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How come authoritarian regimes target certain social constituencies with direct taxation more successfully than others? This article addresses the recent surge in Egypt's property tax revenues since 2014, which has almost exclusively fallen on the shoulders of rich property-owners in urban areas. Conversely, similar efforts to collect capital gains taxes from investors in the stock market failed miserably during the same interval. What might explain such disparity between property-and capital-holders under Sisi's rule? Invoking Albert Hirschman's paradigm, I argue that rich property holders in urban areas could be pressed successfully for direct taxation because they lacked viable exit options given the immobile nature of their assets, the national scope of property taxes, underdeveloped financial system and the inflation-context. Even though they had a voice, it could be ignored with minimal political and economic repercussions for the ruling regime, given the lack of intermediate channels. Conversely, large and concentrated capital holders could utilize the more mobile nature of their assets to credibly threat exit, amid the regime's desperate need for re-launching the economy. Moreover, they could voice their protest and coordinate collective economic action on sectoral or cross-sectoral basis without much need for intermediaries. Specific to Egypt, the contrast of both simultaneous processes of direct taxation might inform us of the class dynamics of the Sisi regime, which could adopt relatively progressive direct taxation in some areas like real-estate property despite the overwhelming regressive fiscal reforms while showing a terminally limited ability to effectively collect direct taxes on big capital holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being recognised as the foundational process of an extremist group exit [Morrison, J. F., Silke, A., Maiberg, H., Slay, C., & Stewart, R. (2021). A systematic review of post-2017 research on disengagement and deradicalisation. Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. https://crestresearch.ac.uk/download/3797/21-033-02.pdf], identity transformation is surprisingly under-investigated. This paper therefore explores how identity is represented in the exit process by examining ten autobiographies written by right-wing formers. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, and three themes were developed and named: 'is this who I am?', fatherhood, and reinventing the self. Drawing on social identity theory [Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–37). Brooks/Cole], the article proposes that emotionally laden cognitive openers can alter intergroup evaluation and social identity satisfaction. Certain cognitive openers, such as fatherhood, were seen to strongly influence the former's self-categorisation and personal identity. The analysis also found that rebuilding an alternative identity after leaving the group took significant time and effort. The paper highlights the complexities of identity transformation during and after an extremist group exit and suggests that the process can involve changes to both personal and social identity structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Service Industries Journal is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the Low-Density Algebra-Check (LDAC) code, a novel low-rate channel code derived from the Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code with expanded algebra-check constraints. A method for optimizing LDAC code design using Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts is presented. Firstly, an iterative decoding model for LDAC is established according to its structure, and a method for plotting EXIT curves of the algebra-check node decoder is proposed. Then, the performance of two types of algebra-check nodes under different conditions is analyzed via EXIT curves. Finally, a low-rate LDAC code with enhanced coding gain is constructed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of leaving groups is ubiquitous. However, the motivations underlying people's decision to exit their groups have been underexamined. Integrating uncertainty-identity theory with literature on disidentification, we conducted three studies (N Total = 891) to investigate how different domains of uncertainty affect group identification and disidentification, and how these identification processes predict people's exit intentions. In Studies 1a (religious congregations) and 1b (organizations), we measured different domains of uncertainty (self, social identity) before measuring group identification, disidentification, and exit intentions. Study 2 manipulated domains of uncertainty (self, social identity) and levels of uncertainty (high, low) before measuring the same outcome variables. Results showed stronger social identity uncertainty elicited stronger disidentification and weaker group identification. Results also showed that disidentification mediated the relationship between social identity uncertainty and exit intentions. Self-uncertainty did not relate to people's exit intentions. The results contribute to the psychological literature on group exit intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Establishing trust and building a strong Working Alliance are crucial challenges when working with violent extremist offenders (VEOs). Extensive literature highlights the significance of these elements for effective interventions with this group. However, research has not yet approached the specific steps involved in creating a Working Alliance. This article fills this gap by drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with eight professionals from six European jurisdictions. The article also contrasts insights from practical work with academic state of the art. By offering these insights, the article aims to facilitate the creation of effective Working Alliances and contribute to the academic debates on the disengagement of VEOs.

Some mainstream political scientists apply the trilogy of exit, voice and loyalty in studying intra-party cohesion. This approach applies more neatly in liberal than in repressive contexts. I therefore make three modifications to enhance the trilogy's descriptive and explanatory power in an authoritarian context using the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) after Robert Mugabe. First, there is need to integrate non-voluntary exit as party members are mostly expelled against their will in a context where there are limited livelihood opportunities outside party-state patronage and defection is ruthlessly punished. Second, voice should be understood as predominantly expressed over preferences for personalities in internal power distribution rather than over policies. Third, loyalty is not always to the party institution to promote unity but to individuals or factions. From this positioning, ZANU PF is predominantly a non-cohesive party characterised by ephemerally organised leader-follower groups largely seeking power and patronage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Technology is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Technology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the incidence of limited attention in a high-stakes business setting: a bar owner may be unable to purge transitory shocks from noisy profit signals when deciding whether to exit. Combining a 24-year monthly panel on the alcohol revenues from every bar in Texas with weather data, we find suggestive evidence that inexperienced, distantly located owners may overreact to the transitory component of revenue relative to the persistent component. This apparent asymmetric response is muted under higher revenue fluctuations. We formulate and estimate a structural model to endogenize attention allocation by owners with different thinking cost. Under the assumptions of the model, we find that 3.9% bars make incorrect exit decisions due to limited attention. As exits are irreversible, permanent decisions, small mistakes at the margin interpreting profit signals can lead to large welfare losses for entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgery is the property of Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text discusses the impact of fundamental technological, political, regulatory, and economic forces on the worldwide competitive environment, akin to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. It highlights the role of capital markets in eliminating excess capacity through mergers, acquisitions, and leveraged buyouts. The paper emphasizes the failure of internal control systems in addressing the challenges posed by modern industrial changes, advocating for reforms in U.S. corporate control mechanisms. The document also suggests emulating features of venture capital and LBO firms to enhance the efficiency of large public companies. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Exit is not an easy task for a sex worker. Academic investigations of the reasons and barriers to exit from the sex industry are lacking heavily. Sex work is a stigmatised profession, even though the workers find it difficult to exit the same. The current study attempted to understand the barriers faced by female sex workers in Puducherry, a union territory in the southeast part of India, to exit from sex work. The participants comprise 19 female sex workers (FSW) who work in Puducherry. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. All of the participants had thoughts about quitting. The barriers to exit were identified. The barriers were recognised at the individual, interpersonal (microsystem), and structural (macro system) levels within the framework of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, which are discussed in detail in the paper. The study also identified a lack of support systems for the targeted population.

The May 2023 elections in Turkey are puzzling because public support for President Erdoğan did not erode despite political-economic failures of considerable magnitude. The economy was ailing, the government's performance in containing natural disasters was dismal, and oscillations in foreign policy were perplexing. Yet, Erdoğan managed to win elections once again, giving him the mandate to continue ruling the country over the next five years. What explains this political outcome in the face of 'multiple governance crises'? We adopt Albert O. Hirschman's 'exit, voice, and loyalty' framework to explain the multiple but interrelated sources of the resilience of authoritarian populism in Turkey. We suggest the 'exit, voice, and loyalty' equilibrium in the 2023 Turkish elections requires an integrated analysis along two dimensions, each interacting with and mutually reinforcing the other: the economy-identity nexus and the domestic-external nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the tactical changes made by the asylum seeker community in Hong Kong in negotiating local refugee assistance policies and practices. The analysis presented in this paper is grounded in my ethnographic fieldwork with an asylum seeker-led organization and supplemented by archival study and informal interviews. In recent years, the asylum seeker community has adopted a pragmatic approach to advocacy, increasingly asking the local community for support in providing humanitarian aid rather than calling for changes to the assistance system, a tactic that this group used in the past. I argue that these tactical changes cannot be separated from the social and political contexts of Hong Kong. The presence of stimulating events, particularly those involving local and global refugee and migrant communities, the space available for voicing dissent, and the level of institutional responsiveness, all affect how the asylum seeker community in Hong Kong participates in policy discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the frequency of extreme rainfall increasing, the risk of waterlogging is significantly exacerbated in subway systems. It is imperative to first identify the rainfall threshold for waterlogging risk for subway stations in order to develop effective waterlogging prevention and control plans. This study focuses on Line 11 of the Beijing Subway, using InfoWorks ICM to construct a model of the research area and simulate waterlogging at various subway stations under different rainfall scenarios. The results indicate that there is a risk of waterlogging at Jinanqiao station, Moshikou station, and Beixinan station on Line 11. The accumulated water may enter the subway station through exits A, B, C, and D of Jinanqiao Station. The inlet sequence of Jinanqiao Station always follows A(B), C, and D, and the difference in waterlogging time for each outlet does not exceed 10 min. We derived the rainfall threshold formula for waterlogging risk at Jinanqiao subway station. Among the three influencing factors of topographic features, step height, and drainage capacity of the pipeline network, step height has a significant effect on increasing the rainfall threshold for waterlogging risk. The conclusions obtained can provide reference for the refined management of waterlogging risks in subway stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article theorizes how crises and markets shape the responses of consumers and producer organizations. We advance four propositions: 1) if a crisis requires major revisions in operational rules, less-exit sensitive (i.e., monopoly-like) organizations shall revise to aggregate preferences of organized producers; and more-exit sensitive (market-oriented) organizations, to the preferences of individual consumers; 2) if a sustained crisis widens the gap between incumbent organizations and consumer preferences, more consumers shall exit to alternative organizations; 3) if the incumbent organization controls valued resources, consumers shall select more-bounded exit options, which retain formal-legal ties with the incumbent; and 4) compared to less-bounded exit, more-bounded exit options shall enhance consumers' collective voice about incumbent organizations. We inductively derive our theory from an exploratory analysis of educational organizations in US and South Korea during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. Many consumers were dissatisfied with regular-public schools and considered various exit alternatives, including non-regular schools (e.g., private, charter [US], homeschooling [US], special-purpose [Korea]) and private supplemental education. Compared to less-bounded exit (e.g., private schools), more-bounded exit options (e.g., charter, PSE) grew more, and contributed more to consumer voice about regular-public schools, during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it emerged in the mid-1980s, the school choice phenomenon in China has been the target of severe criticism from all levels of government and the general public. The current nationwide movement of rotating teachers and principals (RTP) is a new attempt to control and eventually eliminate the practice of school choice. Using data from interviews with two education officials and 42 parents, together with relevant government documents, this study applies Hirschman's concept of exit and voice to explore how parents express their dissatisfaction (voice) and exercise (or not) their choice behaviour (exit) in reaction to the government's strategic use of RTP. Findings from this study suggest that RTP and related efforts have had an impact on reshaping parents' perception of the schools and has greatly reduced the parents' school choice behaviour, which is more obvious among second- and third-tier schools than among first-tier schools, indicating that parental desire to send their children to these topmost schools remains strong. Some level of school choice can be expected to exist for the foreseeable future, given China's current exam-driven educational system and the advantages that first-tier schools enjoy, which will maintain and possibly widen the gap between themselves and lower ranked schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from the rich literature in behavioural finance and extensive analysis of forum data from a UK equity crowdfunding platform, we present a comprehensive framework that delineates the investment decision-making process of equity crowdfunders. Our framework captures the utilitarian, emotional, and expressive investment motives that drive crowdfunders, their behaviours and actions during and after the campaign, as well as the challenges they encounter in fulfilling their investment goals. Our work highlights the crucial need to explore the extent to which entrepreneurs and crowdfunding platforms cater to the diverse investment motives and expectations of the crowd. We offer practical insights to entrepreneurs and platforms on how they can better align their strategies with the expectations and needs of equity crowdfunders. Plain English Summary: Our research presents a novel framework that delves into the intricacies of the investment experience of equity crowdfunders. We examine the underlying motives that drive their investment decisions (utilitarian, emotional and expressive), the corresponding behavioral patterns, and the challenges that they encounter along the way. Drawing on the principles of behavioral finance, we contend that the success of equity crowdfunding as an alternative funding source for entrepreneurial firms hinges on the platform's ability to meet the diverse investment motives of the crowd across different stages of the investment process. To illustrate our argument, we conducted a netnographic analysis of a UK-based online community of equity crowdfunders. Our findings expose the adverse effects of a lack of monetization and low economic returns on the utilitarian motives of investors, leading to a diminished level of satisfaction. Additionally, we reveal that the difficulties investors face in interacting with entrepreneurs and platforms, coupled with the challenges of presenting themselves as experts, supporters of valued projects, or successful crowdfunders, can hamper the expressive and emotional motives of investors, resulting in dissatisfaction. Such challenges have the potential to erode the future interest of equity crowdfunders in the platform, undermining the viability of equity crowdfunding as a funding source for entrepreneurial firms. Our framework offers valuable insights into the factors that shape the investment experience of equity crowdfunders, providing testable propositions and highlighting the importance of addressing the identified issues to ensure the long-term sustainability and success of equity crowdfunding as a funding avenue for entrepreneurial firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study policy experimentation in organizations with endogenous membership. An organization decides when to stop a policy experiment based on its results. As information arrives, agents update their beliefs, and enter or leave the organization based on their expected flow payoffs. Unsuccessful experiments make all agents more pessimistic, but also drive out conservative members. We identify sufficient conditions under which the latter effect dominates, leading to excessive experimentation. In fact, the organization may experiment forever in the face of mounting negative evidence. Ex post heterogeneous payoffs exacerbate the problem, as optimists can join forces with guaranteed winners. Control by shareholders who own all future payoffs, however, can have a corrective effect. Our results contrast with models of collective experimentation with fixed membership, in which under-experimentation is the typical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exit is not an easy task for a sex worker. Academic investigations of the reasons and barriers to exit from the sex industry are lacking heavily. Sex work is a stigmatised profession, even though the workers find it difficult to exit the same. The current study attempted to understand the barriers faced by female sex workers in Puducherry, a union territory in the southeast part of India, to exit from sex work. The participants comprise 19 female sex workers (FSW) who work in Puducherry. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. All of the participants had thoughts about quitting. The barriers to exit were identified. The barriers were recognised at the individual, interpersonal (microsystem), and structural (macro system) levels within the framework of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, which are discussed in detail in the paper. The study also identified a lack of support systems for the targeted population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee involvement in the planning and execution of building projects vastly affects both project success and functionality in the operating stage. This study is based on interviews with employees to investigate how they experience involvement in change processes related to a hospital building project in Norway. This answers the call for more qualitative approaches in project management research to unveil what actually goes on in projects. The study uses several theoretical lenses. First, we look at employees' access to different bases of power and empowerment. Second, we analyse how path dependence affects experienced involvement. Third, we analyse the employees' reactions to organizational changes; exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. The findings show the high involvement of appointed employee representatives in project groups, although they sometimes felt powerless and without necessary support. Ordinary employees lacked information and had little experience of empowerment. The project mostly followed a strict process of path dependence, and informants described behaviours of both exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. Lack of employee involvement might have resulted in impractical solutions and undesired employee behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, entrepreneurs build long-term companies that generate profits by selling goods and services. Nowadays, entrepreneurs are building companies solely to sell them to larger corporations to profit from early 'exits' due to the glorifying media characteristic. Based on an Israeli case study, this article examines how media outlets portray the 'exit' catchphrase. An analysis of semi-structured interviews with Israeli tech journalists and a thematic analysis of news articles is used to identify the three main narratives appearing in the media for encouraging exits: High-tech entrepreneur (individual), company (entity), and the industry (macro point of view). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether team ventures are more likely to be acquired than single-founder ventures, and if so, attempt to determine what number of founders results in the highest acquisition likelihood. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) of US businesses started in 2004, our results indicate that team-founded new ventures are more likely to be acquired, and that there is a positive and diminishing relationship between team size and acquisition likelihood. This study contributes to the understanding of drivers of exit for new ventures, and opens up the new venture exit literature to future contributions of a team demography approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intact atrial septum (IAS), occurring in ∼10% of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), conveys significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Perinatal interventions have been described, but outcomes remain poor. We present a fetus with HLHS with IAS who underwent immediate novel postnatal atrial appendage anastomosis, thus achieving rapid left atrial decompression. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

This exploratory study provides foundational knowledge on the post-exit process experienced by former members of violent extremist groups. While disengagement from violent extremism and the transition to mainstream society is known to involve change and adaptation, little is known about the post-exit life of former violent extremists. For this study, ten former violent extremists, and six practitioners who work on facilitating exit and reintegration, were interviewed. This led to a comprehensive identification of post-exit stressors and the subsequent creation of an exploratory framework of post-exit distress with four dimensions: 1) Daily Life & Social, 2) Psychological & Physical Well-being, 3) Safety & Consequences, and 4) Transition & Identity. Post-exit stressors may stem from radicalization, involvement in violent extremism, disengagement, or the transition back to non-extremist life. The findings show that internal and external stressors are plentiful, vary in frequency and magnitude, and are most dominant in the first 1-2 years after disengagement. The 97 stressors expressed by former violent extremists and practitioners indicate that post-exit distress is not only wide ranging, but highly disruptive, and sometimes unmanageable. Left unaddressed, such stressors can profoundly hinder efforts to rebuild a life outside of violent extremism. This has implications for evidence-based reintegration efforts and future studies.

During normal ageing, physical changes take place in the biomechanical, musculoskeletal, and psychomotor systems, that reduce strength, flexibility, motor coordination, balance, and precision of movements. This article analyses the motion behaviour of a sample of 49 senior and pre-senior subjects during the process of entry to (ingress) and exit from (egress) new car models not experienced before, obtained over five days at the Geneva International Motor Show. The methodological process is based on visual studies using photography and video to analyse motion behaviour. This investigation identifies five entry movement strategies and three exit movement strategies in three types of vehicle groups. The movements adopted in the egress of the vehicle were more complex and difficult, in general, than those observed for ingress, requiring greater flexibility, agility/dexterity, and physical strength of subjects, involving more contact or support with vehicle parts. The main factor that influenced movement strategies was essentially related to subjects’ levels of physical capacity and previous experiences. Several subjects’ movement strategies were observed in each type of vehicle, confirming that the user’s somatic experience strongly influences the interaction with new vehicles. User’s vehicles’ past experiences and their psychomotor skills determined the adopted movement strategy, which occurred in an unreflective and natural way, regardless of the new type of vehicle. However, due to substantial differences between the vehicles, some subjects may have adopted a different movement strategy in response to these variations.

In the world of start-ups, the so-called unicorns have gained special importance and there are many questions about the real attractiveness of these companies when they go public. This research aims to show the effect of an initial public offering of shares (IPO) on the value of unicorn companies. To do so, a four-factor CAPM model was built using data on unicorn and non-unicorn companies to show whether differences exist between both groups. The results indicate that unicorns are punished by the stock market in comparison to non-unicorn companies, which is indicative that private agents may misvalue unicorns and/or unicorns may lose some of their distinctive features once they go public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmodium sporozoites are the highly motile and invasive forms of the malaria parasite transmitted by mosquitoes. Sporozoites form within oocysts at the midgut wall of the mosquito, egress from oocysts and enter salivary glands prior to transmission. The GPI‐anchored major surface protein, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is important for Plasmodium sporozoite formation, egress, migration and invasion. To visualize CSP, we previously generated full‐length versions of CSP internally tagged with the green fluorescent protein, GFP. However, while these allowed for imaging of sporogony in oocysts, sporozoites failed to egress. Here, we explore different strategies to overcome this block in egress and obtain salivary gland resident sporozoites that express CSP‐GFP. Replacing the N‐terminal and repeat region with GFP did not allow sporozoite formation. Lowering expression of CSP‐GFP at the endogenous locus allowed sporozoite formation but did not overcome egress block. Crossing of CSP‐GFP expressing parasites that are blocked in egress with wild‐type parasites yielded a small fraction of parasites that entered salivary glands and expressed various levels of CSP‐GFP. Expressing CSP‐GFP constructs from a silent chromosome region from promoters that are active only post salivary gland invasion yielded normal numbers of fluorescent salivary gland sporozoites, albeit with low levels of fluorescence. We also show that lowering CSP expression by 50% allowed egress from oocysts but not salivary gland entry. In conclusion, Plasmodium berghei parasites with normal CSP expression tolerate a certain level of CSP‐GFP without disruption of oocyst egress and salivary gland invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a deleterious impact on the world economy. Studies have documented the disproportional impact of the pandemic on minorities, immigrants, and business owners in the USA. In this study, we use Current Population Survey monthly data spanning from January 2014 through December 2021 to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic affected Asian entrepreneurship. We show that the pandemic disproportionally hurt Asian entrepreneurship, particularly among immigrants, up until the end of 2020. A detailed analysis of Asian business dynamics reveals a substantial increase in self-employment exits during the first year of the pandemic. We fail to find convincing evidence of differential industry/job-type concentration, individual preferences, majority-minority disparities, narrower clientele, or differential access to government support as primary drivers for such patterns. Instead, we find suggestive evidence of discrimination playing a non-negligible role that subsided in 2021, coinciding with the rollout of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between new venture team characteristics on the acquisition likelihood of the new venture. We find that for a US sample of new ventures: new venture teams with equal numbers of females and males, as well as those with higher average education levels are more likely to be acquired. In addition, our results show that higher diversity in industry experience may decrease the acquisition likelihood of new ventures. This implies that teams consisting of both extremes, highly industry experienced and non-experienced members, tend to have the lowest acquisition likelihood all else being equal. This study adds to the rare empirical evidence regarding the factors associated with the exit of new ventures founded by teams, by providing evidence on the effect of team diversity and human capital level on acquisition likelihood. The results may be of interest to both entrepreneurs and external investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing portfolio carbon footprints (Exit) and voting in favor of climate-related shareholder proposals (Voice) are among the main actions that investors can take to promote an accelerated transition toward a low-carbon economy. This paper studies three important investor groups that can be instrumental in driving the transition and evaluates their Exit and Voice behavior. I find that the five largest asset managers perform poorly on Exit and Voice over the full sample period but improved on both in more recent years. Only a small fraction of signatories to sustainable investor initiatives are supportive of the transition. Counterintuitively, investors who perform poorly on Exit, perform well on Voice. Finally, I examine the financial consequences of employing Exit and Voice and find that Exit is positively related to risk-adjusted fund returns; however, this is not necessarily attributable to superior skill of fund managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using three theory-based performance criteria as decision attributes, we conducted a conjoint analysis experiment with 105 social venture founder-CEOs to examine their decisions to exit their firms voluntarily. Multilevel regression analysis of founders' choices revealed that various exit preferences were chosen that did not support theoretical prescriptions. While achieving desired social impact was the main influence on founder exit choices, the heterogeneity of exit preferences led us to parcel them into four distinct groups: idealists, traditionalists, realists, and pragmatists. We discuss our contributions to the entrepreneurial exit and social entrepreneurship research literature and list the implications of our results for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims of sex trafficking and women purportedly involved in prostitution voluntarily face a complex web of interconnected challenges when attempting to escape their current circumstances. By analyzing the shared and distinct challenges faced by these women, the paper aims to inform policymakers and service providers, offering recommendations to empower women seeking to escape exploitation through multidisciplinary and interconnected networks of providers. This study surveyed 74 women in Detroit, Michigan, using nonprobability convenience sampling over a 10- month period in 2020. It compared three groups of women who self-reported as victims of sex trafficking, women who voluntarily engaged in some form of commercial sex, and women currently not in the sex industry. The study examined five outcome dimensions: substance use, housing stability, violence, interactions with law enforcement, and healthcare barriers. Among surveyed women, 45 reported sex trafficking experiences, 20 engaged in prostitution voluntarily, and nine were currently neither trafficked nor in prostitution. While some experiences were shared, like drug use and child presence, unique challenges emerged for sex trafficking victims. Victims of sex trafficking reported higher rates of homelessness, violence, lower education, and poorer health compared to others. However, those who were trafficked and those who reported being voluntarily involved in the sex trade had many similar problems. The survey highlights the interconnected barriers faced by women in sex trafficking or prostitution: substance abuse, homelessness, and health problems. All three groups of women reported having children, which underscores the great need for support systems for families of trafficking survivors or those in the sex industry. Educating professionals and raising awareness can enhance responses and interventions, enabling more women to design exit strategies and begin the path to recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the person-centered approach and the EVLN (exit, voice, loyalty, neglect) model, this study explores how the components of commitment create "profiles" and the implications of this for voice behaviors in response to malpractice at work. The study includes not just affective and continuance commitment forms but also a commitment to the team as a multi-target commitment. A survey was conducted of 518 employees from a broad range of organizations in Turkey. An attempt was made to differentiate the EVLN responses across diverse commitment profiles by expanding the context. Four clusters (low commitment, weakly-committed, affective–team dominant, and continuance dominant) were identified using k-means cluster analysis. Analysis of the variance results indicated that the affective–team dominant profile demonstrated the constructive voice. The low commitment profile showed the least desirable outcomes (exit and neglect), followed by the weakly-committed profile. The continuance dominant profile also demonstrated passive behaviors (neglect and patience). Affective and team commitments, which have similar foci, were found to be the primary drivers of voice behavior, especially when combined with low continuance commitment. Also, continuance commitment did not contribute to the voice behavior once a certain level of affective and team commitment was seen. This study contributes to expanding commitment profiles for data from Turkey by explaining diverse EVLN responses to dissatisfaction at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have significantly attracted the attention of institutional investors over the last decade. However, previous literature has not deeply explored the characteristics of venture capital (VC) investments in AI ventures. In this study, we explore whether and to what extent investments in AI ventures differ from those in similar non-AI ventures, and whether they are moderated by venture-level, country-level, and investor-level factors. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 5235 investments in 2689 AI ventures and 9215 investments in 4373 non-AI ventures belonging to the Industry 4.0 domain, observed from 2000 to 2019. We find that the amount invested in AI ventures is significantly lower than non-AI ones: this negative relationship is, however, moderated by a venture's development stage, VC investor's experience and the AI development level of the country in which the invested venture operates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]