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Background: The effective extractives of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (T. hemsleyanum) are useful, but this plant was not fully utilized in rural China. In this study, flavonoids from the aerial parts of T. hemsleyanum were extracted, and the purification method and the antioxidant capability were explored. Purpose: This study is to explore the optimized purification method and the biological capability of the total flavonoids extracted from T. hemsleyanum. Materials and Methods: The optimal extraction conditions were determined by single-factor and Box-Behnken design experiments. The antioxidant activities were assessed by analyzing their capability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and OH free radicals. Results and Discussion: The optimal conditions for the extraction of the total flavonoids were as follows: ethanol volume fraction 60%, liquid-to-material ratios 35:1 mL/g, temperature 45℃, and time 85 min. The extraction rate of the total flavonoids was (3.59 ± 0.03)%. NKA-9 is an ideal macroporous resin for purification. The optimized purification process conditions of flavonoids were mass concentration of adsorption solution 1.50 mg/mL, pH value of adsorption solution 4.0, sample loading flow rate 2 BV/h, ethanol volume fraction in desorption process 60%, desorption flow rate 2 BV/h and elution volume 4 BV. After crude extracts were purified by NKA-9 macroporous resin, the content of the total flavonoids enhanced from (21.76 ± 0.18)% to (58.92 ± 0.22)%. The results of the experiments for antioxidant activity showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the purified flavonoids extracted were 33.1and 42.7 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the flavonoids in T. hemsleyanum have good antioxidant activity in vitro and deserve exploring in further pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemna aequinoctialis (duckweed) is the smallest and fast-growing aquatic plant species producing protein-rich biomass with high protein nutritional value, phytoremediation capacity, and nutrient removal from wastewater. Duckweed may also be used as a new potential bioreactor for biological products, such as vaccines, antibodies, and pharmaceutical proteins. Based upon the potential importanc of L. aequinoctialis in phytoremediation and as a bioreactor the aim of this study was to (1) characterize the chemical and nutritional profiles of L. aequinoctialis biomass utilizing an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system (IMTA) and a pond, and (2) investigate the cytotoxic potential of different concentrations of organic extracts and fractions using the MTT bioassay. EDXRF and ICP-MS analyses indicated the presence of trace elements in lower amounts in relation to the biomass of L. aequinoctialis in the lagoon, emphasizing the importance of plant inclusion management to reduce bioaccumulation of these elements. Analysis of mineral profiles, fatty acids, and amino acids indicated a satisfactory nutritional composition for the use of biomass as a bioproduct. Pigment analysis showed a high concentration of carotenoids, especially astaxanthin. After standardizing the controls, the MTT cell viability test was carried out utilizing rat hepatoma cell line (HTC), which are metabolizing cells that were treated with aqueous or ethanolic extracts and the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions at different concentrations. No apparent cytotoxic potential was observed following treatments, since there was no significant reduction in cell viability. Therefore, this study provides information regarding the biomass of L. aequinoctialis derived from the IMTA system, which might support further research into the application of this species as a bioproduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a pharmaceutically significant aromatic crop with health benefits linked to its phytochemicals. This article aims to overview progress in using emerging technologies to extract its bioactive compounds and extraction mechanisms. Also, the trends in the applications of this herb in the food industry and its therapeutical effects were explained. Fenugreek's flavor is the primary reason for its applications in the food industry. At the same time, it has antimicrobial, antibacterial, hepatoprotection, anticancer, lactation, and antidiabetic effects. Phytochemicals responsible for these effects include galactomannans, saponins, alkaloids, and polyphenols. Besides, data showed that emerging technologies boost fenugreek extracts' yield and biological activity. Among these, ultrasound (55.6%) is the most studied technology, followed by microwave (37.0%), cold plasma (3.7%), and combined approaches (3.7%). Processing conditions (e.g., treatment time and intensity) and solvent (type, ratio, and concentration) are significant parameters that affect the performance of these novel extraction technologies. Extracts obtained by sustainable energy-saving emerging technologies can be used to develop value-added health-promoting products. HIGHLIGHTS: Fenugreek's phytochemicals (e.g., galactomannans and polyphenols) have therapeutic effects Ultrasound and microwave are major emerging technologies for fenugreek's bioactive compound extraction Emerging technologies enhance the yield and biological activities of fenugreek extracts Emerging extraction technologies can develop fenugreek-based products with health benefits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food grains were severely damaged by stored goods insects. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne and the rice weevil Sitophilus orysae are some of the most destructive pests which attack raw cereals throughout the world. In stored grain mill, fumigation with synthetic fumigants was the most economical tool for managing stored pests. Nevertheless, the application of chemical pesticides caused adverse effects on humans and environment. Chloroform, acetone, methanol and water extracts and essential oil of Haplophyllum tuberculatum aerial parts were tested for their fumigant and repellent effect against adults of the three stored products pests (T. castaneum, L. serricorne and S. oryzae). GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in determination of 19 compounds. The major constituents were β-phellandrene (16.17%), trans-p-menth-2-ene-1-ol, (13.22%) and cis-p-menth-2-ene-1-ol (8.29%). Thus, it seemed that the essential oil had the highest fumigant activity against L. serricorne after 12 h of exposure compared to the two other insects with a LC50 equal to 38.59 µ.l-1 air. The best repellency was observed for the chloroform and methanol extracts against T. castaneum. The respective repellent doses RD50 values were = 0.03 and 0.04 mg.ml-1 after 24 h of exposure. However, after 24 h of exposure acetone extract seems to be more repellent with respective repellent dose values of = 0.14 mg.ml-1 (RD50) against L. serricorne. H. tuberculatum essential oil and extract proved to be effective in control pest infestations in grains and dry food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the processing, characterization, and assessment of novel non-alcoholic and sugar-free drinks based on bioactive extracts from valuable natural sources, such as green tea enriched with Chios mastiha, are considered. Currently, the transition towards the consumption of healthy and sustainable food and beverages promoting human health and well-being is strongly encouraged and biologically active compounds from natural resources have a broad range of ap-plications in this sector. In this context, three beverages (all non-alcoholic, non-carbonated, and sugar-free) were created, including extracts of green tea with Chios mastiha, matcha green tea with Chios mastiha and louisa green tea with Chios mastiha, and an evaluation of their biological potential was performed. Specifically, an analysis of water, extracts, and additives for the beverage production was carried out. Microbiological and nutritional value determination was also conducted in samples of the three products. According to the experimental results, the novel health beverage produced from green tea enriched with Chios Mastiha extracts was found to have improved organoleptic characteristics and was microbiologically stable and safe for a period of 180 days from the production date at 25 °C. It is also considered stable and safe for 3 days after production, even if it remains open at 25 °C. In view of a possible scale-up of this application, safety, and preservation control should continue for at least 540 days from the date of production. In conclusion, the current research findings support the development of a novel non-alcoholic sugar-free health drink based on bioactive extracts from green tea enriched with Chios mastiha, to contribute to maintaining human health and also to strengthen the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer belongs to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. The search for new effective treatments for cancer has led to the discovery of different molecules from plants, bacteria, and fungi with pharmacological use. Plant endophytic fungi are large producers of metabolites with antitumor properties. We aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor potential of extracts from Lophocereus marginatus endophytic fungi. We obtained ethyl acetate and hexane extracts from the L. marginatus endophytes Metarhizium anisopliae and Aspergillus versicolor and evaluated their antitumor activity against murine L5178Y-R lymphoma cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction colorimetric technique. M. anisopliae and A. versicolor ethyl acetate extracts showed IC50 values of 9.168 ± 1.21 μg/mL and 13.51 ± 1.62, respectively, and selectivity indices > 30. We also observed that the maximum tolerated dose (100 mg/kg) of ethyl acetate extracts and the vehicle in BALB/c mice did not cause hepatotoxicity. In addition, we evaluated the effects of ethyl acetate extracts on survival and tumor volume in the L5178Y-R lymphoma tumor model. An increase in survival (17 d) was observed in mice treated with A. versicolor extract. Furthermore, it did not increase tumor volume during 10 d, as compared with the control groups without treatment, vehicle, and M. anisopliae extract, which had a maximum survival of 10 d. A. versicolor ethyl acetate extract showed in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against lymphoma L5178Y-R, increasing mice survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The search for new antimicrobial molecules is important to expand the range of available drugs, as well as to overcome the drug resistance of pathogens. One of the promising sources of antibacterial and antifungal metabolites is basidial fungi, which have wide biosynthetic capabilities. Methods: The review summarized the results of studying the antimicrobial activity of extracts and metabolites from basidiomycetes published from 2018–2023. Results: In all studies, testing for antibacterial and antifungal activity was carried out in in vitro experiments. To obtain the extracts, mainly the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes, as well as their mycelia and culture liquid were used. Antimicrobial activity was found in aqueous, methanol, and ethanol extracts. Antimicrobial metabolites of basidiomycetes were isolated mainly from the submerged culture of basidiomycetes. Metabolites active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and mycelial and yeast-like fungi were identified. Conclusions: Basidiomycete extracts and metabolites have shown activity against collectible strains of bacteria and fungi and multi-resistant and clinical strains of pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the most active metabolites ranged from 1 to 16.7 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae and its extracts, widely consumed as functional foods, offer numerous health benefits; however, a comprehensive systematic summary of clinical evidence is currently lacking. The study was to assess the available evidence and provide an accurate estimate of the overall effects of algae and its extracts supplementation on various health outcomes. The comprehensive searches in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until December 22, 2023 were implemented. The random‐effects model was employed to pool the overall effect sizes (ESs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Stata software. Moreover, detecting the methodological quality and evidence level of the eligible studies were employed by A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation. Ultimately, 25 articles covering 133 health outcomes were included in this umbrella review. The pooled results demonstrated that the algae and its extracts could significantly decrease body weight (ES = −1.65; 95% CI: −1.97, −1.34; p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (ES = −0.42; 95% CI: −0.78, −0.07; p = 0.020), waist circumference (WC) (ES = −1.40; 95% CI: −1.40, −1.39; p < 0.001), triglyceride (TG) (ES = −1.38; 95% CI: −2.15, −0.62; p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (ES: −1.40; 95% CI: −2.09, −0.72; p < 0.001), very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) (ES = −7.85; 95% CI: −8.55, −7.15; p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (ES = −2.68; 95% CI: −4.57, −0.79; p = 0.005), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (ES = −0.15; 95% CI: −0.24, −0.07; p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (ES = −3.21; 95% CI: −5.25, −1.17; p = 0.002), diastolic blood pressure (ES = −3.84; 95% CI: −7.02, −0.65; p = 0.018), alanine transaminase (ES = −0.42; 95% CI: −0.70, −0.14; p = 0.003), and alkaline phosphatase (ES = −0.54; 95% CI: −0.99, −0.10; p = 0.017). Due to the limited number of studies, no benefit was displayed on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Considering the suboptimal quality of studies and the insufficient articles pertaining to certain outcomes, further well‐designed research is imperative to substantiate the observed findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Vernonia amygdalina Delile (VAD), also known as bitter leaf, is widely utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, including cancer. The presence of bioactive compounds in VAD is believed to be responsible for its characteristic bitterness. In Ghana, it is a common practice to mitigate the bitterness of VAD by combining it with Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (lime) juice extracts, although this method lacks scientific evidence and documentation. Therefore, the antioxidant and anticancer activities of VAD and lime juice extracts (V5) and their combined effects were evaluated in vitro. Method: The antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of VAD extracts were determined against Jurkat, MCF‐7, HepG2, and PNT2 cells using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to quantify antioxidant activity and the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess cytotoxicity. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism 8.0. Linear regression was employed to determine the correlation between the concentration and the percentage of antioxidant activity, while p values were calculated using Student's t‐test. Results: The laboratory analysis focused on the extracts V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5. Briefly, V1 and V2 contained equal amounts of saponins and terpenoids. Among these, V2 exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity, as indicated by an EC50 value of 2.14 ± 0.06 mg/mL. V2 also demonstrated cytotoxicity against the MCF‐7, HepG2, Jurkat, and PNT2 cell lines. On the other hand, V3 and V4 did not show any cytotoxic effects across all tested cell lines. In contrast, V5 was toxic to HepG2 and MCF‐7 cells but had no cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cell lines. V2 exhibited dose‐dependent cytotoxicity (0–1000 μg/mL), with the strongest inhibition observed against Jurkat cells (IC50 value = 96.341 μg/mL) and a selective index of 3.567. The difference in activity between the extracts from different parts of the plant and the extract combined with lime juice was significant (p < 0.05), indicating a synergistic effect of the phytochemicals in both VAD and lime juice. Conclusion: V2 and V5 demonstrated a remarkable antioxidant property, and they are effective in inhibiting cancer cell lines, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work was to extract bioactive compounds from different cultivars of blackberry pomace using conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction, two different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane, were used. Qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined by GC, carotenoids and chlorophylls by HPLC, and volatile organic compounds were identified with an e-nose based on GC. The yield of the extract was influenced by the extraction, while the qualitative content of the extracts was also dependent on the cultivar. While there were no differences in the types of fatty acids extracted, their content varied significantly depending on the cultivar, extraction method, and their interaction. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) were the most prevalent in all cultivars of blackberry pomace extracts. The linoleic acid content varied from 33.33 to 64.77% depending on the variety, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 varied from 3.17% to 5.71%. Significantly higher quantities of carotenoids and chlorophylls were obtained in Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane in all extracts. The major carotenoid in the 'Orkan' and 'Polar' extracts was lutein, while in the 'Brzezina' extract, it was β-carotene. The extraction method has a significant impact on the flavor profile of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to alleviate the transport stress reaction of animals, three kinds of chinese herbs with sedative and tranquilizing properties were extracted with ethanol and proportionally composed into a chinese herbal compound prescription. In addition, isorhynchophylline in leaves of Uncaria rhynchophylla was isolated and purified for use. Methods: The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the changes in serum stress indicators and hormone levels, three classification blood cell counter and automatic biochemistry analyser was used to measure blood indicators and other biochemical indicators of each group mice before and after transport stress. Result: The results showed that the blood physiological indexes such as blood glucose (GLU) level, biochemical indexes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and hormone levels such as adrocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and other stress indexes were significantly higher in mice after transport than before. The compound agents and isorhynchophylline played a role in regulating the stress indices of mice after the simulating transport processs and have the effect of significantly alleviating the transport stress response in mice, with a view to provide reference for alleviating the adverse effects of transport stress on the animal husbandry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the antioxidant activities and total secondary metabolite amounts of different extracts (methanol, acetone, and water) obtained from the leaf and flower parts of Onopordum bracteatum, which was collected from Muğla (Türkiye) were determined for the first time. Antioxidant activity studies were performed with DPPH, ABTS, ß-Carotene/linoleic acid, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Secondary metabolite assays were carried out in order to determine the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents of the extracts. In addition, the toxicities (Brine shrimp) of water extracts and the anthelmintic effects of methanol and water extracts were investigated. The leaf methanol extract of O. bracteatum with the highest antioxidant activity in all tests, except the FRAP test (DPPH: IC50= 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL, ABTS: IC50= 0.19 ± 0.003 mg/mL, ß-Carotene/linoleic acid: 72.98 ± 1.31%, CUPRAC: 34.02 ± 1.87 mg TE/g extract, FRAP: 3.96 ± 0.65 mg TE/g extract) used to determine the antioxidant activity was observed to have the highest total phenolic content (5.78 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g extract). The highest total flavonoid (32.17 ± 0.82 mg QE/g extract) and total tannin contents (16.41 ± 1.30 mg CE/g extract) were determined in leaf acetone and flower acetone extracts of O. bracteatum, respectively. Concerning the cytotoxic properties, concentration-dependent activity was seen in O. bracteatum water extracts against brine shrimp. Methanol extracts of O. bracteatum showed better anthelmintic activity than water extracts. The results will provide basic data for studies on the pharmacological and medical use of O. bracteatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean evergreen carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) produces pods, that may be edible and even therapeutic. The purpose of this study was to determine how ethanolic extracts of carob pods from Morocco, prepared with ultrasonic assistance were affected by microwave (525 °C for 2.5 min), hot air (65 °C for 16 h), and spray drying (input and output air temperatures 180 and 90 °C, respectively, feed flow rate 2.5 mL/min and 5 bars, respectively), in terms of their physicochemical composition and biological activity. Colorimetric techniques were utilized to ascertain the phytochemical contents of pod extracts, whereas standardized in vitro methodologies were employed to quantify the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Physicochemical analysis showed that microwaved powders of carob pods presented significantly high (p < 0.05) values of L* (62.15±0.06) and b* (21.32±0.06), and lower values of a* (4.16±0.03), as compared to spray dried and hot air-dried powders. Significantly high (p < 0.05) amounts of ash (3.92±0.05 %), fat (1.48±0.02 %), fiber (7.45±0.12 %) and protein (2.65±0.06 %) were found in microwave dried powders, followed by spray dried and hot air dried. Significant difference in macro and micro minerals among three powders was also observed, as microwave dried powders were found to be significantly high (p < 0.05) in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Mn, followed by spray dried powders, whereas hot air-dried powders presented lowest values. Similarly, spectrophotometric analysis of phytochemicals revealed that ultrasonic assisted ethanolic extracts of microwave dried powders were found to be highest in total phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids, with values 69.18±0.15 mg GAE/g, 34.88±0.08 mg QE/g and 24.05±0.15 mg g-1, respectively. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis also showed a similar trend as, extracts of microwave dried powders exhibited significantly high (p < 0.05) antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, followed by spray dried and hot air-dried. As compared to hot air and spray drying, the microwave drying and ultrasonic assisted extraction using 70 % ethanol as solvent could be employed on carob pods, to obtain powders and extracts, respectively, with minimum degradation of physicochemical characteristics, and maximum retention of nutritional, bioactive and antioxidant contents. In recent years, Morocco has become more and more dependent on the use of carob fruit and its powders. Nonetheless, very rare is known about the composition and carob pod quality of those grown in Mediterranean nations. The current study presents a comparison of the effects of three distinct commercial drying methods on the composition and physical characteristics of flour made from carob pods. The study's findings can also be used to evaluate how well information is composed, processed, and preserved for use in future research and commercial applications. [Display omitted] • Comparative analysis of hot air, spray, and microwave drying of carob pods powder. • Microwave drying, provides optimum physicochemical retention of carob powder. • Phytochemical of carob powder are highly affected under different drying conditions. • Sonicated extract of microwave dried powder provided highest amount of bioactives. • These showed significantly high in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate and present the scaling inhibiting compounds of aqueous and methanolic extracts obtained from cajanus cajan (c. cajan) and vigna subterranean (v.subterranea) shells collected from Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Quantitative phytochemical analysis (expressed in mg/100g) revealed the following secondary metabolites for C. cajan: flavonoids (2226.50± 47.35), phenolics (6294.65±117.35), saponins (2.53±0.15), alkaloids (587.42±42.3), steroids (0.77±0.02), terpenoids (989.87±26.72), and tannins (176.49±13.18). Similarly, V. subterranean exhibited; flavonoids (2226.50± 47.35), phenolics (6400.11±65.22), saponins (1.79±0.4), alkaloids (114.22±17.64), steroids (0.46± 0.06), terpenoids (308.94±10.22), and tannins (58.18±1.12). GC-MS analysis of both C. cajan and V. subterranean extracts revealed 14 peaks of different compounds which includes; phenol, methylphenol, dimethylphenol, 2-furaldehyde, 2-hydroxymethifuran, levoglucosan, 4-mehtylguaiacol, vinylphenol, 4-vinylguaiacol, eugenol, vanillin, isoeugenol, 4-allyl-2-6dimethoxphenol and dimethylbenzene. Additionally, FT-IR spectra identified functional groups such as OH (phenolics) at 3438 and 3430, CH2 stretching aliphatic at 2923 and 2884, and C=C unsaturated at 1635 and 1643, present in both extracts. The results from GC-MS, FT-IR, and phytochemical studies collectively suggest that these extracts contain environmentally friendly constituents, particularly higher concentrations of phenolic and foaming agents. This supports the potential of C. cajan and V. subterranean as candidates to be deployed as environmentally friendly scale inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of present investigation was to find out anti-inflammatory potential of Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. bark extracts using experimental animal models. Different extracts of Ougeinia oojeinensis bark was screened using Carrageenan induced paw edema and Cotton pellet granuloma models for anti-inflammatory effect. Effect was observed by measurement of paw oedema percent inhibition and granuloma weight inhibition. The pro-inflammatory marker (TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2) was accessed after treatment with different extracts. Results of present study were confirmed that ethanol extract (200 & 300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant oedema percent inhibition up to 4 hrs in Carrageenan induced paw edema model and comparable to the Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effect was also confirmed by significant (p < 0.05) reduction in pro-inflammatory markers in the cotton pellet granuloma model. This effect may be due to presence of flavonoids and glycosides components in the ethanol extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research involved developing an antimicrobial herbal gel using extracts from the shell of Cocos nucifera L. to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the formulation for potential use in topical drug delivery. The extracts of coconut shell in different solvents such as water, petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol were screened for antimicrobial activity against the causative organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum by well diffusion method. The results of the antimicrobial study demonstrated that the extracted sample exhibits potent activity against the used causative microorganisms with maximum inhibition comparable with the standard. According to studies, the antibacterial activity confirmed that the extracts of water, petroleum ether, and chloroform were more effective against S. aureus than that of E. coli, while methanol extract was similarly effective on both bacterial strains used. The extracted sample showed more potent antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger than T. rubrum. The significant antimicrobial activity may be due to their phytochemical compounds. Thus, from the antimicrobial study, we came to know that the extract obtained from petroleum ether solvent is more effective against microbial strain used. Then, the herbal gel was prepared using selected herbal extract and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The prepared herbal gel was subjected to physical evaluation. The gel's physical characteristics met the required benchmarks. Hence, the study can be concluded that the extracts obtained from C. nucifera shell were stable, effective and safe; thus, the herbal gel prepared from the extract was found to have promising antimicrobial activity against many skin-related infections, but more research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional herbal medicines have been used for millennia and they are currently experiencing a surge in popularity among both medical experts and those who are looking for therapy. One can find a wide variety of phytopharmaceuticals that are derived from plants in them. The most recent clinical trial demonstrated that the methanolic extract of Samadera indica was risk-free and would not cause any harm to any individual. Due to the fact that they have favorable physical qualities, the components that were created were suitable for use on the skin. When it came to eliminating bacteria and fungi in the laboratory, the gel that was produced from the methanolic extract of Samadera indica proved to be far more successful than the product that is commonly accessible. Further evidence that the substance was both chemically and physically stable was provided by the fact that the formulae that were developed demonstrated short-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the existing antimicrobial agents are showing ineffectiveness against the pathogenic microbes due to the resistance of microbes towards them. But apart from the synthetic drugs, many herbs are found to be effective in the inhibition of these microbes and serve as potent anti-microbial agents. In this study, the methanolic extract of Grewia asiatica leaves was evaluated against the fungus i.e., Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. The extract used to compare with the standard drug i.e., Amphoterecin. The extract at the concentration of 62.5µg/well showed the lowest inhibition and on increasing the concentration of extraction inhibition zone increased and the constant zone of inhibition found from 125-1000 µg/well in case of Candida albicans. The leaf extract of Grewia asiatica also showed the inhibition of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum. On increasing the extract concentration, the zone of inhibition also increased. The maximum inhibition showed in concentration of 1000 µg/well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chantal Emade Nkwelle,1,2 Smith B Babiaka,3,4 Clovis S Metuge,2,3 Kimberly Liang,5 Unique Stephens,5 Seraphine Nkie Esemu,1 David S Zuzga,5 Kristy Shuda McGuire,5 Luis J Montaner,5 Roland N Ndip,1 Ian Tietjen,5 Fidele Ntie-Kang2,3,6 1Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; 2Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; 4Department of Microbial Bioactive Compound, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; 5Drug Discovery, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 6Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, GermanyCorrespondence: Ian Tietjen, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA, Tel +1-215-898-3938, Email itietjen@wistar.org Fidele Ntie-Kang, Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon, Tel +237-673872475, Email fidele.ntie-kang@ubuea.cmBackground: Croton oligandrus Pierre & Hutch is a tropical tree that grows in West and Central Africa, used in ethnomedicine to treat cancer, diabetes, headaches, convulsions, urinary diseases, and inflammatory diseases. As other Croton species have been observed to possess chemical compounds that target HIV latency-reversal, we hypothesized that this species may have similar properties.Aim of the Study: The identification of extracts and compounds of this species, which have HIV-1 latency-reversing activity in J-Lat T cell lines.Methods: The stem bark was obtained, air-dried, powdered, and extracted using dichloromethane. In vitro flow cytometry was used to monitor GFP expression, a marker of HIV latency reversal, following treatment of J-Lat T cells with extracts and compounds.Results: Four extracts were found to reverse HIV latency, the most active extract showing better activity (ie, latency reversal in 69.7 ± 7.1% [mean ± s.e.m.] of J-Lat 10.6 cells at 1 μg/mL) than control agents prostratin (46.2 ± 9.5% at 1.2 μg.mL) and the “Mukungulu” (Croton megalobotrys) extract (34.9 ± 24.2% at 1 μg/mL). Extracts reversed HIV latency through mechanisms over and above protein kinase C (PKC) activation and distinct from histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition. The most active extract also synergized with the control HDAC inhibitor romidepsin but did not synergize with other extracts. Isolated compounds (β-Stigmasterol and lupeol) had limited but consistent latency reversal on their own.Conclusion: The plant extracts and compounds reverse HIV latency through mechanisms additional to PKC activation and/or synergize with romidepsin in vitro. Extracts and compounds from this plant may enhance the activity of current HIV latency-reversing agents being assessed in HIV cure studies.Keywords: antiviral, compounds, extracts, HIV-1, latency reversal, screening

Biodegradable biopolymers like polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) hold promise for sustainable packaging, but their inherent degradability reduces material stability. Synthetic stabilizers, though effective, raise environmental and potential toxicity concerns. This study explores a multifunctional natural anti-aging agent: a hemp extract rich in cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabichromene (CBC). PHB composites with varying hemp extract concentrations were prepared and subjected to thermooxidative and weathering aging. Characterization employed FTIR-ATR, carbonyl index, and spectrophotometry. Static mechanical properties, DSC, and surface free energy (SFE) were also assessed. Notably, the hemp extract exhibited stability under ambient conditions but showed migration with time and aging. The results suggest a plasticizing effect on PHB and highlight the contrasting roles of the extract: inhibiting thermooxidative aging while potentially accelerating aging under atmospheric conditions. This opens avenues for tailoring material durability, further evaluated by life cycle analysis (LCA). This work represents one of the first investigations into hemp extract as an anti-aging agent for eco-friendly polymers, expanding the knowledge base of natural multifunctional additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zanthoxylum bungeanum is native to China and is a traditional food seasoning and traditional Chinese medicine. It plays an important role in food processing and disease prevention. In this article, the research progress of Z. bungeanum and its extracts in recent years is illustrated, the active components, extraction methods of extracts and application in food processing are analyzed, and the physiological activity, extraction method, and application in food storage, condiment and other food of Z. bungeanum extracts are discussed, the Z. bungeanum and its extracts in the food industry are prospected.

The development of serum-free media (SFM) is critical to advance cell culture techniques used in viral vaccine production and address the ethical concerns and contamination risks associated with fetal bovine serum (FBS). This study evaluated the effects of marine microalgal extracts and growth factor cocktails on the activity of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Vero cells. Five marine microalgal species were used: Spirulina platensis (SP), Dunaliella salina (DS), Haematococcus pluvialis (HP), Nannochloropsis salina (NS), and Tetraselmis sp. (TS). DS and SP extracts significantly increased the proliferation rate of both MDCK and Vero cells. DS had a proliferation rate of 149.56% and 195.50% in MDCK and Vero cells, respectively, compared with that in serum-free medium (SFM). Notably, DS and SP extracts significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was 118.61% in MDCK cells and 130.08% in Vero cells for DS, and 108.72% in MDCK cells and 125.63% in Vero cells for SP, indicating a reduction in intracellular oxidative stress. Marine microalgal extracts, especially DS and SP, are feasible alternatives to FBS in cell culture as they promote cell proliferation, ensure safety, and supply essential nutrients while reducing oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is often planted directly after maize in fields following the maize harvest, and maize residues decompose in the soil by various biological factors, releasing phenolic compounds that affect the germination and growth of some crops planted with or after it. This research aimed to identify the effect of Zea mays leaf extract on seed germination physiological and anatomical features of Z. mays var. (Drachma, Mahali) and Triticum aestivum var. (Baraka, Abu Ghraib). The results showed Z. mays leaf extract stimulated some traits germination (100%) in Drachama at control, plumule length (7.8cm) in Abu-Graib, radicle length (11.6cm) in Baraka at 2%, fresh weight of plumule and radical (0.0113, 0.0148gm) respectively in Drachama at control. There was highest reduction germination (60%) in Drachama at 6% extract [plumule length (1.0)cm, radicle length (4.2cm), fresh weight of plumule (0.0052cm) in Mahali at 4%], fresh weight of radical (0.00026gm) in Abu-Graib at 6%. There was a difference in response in greenhouse experiments. Anatomical traits of the two corn cultivars differed at 2% and 4% concentrations. The highest increase in germination (96.7%) was in Baraka at 4%, shoot length (22.1cm) in Drachama at 4%, fresh weight of root (0.254gm) in Abu-Graib at 4%, [root length (44cm), fresh weight of root (0.052 gm) in Abu-Graib at 4%], the highest reduction in germination (80%) in Abu-Graib, dry weight of root (23gm) in Abu-Graib at 2%. Using HPLC, compounds tannic acid, gallic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid were identified from Z. mays L. extracts. The study will help to develop sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, to increase crop productivity and reduce reliance on chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as the pencil cactus or milk bush plant, is used as an alternative medicine. The current study evaluated the phytochemical contents, antibacterial, anticandidal, and antisporicidal potential of the E. tirucalli methanolic extract. The antibacterial and anticandidal activity of E. tirucalli methanolic extract was determined by performing a disc diffusion assay, MIC, MBC, and MCC. The sporicidal activity was tested at different concentrations of extract and exposure times. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and tannins in E. tirucalli methanolic extract. Results demonstrated inhibition zones of the extract against Gram-positive bacteria were in range of 22.00-7.00 mm. Meanwhile, inhibition zones of the extract against Gram-negative bacteria were in range of 13.00-7.00 mm. All bacteria were inhibited with MIC values at 1.56-25.0 mg/ml and can be completely killed with MBC values of 20-200 mg/ml. Inhibition zones of E. tirucalli methanolic extract against Candida spp. were in the range of 20.00-8.00 mm. All Candida spp. were inhibited with MIC values at 1.56-100.00 mg/ml and MBC values of 100-300 mg/ml. All concentrations of the extract inhibited all Bacillus spp. spores at different exposure times. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of E. tirucalli exhibits antibacterial, anticandidal, and sporicidal activities. The findings indicated that the methanolic extract of E. tirucalli has good potential for prospective nature-based antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): In this study, the adjuvant activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of propolis was examined on the inactivated herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Materials and Methods: BALB/C mice were administered with inactivated (HSV-1; the KOS strain) plus alcoholic and aqueous extracts, followed by assessment of the cellular and humoral immune responses. Results: Alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as an adjuvant, revealed a significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses versus the HSV-1 group. In addition, HSV-1 plus alcoholic extract showed a remarkable increase in IFN-γ cytokine and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. On the other hand, both alcoholic and aqueous extracts in the HSV-1 vaccine suppressed the IL-4 cytokine response as compared with the HSV-1 vaccine. In addition, HSV-1 plus alcoholic extract showed a significant increment in IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b isotypes as compared with the HSV-1 vaccine. Conclusion: Propolis extracts seem to modulate the immune response against inactivated HSV-1 model and can be used as a suitable vaccine adjuvant or a component of a complex adjuvant against infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provide updated data on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of original dry extracts from Lavandula angustifolia herb of Ukrainian origin. The aim - provide new data on the antimicrobial activity of original dry extracts of lavender herb of Ukrainian origin and their chemical composition.. Materials and methods. The objects of the study are dry extracts obtained from the lavender herb with purified water and ethanol solutions (40 and 70 %). The main biologically active substances (BAS) of the extracts were determined by the Thin-layer chromatography and Absorption spectrophotometry methods. The microbiological properties of the test samples of the investigated plant extracts were studied in vitro by the two-fold serial dilutions method. The ability of microorganisms to form a biofilm was determined by the method of adhesion to polystyrene in flat-bottomed plastic plates. The optical density of the initial bacterial suspension was measured on the Densi-La-Meter device, and the density of inoculated bacterial cells on the Multiskan EX photometer at a wavelength of 540 nm. The study of the antimicrobial activity of water and ethanol extracts of lavender herb in a wide range of concentrations was carried out by the agar diffusion method in the "wells" modification, which is commonly used in microbiological practice. Results. Water and water-ethanol extracts of lavender of Ukrainian origin were obtained. Terpenoids (linalool, linylyl acetate and traces of 1,8-cineol), flavonoids (hyperoside, isoquercitrin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic, chlo- rogenic acids) were identified in the extracts. The total content of phenolic compounds is 2.02-2.60 mg/g, flavonoids - 1.46-3.17 mg/g. The largest amount of BAS was extracted with 70 % ethanol. According to the results of experimental studies, the extracts of the lavender herb, obtained by extraction with a water-ethanol solution (40 and 70 % ethanol) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, have antimicrobial properties against a wide range of infectious agents (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans). Studies of the influence of test samples of lavender extracts at a concentration of 1 mg/ml on the ability of microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) to form biofilms demonstrated that the highest inhibitory activity against biofilm formation was found in the case of the action of test of a sample of phytoextract obtained by extraction with a water-ethanol solution (40 % ethanol), which accounted for S. aureus - 57.8 %, P. aeruginosa - 66.7 %. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial action was established for the tested lavender phytoextracts under the conditions of application of the concentration range of 10-60 fig/ml. The best spectrum of antimicrobial action and the highest activity corresponds to the lavender extract, obtained by extraction with 70 % ethanol, with the effect depending on the concentration. Conclusion. The lavender herb of Ukrainian origin is a promising and affordable source of potential antimicrobial active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Water-ethanol lavender extract (70 % ethanol), according to research results, has shown high antimicrobial and antifungal potential. According to preliminary data, antimicrobial activity correlates with the content of phenolic compounds. The obtained results may be useful for the search for original substances for the complex correction of symptoms of neurological deficits of infectious etiology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content of Oriental tobacco waste seeds, grown under organic production, and to evaluate their antioxidant activity by extraction with different solvents under different conditions. The extraction was performed with H2O, 99.9% CH3OH, 60% CH3OH, and 96% C2H5OH under maceration and ultrasonic extraction at 20°C and 40°C. All solvents were used in a volume of 4 mL, 5 mL, and 6 mL. The total phenolic content varied between 0.89 mg/g GAE (maceration; sample/solvent ratio 0.1g/5mL, C2H5OH) and 5.85 mg/g GAE (maceration; sample/solvent ratio 0.1g/6mL, C2H5OH). Ethanolic and 60% methanolic extracts had the highest antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH method; 60% methanolic and water extracts had the highest antioxidant activity as determined by the ABTS method; while methanolic and 60% methanolic extracts had the highest antioxidant activity as determined by the FRAP method. In addition, the content of nicotine in tobacco seed extract was not detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Because of widespread cultural approval. Strong acceptance by human body, and reduced occurrence of side effects, about 75-80% of the worldwide population, especially in less developed areas, continues to favor herbal remedies as their main option for fundamental healthcare. Herbal treatments comprise botanical or plant-based components and serve to address injuries, infections, and ailments. They are also employed for preventive health measures and to facilitate the recovery process. This research explored the possible therapeutic advantages of Zingiber officinale, commonly recognized as ginger, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substance with extensive culinary use. Numerous investigations have highlighted the advantages of ginger in managing conditions such as morning sickness, chronic dyspepsia, hypoglycemia, risk factors for heart disease, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and menstrual discomfort. Ginger ethanolic extract preparations in the form of transdermal gel consist of different concentrations and combinations of Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 940. All gel formulations exhibited favorable characteristics such as Spreadability, uniformity, Viscosity, and extrusion. Among these compositions, formulation F3, which contains Carbopol 934, displayed the highest release of the active ingredient in vitro and the ethanolic extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants provide a significant supply of natural compounds that can be used to develop new therapeutic medicines for treating severe illnesses including microbial infections. The genus Bambusa, which belongs to the Poaceae family, encompasses a vast and widely distributed collection of plants that possess a wide range of traditional uses in the treatment of various diseases. This study examined the ethanolic extracts of Bambusa tulda, along with its fractions such as ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, n-butanol, and water, to investigate their qualitative and quantitative phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. FTIR analysis of ethanolic powdered shoot extracts shows, presence of different functional groups including C-H, C-O, O-H and aromatic groups by showing stretching’s in different wavelengths. The extracts underwent testing to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against various strains of bacteria by using agar disc diffusion method and micro-dilution techniques to determine the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using the scavenging activity of DPPH radical methods. The extracts exhibited a robust positive connection between their antioxidant activity and the combined amounts of phenolics and flavonoids. The IC50 values of n-butanol, ethanol, water, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate fraction show in ascending order 10.77+0.24 μg/ml, 11.35+0.13 μg/ml, 13.36+0.11 μg/ml,13.93+0.71 μg/ml and14.25+ 0.27 μg/ml respectively. The extracts have been shown effective efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. However, it did not show any responses against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Escherichia coli exhibited greater susceptibility to the extracts compared to S. aureus, with the n-butanol fraction being the most potent extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This research aimed to produce water and ethanol extract of the medicinal mushroom Coriolus versicolor, to lyophilise the extracts and to determine the influence of the lyophilised extracts, as a complete substitute for the MSG additive, on the sensory properties of industrially produced dehydrated vegetable soup. Based on SEM analysis, it can be observed that there are differences in the microstructure between the water and ethanol extracts. In the water extract, a great heterogeneity is observed in terms of structural characteristics. Water extract showed identical antimicrobial activity (15.7 mm) against Enterococcus faecalis compared to tetracycline, while the ethanol extract had identical antimicrobial activity (14.0 mm) compared to chloramphenicol. Both extracts can be competitive (P < 0.05) with BHT in terms of capturing DPPH radicals. According to the results of the sensory analysis, it can be noted that all analysed soups were well received (quality <70%) by the evaluators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is high incidence of nosocomial in developing countries and the bacteria responsible are becoming more resistant to commercially available antibiotics, hence, the need for this research. Methods: Isolation and identification of microorganisms from different wards of Ilara-Mokin health centers was done using standard methods. The bacteria isolated were identified and subjected to susceptibility test using four extracts and standard antibiotics for comparative study. Results: A high bacterial load of 52.00 ± 3.46 cfu/ml obtained was from the toilet in maternity ward, while the least bacterial load of 2.67 ± 0.67 cfu/ml was obtained from the floor of the male ward. A total of twelve (12) bacteria were isolated and identified, while nine (9) fungi were equally isolated and identified. The susceptibility of the bacteria isolates to ethanol extracts of castor, garlic, beniseed and bitter cola showed that garlic extract is most effective on the isolates having the highest diameter of zone of inhibition, Bacillus licheniformis with a diameter of 18.20±2.05 mm. Conclusion: The garlic ethanol extract was the most effective on the isolates while Pseudomonas was the most unsusceptible to all the extracts. The extracts tested in this work comparatively exceeded the potency of antibiotics, however, the Gram-negative bacteria are not very susceptible to the extracts. Therefore, these extracts can be used in development of novel antibiotics, especially to help curb resistance of pathogenic microorganisms implicated in nosocomial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella are bacteria that cause numerous illnesses in humans and animals. In poultry farming, they cause major economic losses for farmers. In fact, during the poultry production cycle, poultry are frequently infected by Salmonella and are exposed to oxidative stress. To deal with these problems, farmers use antibiotics. Unfortunately, overuse of these molecules has led to resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of the leaves from Anogeissus leiocarpus in Salmonellosis induced in broiler chicks. For the experimental study, 4 batches of 25 broiler chicks each were produced, including : - Batch 1 : uncontaminated chicks not treated with plant extract (NC-NT). - Batch 2 : chicks contaminated and not treated with plant extract (C-NT). - Batch 3 : chicks contaminated and treated with plant extract (C-T. extr). -Batch 4 : chicks contaminated and treated only with a standard antibiotic, oxytetracycline (C-T.OTC). The aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus gave the best results compared with oxytetracycline. These include the significant improvement in average weight gain and biomarkers of oxidative stress. The results obtained from this study show that the aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Basil has various biological activities, and sufficient research on its extracts can help to clarify the main components that exert biological activity. Methods: Solvents with different polarities were used to extract the basil crude extract (CE), and the total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of extracts were measured. The compounds of extracts were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Their antioxidant and immune-enhanced activities were evaluated. Results: The CE and its four solvent fractions were obtained including petroleum ether extract (PE), ethyl acetate extract (EE), n-butanol extract (BE), and water extract (WE). Among them, BE had the highest TP and TF contents, followed by EE, and all five extracts contained maltol and arbutin. The BE and EE have better 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, while CE with less TP and TF contents showed better 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity than that of BE and EE. Besides, BE and EE also exert a better effect on relevant indicators of immunosuppressive mice than other extracts. Conclusion: The basil extracts (BE and EE), which have higher TP and TF contents, demonstrate better in vitro antioxidant activities and immune-enhancing effects on immunosuppressed mice. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of basil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was aimed to optimize the extraction technology of polyphenols from corn cob. The types of natural deep eutectic solvents for extraction were determined through screening experiments. Based on the results of single-factor experiments, the water content of the NADESs, liquid-to-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic temperature were set as variables, with the extraction yield of corn cob polyphenols as the response value, and the response surface method was employed to optimize the extraction process. The scavenging abilities of polyphenol extracts from the NADESs and 70% ethanol on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-trini-trophenylhydrazi-ne (DPPH) radicals and 2, 2-diazodi bis (3-ethylbenzothia-zole-6-sulfonic acid) diamine (ABTS) radicals was compared. The results showed that at a NADESs water content of 31%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 28 mL/g, an ultrasonic power of 350 W, and an ultrasonic temperature of 61 ℃, the extraction yield of corn cob polyphenols reached the highest level of 17.49 mg/g, and the antioxidant activity of the extracted product was stronger than that of the 70% ethanol extract. The study indicates that the extraction process of polyphenols from corn cob was stable and reliable, which can provide reference for the efficient extraction of polyphenols from corn cob. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis extracts from different types, concentrations, and extraction solvents and from different regions in Brazil. A total of 21 samples were analyzed, comprising 14 samples from Apis mellifera (12 green, 1 brown, and 1 red) and 7 samples from stingless bees (3 mandaçaia, 2 jataí, 1 hebora, and 1 tubuna). The analyses performed were dry extract, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). The antibacterial activity was performed by Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The results showed that very low levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity decreased the antimicrobial activity of the propolis extracts from tubuna and jataí. However, there was no correlation between the increase in propolis concentration in the extract, and the increase in antimicrobial activity. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity was obtained for green propolis extract made with 70% raw propolis that presented similar antibacterial activity to the samples formulated with 30% or less raw propolis. The aqueous propolis extract showed lower antimicrobial activity compared to the alcoholic extracts, indicating that ethanol is a better solvent for extracting the active compounds from propolis. It was observed that the MIC (0.06 to 0.2 mg/mL) and MBC (0.2 to 0.5 mg/mL) values for Gram-negative bacteria were higher compared to Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.001–0.2 mg/mL, and the MBC 0.02–0.5 mg/mL). The propolis extracts that exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities were from stingless bees hebora from the Distrito Federal (DF) and mandaçaia from Santa Catarina, showing comparable efficacy to samples 5, 6, and 7, which were the green propolis from the DF. Hence, these products can be considered an excellent source of bioactive compounds with the potential for utilization in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a complex syndrome characterized by multi-organ dysfunction, due to the presence of harmful microorganisms in blood which could cause mortality. Complications associated with sepsis involve multiple organ dysfunction. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains intricate, with limited treatment options and high mortality rates. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has consistently demonstrated to have a potential on various disease management. Its complements include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, regulating immune responses, and improving microcirculation. Traditional Chinese medicine can mitigate or even treat sepsis in a human system. This review examines progress on the use of TCM extracts for treating sepsis through different pharmacological action and its mechanisms. The potential targets of TCM extracts and active ingredients for the treatment of sepsis and its complications have been elucidated through molecular biology research, network pharmacology prediction, molecular docking analysis, and visualization analysis. Our aim is to provide a theoretical basis and empirical support for utilizing TCM in the treatment of sepsis and its complications while also serving as a reference for future research and development of sepsis drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caribbean shrub, Clinopodium vimineum, had its essential oil (EO) and hydroalcoholic extracts analyzed across three growth stages: vegetative, flowering, and post-flowering. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by GC/MS/FID and that of the extracts was studied by UHPLC/ESI-Q-Orbitrap-MS. Twenty six compounds (>0.1%) were detected in the EOs of C. vimineum. p-Menth-3-en-8-ol (35–40%) and pulegone (27–30%) were the major components. Among the hydroalcoholic extracts, hydroxycinnamic acids (18–46 mg/g) and glycosylated flavones (17–19 mg/g) were found. The amounts of rosmarinic acid (20–40 mg/g) in the extracts isolated from the hydrodistillation residual biomass were twice as high as those in the extracts from the fresh plant material. The antioxidant activity of the EOs and extracts was evaluated by the ABTS+• and ORAC assays. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the chemical composition or antioxidant activity of EOs and hydroalcoholic extracts, obtained from plants collected at different phenological stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wounds significantly affect people's quality of life and the clinical and financial burden of healthcare systems around the world. Many of the current drugs used to treat wounds have problems such as; allergies and drug resistance. Hence, the exploration of new therapeutic agents from natural origin may avert this problem. Clerodendrum myricoides have long been used to treat wounds in Ethiopia. Despite this, nothing has so far been reported about the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of C. myricoides. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of C. myricoides leaves in mice. Methods: Leaves of C. myricoides were extracted using the maceration technique. The extract was formulated as 5% and 10% w/w ointments. The wound healing activity of the extract was evaluated using excision, incision, and burn wound models whereas the healing activities of solvent fractions were evaluated using the excision wound model. A carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used for the anti-inflammatory test. Results: In the dermal toxicity test, 2000 mg/kg of 10% extract was found to be safe. In excision and burn wound models, treatment with 10% and 5% extract showed a significant (p<0.001) wound contraction. Solvent fractions of the extract significantly reduced wound contraction. A significant reduction in periods of epithelialization and favorable histopathology changes were shown by extract ointments. In incision wounds, 10% (p<0.001) and 5% (p<0.01) extracts significantly increase skin-breaking strength. After one hour of treatment, 400 mg/kg (p<0.001) and 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) showed significant reduction in paw edema. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that 80% methanol extract and the solvent fraction of the leaves of C. myricoides possess wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activity and support traditional claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A highly effective antibacterial wound dressing was developed in this investigation by developing a novel bioactive functional nanostructure. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) and Q.infectoria galls (QIG) were processed to obtain their respective extracts. The antibacterial properties of the individual EEP and QIG extracts and their combined effects were investigated. Based on the antibacterial test results, solutions containing polycaprolactone (PCL), PCL/EEP, PCL/QIG and PCL/EEP/QIG were prepared. These solutions were then used to fabricate nanobased mats through electrospinning. The resulting nanofibers were examined in terms of their physical, chemical and biological traits. In order to assess the wound healing capabilities, in vivo experiments were conducted, wherein the efficacy of the scaffolds in combating Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections on wounds was evaluated. Results: The nanoscale structure of the electrospun nanofibers was confirmed through FESEM analysis, while the successful integration of EEP and QIG in the PCL-based electrospun nanofiber was validated using FTIR. By including both EEP and QIG bioactive extracts in the nanofiber, improved antibacterial and antioxidant activities were achieved without compromising the viability of human fibroblast cells. The use of PCL/EEP/QIG dressings led to wound closure rates of 85% and 100% on the 5th and 15th day of treatment, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the combination of EEP and QIG extracts. Conclusions: The remarkable outcomes have presented encouraging prospects for using PCL/EEP/QIG as a highly effective wound dressing with antibacterial properties in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Craft beer and confectionery are highly developed industries that have sparked the boom in creating these products with nutritional benefits. For this reason, the feasibility of using functional extracts of craft beer to obtain sweet food derivatives has been analyzed. Objective: To obtain a confectionery product with the functional extract of craft beer, preserving its characteristics and intensifying its antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: Extraction techniques were applied on different types of craft beers (Belgian Tripel (m1), Ale (m2) and Wee Heavy (m2)), continued the identification of the profile of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities, jointly, applicability tests were used on the obtained products. Results and Discussion: It was demonstrated that functional extracts from craft beer can be applied to confectionery products, as they contained phenolic compounds (9,215 to 754 mg EAG/ L) and other antioxidants (2 to 13,719 µmol TE/mL), presenting nutritional benefits and even improving sensory properties. Conclusions: The implementation of functional extracts of craft beer in confectionery demonstrates product innovation, since these extracts apart from improving organoleptic characteristics, also provided antioxidant properties due to the phenolic compounds present. These applications open the way for the development of new additives to improve various products with little or no nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the efficacy of photodynamic activation (PDA) using herbal extract in combination with low-power laser treatment against both gram-positive (Streptococcus mutans) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The study explores the threats posed by these bacteria and highlights their resistance mechanisms. Various experiments, including colony formation assays, minimal inhibitory concentration tests, and bacterial viability assays, were conducted to assess the antibacterial effects of PDA in the presence and absence of laser irradiation. Additionally, spectroscopic analysis of the herbal extract was performed to elucidate their composition and potential synergistic interactions with PDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancratium maritimum is a species of bulbous plant that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family, it is among one of the most important alkaloidcontaining plant families. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of Pancratium maritimum extracts and their UHPLC-MS analysis. The total phenolic, tannins, and flavonoid content of Tunisian Pancratium maritimum aerial part methanolic extract were determined by colorimetric method. The phytochemicals in P.maritimum methanolic were identified using the UHPLC-MS method. The antioxidant activity was assessed using a DPPH assay. The antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated against a diverse array of pertinent pathogens using the broth dilution technique. This study showed the presence of alcaloids in methanolic extract as hordenine, lycorine and galanthamine, a strong antioxidant activity was recorded for P.maritimum methanolic extract with a DPPH inhibition of (86.7%). The alkaloid fraction exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.125 to 2 mg/mL. Furthermore, it demonstrated significant anticandidal activity against Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis, with MIC values ranging from 0.031 to 0.125 mg/mL. P.maritimum extracts have the potential to be utilized for controlling bacterial biofilms in food and food-related situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants are compounds in fruits, vegetables and spices capable of preventing free radical-induced chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular diseases. The peels and seeds of fruits have found applications as sources of medicine for various ailments in traditional medicine. This study evaluated selected phytochemicals and antioxidant activities in some fruits, fruit peels, seeds, vegetables and spices. Standard methods were used to determine the phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids in the aqueous extracts of the tested samples. Antioxidant activities (DPPH and NO scavenging) were assayed by spectroscopy. All the extracts tested have varying concentrations of selected phytochemicals. The antioxidant activity of the extracts in respect to DPPH radical and nitric oxide scavenging ranged from moderate to good antioxidant activity (IC50 9 – 70 μg/mL). Tamarindus indica nutraceutical extracts exhibited a high degree of antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 9.17 μg/mL and 80.80 ± 0.28 % DPPH inhibition), and recorded high total flavonoid contents (72.79 ± 0.34 mg/g QE) than all the tested extracts. Mixtures of samples used to formulate nutraceutical extracts indicated some degree of radical scavenging activities in the order: TGT > Ascorbic acid > AvoG > POG > DGT > BSG > T-refresh > P-refresh for DPPH and T-refresh > P-refresh > DGT > Ascorbic acid > POG > BSG > TGT > AvoG for NO scavenging activities in the tested extracts. Further study to optimize extraction and nutraceutical potency with respect to other physiochemical properties of nutraceutical agents is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of Anchusa officinalis L. in vitro and in silico. The dried aerial parts of A. officinalis L. were extracted with methanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was analyzed. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects were tested against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 10 phytochemical compounds, and cyclobutane (26.07%) was identified as the major photochemical compound. The methanol extract exhibited the maximum amount of total phenolic content (118.24 ± 4.42 mg QE/g dry weight of the dry extract) (R2 = 0.994) and the total flavonoid content was 94 ± 2.34 mg QE/g dry weight of the dry extract (R2 = 0.999). The IC50 value for 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid was 107.12 ± 3.42 μg/mL, and it was high for 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (123.94 ± 2.31 μg/mL). The IC50 value was 72.49 ± 3.14 against HepG2 cell lines, and a decreased value was obtained (102.54 ± 4.17 g/mL) against MCF‐7 cell lines. The methanol extract increased the expression of caspase mRNA and Bax mRNA levels when compared to the control experiment (p <.05). The conclusions, A. officinalis L. aerial parts extract exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Significance statement: The aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. were obtained and extracted with methanol.The chemical composition of aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract and its antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities were determined.The GC–MS/FID analysis showed that aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract is an excellent source of curcu hydroquinone and 2,5‐dimethyl‐5‐nitrohexanal.Aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract preferentially promoted apoptosis in MCF‐7 and HepG2 cells.The findings demonstrated that aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. extract have powerful cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, and minimize the risk of developing complex diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different extracting solvents could affect the metabolite profile in Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSl). • MeOH and AcOH extracts of FSI displayed higher yields and stronger antioxidant activity, while EtOH and EA extracts showed greater antibacterial capabilities. • Metabolite profiling of FSl extracts by UHPLC-QE-MS. Flos Sophorae immaturus (FSI), the flower bud of the leguminous plant Sophora japonica L., is a traditional medicinal herb widely used for blood pressure reduction and as a food source. The composition and concentration of metabolites in FSI can vary with the use of different extraction solvents, making it crucial to assess an effective extraction solvent with high bioactivity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of five extraction solvents - water, EtOH (ethanol), MeOH (methanol), AcOH (acetic acid), and EA (ethyl acetate) – applied to FSI. The functional role of FSI in antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was explored. Additionally, we analyzed the differences in bioactive components of FSI extracts from the five solvents using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Q Exactive-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS). Results indicate that AcOH yielded the highest extraction rate (51.34 ± 0.38 %), while EA had the lowest yield (6.07 ± 0.17 %). The total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and DPPH radical scavenging ability of the MeOH extract were significantly higher than those of other solvent extracts (P < 0.05). The impact of different solvents on total phenolic content (TPC) and ·OH radical scavenging rate of FSI extracts followed a similar trend, with AcOH > MeOH > EtOH > water > EA. UHPLC-QE-MS analysis revealed differences in composition and content of the extracts among the five solvents, mainly in flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, vitamins, steroids, and lignans. EtOH and EA extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , showing a dependence on mass and concentration. None of the extracts were inhibitory against Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Overall, MeOH and AcOH extracts of FSI displayed higher yields and stronger antioxidant activity, while EtOH and EA extracts showed greater antibacterial capabilities compared to other solvents. These findings may contribute to further research on the commercial prospects of FSI in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has increasingly become a worldwide epidemic, as demonstrated by epidemiological and clinical studies. Obesity may lead to the development of a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. In addition to hypertension, there are other cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) such as visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, elevated levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, and others, all of which increase the risk of CVD events. The mechanisms involved between obesity and CVD mainly include insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and adipokine dysregulation, which cause maladaptive structural and functional alterations of the heart, particularly left-ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Natural products of plants provide a diversity of nutrients and different bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, minerals, fibers, and others, which possess a wide range of biological activities including antihypertensive, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and other activities, thus conferring cardiometabolic benefits. In this review, we discuss the main therapeutic interventions using extracts from herbs and plants in preclinical and clinical trials with protective properties targeting CRFs. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of herb and plant extracts for the prevention and treatment of CRFs are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present study examined whether extracts of hemp leaves were toxic to Aedes aegypti larvae and determined which compound(s) were responsible for the toxicity. We found that larvae, from both insecticide-resistant and -susceptible strains were killed by hemp leaf extract within 48 h of exposure. Furthermore, we found that an abundant cannabinoid (cannabidiol) within the extract was the primary active compound. This study suggests that hemp extracts and cannabidiol are potentially valuable sources for developing biopesticides to control mosquitoes. To mitigate pyrethroid resistance in mosquito vectors of emerging and re-emerging human pathogens, there is an urgent need to discover insecticides with novel modes of action. Natural alternatives, such as extracts derived from plants, may serve as substitutes for traditional synthetic insecticides if they prove to be sustainable, cost-effective, and safe for non-target organisms. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a sustainable plant known to produce various secondary metabolites with insecticidal properties, including terpenoids and flavonoids. The goal of this study was to assess the larvicidal activity of hemp leaf extract on mosquito larvae from both pyrethroid-susceptible (PS) and pyrethroid-resistant (PR) strains of Aedes aegypti. Another goal was to identify which components of the extract were responsible for any observed larvicidal activity. We found that a methanol extract of hemp leaves induced similar concentration-dependent larvicidal activity against PS (LC50: 4.4 ppm) and PR (LC50: 4.3 ppm) strains within 48 h. Partitioning of the leaf extract between methanol and hexane fractions revealed that full larvicidal activity was restricted to the methanol fraction. Analysis of this fraction by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance showed it to be dominated by cannabidiol (CBD). Larvicidal assays using authentic CBD confirmed this compound was primarily responsible for the toxicity of the hemp leaf extract against both strains. We conclude that hemp leaf extracts and CBD have the potential to serve as viable sources for the development of novel mosquito larvicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]