is not direct, but (re)negotiated between these competing influences over time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In immigrant-receiving countries, immigrants are often concentrated in residential neighbourhoods with high concentrations of immigrants. In addition, they are concentrated in workplaces with high concentrations of immigrants. Many researchers have assumed that these are two sides of the same coin, so that policy affecting residential segregation could be expected to influence workplace segregation. Using Swedish register data for 2007, we directly assess whether immigrants who live in residential neighbourhoods concentrated with immigrants also work in firms concentrated with immigrants. We find that there is very little correlation between residential and workplace segregation, suggesting that policy could profitably target both types of segregation separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in many other areas around the globe, enclosed residential spaces have proliferated in Southeast Asia since the 1990s. Recent publications have presented such gated communities as 'porous enclaves', implying multiple socio-spatial dynamics of movements through gates and walls. However, the enclave model does not suffice for analyzing the relational dynamics generated by enclosed residential estates. The concept of 'ecotonal space' and social geography are used to show, in the case of Cambodia's capital Phnom Penh, that the enclosure and its borders are producers and products of multiple social, spatial, economic and political relations, both symbolic and material. Property developers assert their position as an emerging elite in the city's society and politics, a process based on different types of everyday relations they have with the inhabitants of their residential estates and territorial institutions. The enclosed residential estate can serve as a resource for deploying new power relations. Consubstantial with the neopatrimonial nature of the Cambodian economy and politics, this process is a response to the opacity and uncertainty of real estate markets and urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee camps and enclaves share a conceptual family resemblance. In Palestine, what endows these forms of confinement with specificity is their deployment in a modern and protracted colonial context. This article asks how each speaks to the other experientially and theoretically. Further, how are they entangled with historical processes, intent and experience? Each period in Palestinian displacement entails particular immobilizing physical structures and administrative procedures. Can we compare enclaves and camps, and what are the limitations of comparison? What sorts of subjectivities emerge in these spaces? Questions are proposed about temporality, bare life, mobility, discipline and bio-power, and subjectivities. Enclaves compel thinking beyond the 'bare life' sometimes associated with refugee camps to explore other ways of being simultaneously inside and outside a state. Enclaves exist if a grey zone of legal and political indeterminacy that renders life in them is precarious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oecusse-Ambeno enclave of Timor has persisted as a geographically distinct zone under Portuguese governance for over three centuries, enduring repeated efforts to undo its enclave status. This article analyses the confluence of economic, religious, and political elements that brought and kept Oecusse within Portuguese rule on Timor. Strong local authorities controlled trade linkages, maintained political and military ties with colonial rule, and wove Catholicism into existing customary practices and hierarchies, forging a strong regional identity that fostered sustained alliance with the Portuguese. Finally, the article discusses the impacts of Oecusse's enclave status over the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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This paper is based upon a review of studies of mining companies, most of them being Canadian, in Chile, northern Canada, Tanzania, Guatemala, Ghana, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In spite of often well-meaning efforts, the wealth produced by most mining firms in developing areas largely benefits those immediately involved, sometimes neighbouring communities, and often those in the governing strata. Typically, mining takes place in enclaves and fosters enclave development rather than the kind of inclusive wealth development favoured by the UN's recently published Inclusive Wealth Report. One way mining operations can foster more inclusive wealth development is to adopt much broader approaches towards the construction of the various physical and social infrastructures required for their own operations. By collaborating with diverse regional, provincial and/or national agencies and businesses, these infrastructures-roads, water, electricity, health services, schools and security-may be developed to serve larger populations and areas beyond their immediate operating sites. Established mining firms can also foster more inclusive wealth development by establishing more formal, collaborative relationships with artisanal miners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]