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Anxiety is being increasingly linked to circadian rhythms, including chronotype, in addition to its intricate links with sleep quality. Emotional competence is thought to be a strong predictor of wellbeing and mental health. This study aimed to examine whether a combination of chronotype, sleep quality, and intrapersonal emotional competence can predict anxiety in emerging adults (aged 18–29), who have the greatest prevalence of adult anxiety. One hundred and seventeen participants completed self-report measures of chronotype, sleep quality, emotional competence, and anxiety. A multiple linear regression, with anxiety as the criterion variable, showed that while all predictors were significant, sleep quality was the strongest predictor of anxiety. A later chronotype, poorer sleep quality and lower intrapersonal emotional competence were related to higher anxiety. Thus, integrating intrapersonal emotional competence and chronotype considerations into interventions may address the interplay between sleep quality and anxiety in emerging adults more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cognitive and affective impacts of video games are subjects of ongoing debate, with recent research recognizing their potential benefits. This study employs the Gaming Skill Questionnaire (GSQ) to evaluate participants' gaming skills across six genres and overall proficiency. A total of 88 individuals aged 20–40 participated, completing assessments of empathy and six cognitive abilities: verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, visuospatial short-term memory, visuospatial working memory, psychomotor speed (hand–eye coordination), and attention. Participants' cognitive abilities were examined using the Digit Span Test, Corsi Block Test, and Deary–Liewald Reaction Time Task, while empathy was assessed using the Empathy Quotient Questionnaire. Findings indicate that higher levels of videogaming proficiency are linked to improvements in visuospatial short-term and working memory, psychomotor speed, and attention. Specific genres enhanced particular skills: RPGs were positively associated with both verbal working memory and visuospatial short-term memory, but were negatively associated with empathy; action games improved psychomotor speed and attention; and puzzle games showed a positive relationship with visuospatial working memory. These results add to ongoing research on the cognitive and affective effects of video games, suggesting their potential to enhance specific cognitive functions. They also highlight the complex relationship between video games and empathy. Future research should explore the long-term impacts and genre-specific effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Suicidality in young adults is a serious and growing clinical and social problem. The theory of psychosocial ego development assumes that identity and intimacy are two key factors for adaptation and vulnerability in early adulthood. The aim of the present study was to test whether psychosocial identity and intimacy are related to suicidality in young adults, even when controlling for confounding variables (depressive symptoms, sex, age, health and economic assessment, religious commitment, and pandemic-related distress). Method: Respondents aged 18–25 (n = 607) completed the Identity-Confusion and Intimacy-Isolation subscales from the Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory, as well as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised and answered questions about the pandemic-related distress and various sociodemographic factors. Results: At the level of bivariate analyses, both identity and intimacy were negatively associated with suicidal risk in the overall sample and with the frequency of suicidal ideation in the suicide risk subsample (n = 242). Weaker identity, but not intimacy, was associated with belonging to a suicide risk group in multivariable logistic regression. Moreover, ordinal regression showed that, in the subgroup with suicide risk, identity was negatively associated with the frequency of suicidal thoughts. Conclusions: Identity is a negative correlate of suicidality in young adults. Identity-focused therapy may be a promising target for intervention in suicidal young adults. HIGHLIGHTS: Identity is negatively associated with suicide risk in young adults. This relationship is significant even when controlling for confounders, The association of intimacy with suicide risk was not significant after adjusting for control variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher levels of social capital (SC) are associated with better health status. However, there is little evidence of the impact of SC on biological health outcomes in the early ages. To identify the association between SC in adolescence and inflammation levels in early adulthood. Prospective study using data from 2435 participants from the Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto cohort. SC was assessed at age 17 through a self‐administered questionnaire, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and leucocytes were measured in a fasting blood sample at 17 and 21 years‐old. A principal components analysis was performed to identify the domains of SC. Simple linear regressions were performed to assess the association between SC components and inflammatory status at 17 and 21 years old. Pathway analysis was performed to assess the direct, indirect, and total effects of SC on hs‐CRP and leucocyte levels. We did not find a significant total effect between SC at 17 years‐old and hs‐CRP at 21 years‐old. However, the Trust/Reciprocity dimension showed a significant direct effect between SC and hs‐CRP levels at 21 (β = −0.065, 95% CI: −0.129; −0.001), as well as a significant total effect (β = −0.075, 95% CI: −0.139; −0.011). Regarding leucocyte levels, total SC at 17 years‐old was associated with leucocytes levels at 21 (β = −0.115, 95% CI: −0.205; −0.024). Significant direct (β = −0.104, 95% CI: −0.194; −0.014) and total effect (β = −0.107, 95% CI: −0.199; −0.015) of Trust/Reciprocity on leucocyte levels were observed. Adolescents with higher SC have a low inflammatory level in early adulthood, especially those with greater levels of trust/reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental crisis in early adulthood, often referred to as the Quarter-Life Crisis, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Although widely discussed in mass media and popular writings, there is a lack of a well-established psychological scale to measure this crisis in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Indonesian adaptation of the Developmental Crisis Questionnaire (DCQ-12) developed by Petrov et al. (2022) for assessing early adulthood developmental crises. The DCQ-12 instrument consists of twelve statements divided into three factors: Disconnection and Distress, Lack of Clarity and Control, and Transition and Turning Point. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) are used in the test. This research involves 300 Indonesian early adult participants (mean age = 31.81 years, SD = 6.72, 90% female) for EFA testing and 248 participants (mean age = 25.2 years, SD = 5.32, 78.2% female) for CFA testing. The results indicate that the three-factor structure of the ten items of the Indonesian version of the DCQ has psychometric properties classified as "acceptable fit," making it suitable for research on developmental crises in early adult individuals. Future research should explore the psychometric properties of this instrument in other population groups, such as middle-aged and older adults, and consider implications for interventions or support programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the article presents results of the study of characteristics of childparent relations among women convicted of drug trafficking serving sentences in a correctional facility in their early adulthood. Knowledge of these features is necessary for penitentiary psychologists, since resolution of family crises is the leading task of the period of the greatest sensitivity of convicted women. A positive resolution of the crisis of the appropriate age period is the key to healthy development of the convict’s personality in the future. The study is important for building socio-psychological forecasts, developing psychotherapeutic practice and improving effectiveness of training specialists. Methods: the Parental Attitude Research Instrument by E. Schaefer and R. Bell as adapted by T.V. Neshcheret and the “Kinetic Family Drawing” by R. Burns and S. Kaufman were applied in the empirical study, primary statistics and the nonparametric statistical MannWhitney U-test were used as mathematical methods of data processing and analysis. Results: women aged 21–25 convicted of drug trafficking have excessive emotional distance in child-parent relationships, increased optimism and fantasy. In the same category of convicted women, passivity, rigidity and reduced emotional significance prevail in child-parent relationships. Women aged 26–35 convicted of drug trafficking are characterized by a decrease in the severity of features characteristic of the age of early adulthood. They are more characterized by balance, conflict-free attitude, and a desire for an open discussion of family, in particular, child-parent problems. In relation to children, the manifestation of strictness and the desire to develop the child’s activity is less pronounced. Conclusion: in the child-parent relations of women of early and middle maturity convicted of drug trafficking, there are features that should be taken into account when planning and implementing psychological corrective action in correctional facilities and institutions that execute criminal penalties without isolation from society.

Introduction: At present, the incidence of adolescent depression is increasing each year, having a wide and profound impact on adolescents. This study investigated the mood state of mid-to-late adolescents and young adults and analyzed related factors; clarified the incidence of depression, suicide, and self-injurious thoughts/behaviors in this population; and conducted relevant analysis of related factors of depression and anxiety. Methods: Study subjects were students aged 14-25 years, from three high schools and one university in Liaoning Province. Study subjects were evaluated using several questionnaires that combined online and offline methods. Specifically, the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the Chinese version of the Spence Child Anxiety Scale (SCAS), and a general questionnaire were utilized. Single-factor ANOVA, t-test, Chi-square, and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that, among the 14-17-year-old subjects, the incidence of depression was 336 (14.7%), the incidence of anxiety was 763 (33.5%). Among the 18-25-year-old subjects, the incidence of depression was 34 (8.6%), the incidence of anxiety was 7 (1.8%). In the general questionnaire, 2081 (77.8%) individuals were depressed, 689 (25.8%) had thoughts of self-injury, and 323 (12.1%) had self-injurious behaviors. Among the 14-17-year-old subjects, 1789 (78.46%) were depressed, 689 (30.22%) had self-injury thoughts, and 319 (1.71%) had self-injurious behaviors. Among the 18-25-year-old subjects, 292 (73.92%) were depressed, but 4 (1.01%) had self-injurious behaviors. The incidence of depression and anxiety in adolescents is high, presenting with a certain risk of self-injury. However, age is an important factor in the occurrence of depression and anxiety; among the 18-25-year-old subjects, the incidence of depression (8.6% vs. 4.7%) and anxiety (1.8% vs. 33.5%) was lower than that among the 14-17-year-old population. Through comparative analysis, adolescents aged 14-17 remained at high risk of depression and anxiety. Discussion: In the analysis of risk factors for depression and anxiety, relationships with classmates, teachers, and parents were reported as important influencing factors of emotional state. Further, a good coping style was found to be protective against depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explores the relationship between financial socialization agents and financial well‐being in early adulthood and the mediating role of financial capability. Background: The family financial socialization theory provides a foundation for delineating the financial socialization process and outcomes in a family context. However, few studies have examined financial socialization experiences within a social context and their differential impacts on financial well‐being mediated by young adults' financial capability. Method: This study used a sample of Koreans aged 25–39 years gathered from an online survey conducted in 2021 (N = 1,599). Linear regressions were used to estimate the associations between financial socialization agents and financial well‐being, and the mediating roles of financial capability factors. Results: The findings indicate that financial socialization from observing parental financial behavior was positively related to young adults' financial well‐being. Other socialization agents—including peers, media, and school—were generally uncorrelated with financial well‐being. Further analyses showed that financial capability was a mediator between observing parental financial behavior and financial well‐being. Conclusion: Young Korean adults who learned personal finance by observing their parents had higher financial well‐being. Part of this effect was due to the improved financial behavior learned through the socialization process. Implications: The path to financial well‐being begins with experiential learning within a family context in early adulthood through improved financial behavior. Our findings call for greater attention to children who might be excluded from the benefits of family‐oriented financial socialization through observing parents' financial behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between childhood bullying victimisation and mental health problems in adulthood has been consistently reported in the literature. Previous studies used both retrospective and prospective reports to measure bullying victimisation. However, there could be biases in both reports. We aimed to assess agreement between prospective and retrospective reports of childhood bullying victimisation, to compare their associations with mental health in early adulthood, and to examine the associations of consistent prospectively and retrospectively reported bullying victimisation with adult mental health. Data were from the prospective Bavarian Longitudinal Study of neonatal at-risk children and term-born controls recruited at birth. 489 participants were followed from birth to age 26 (mean [SD]: 26.4 [0.8] years). Adult mental health was assessed using both the Achenbach Young Adult Self-Report (YSR) and standardised diagnostic interviews. Childhood bullying victimisation was prospectively reported by participants and parents at age 13 and retrospectively self-reported at age 26. We showed that the agreement between retrospective and prospective self-reports of bullying victimisation was fair (Kappa 0.30) with only slight agreement (Kappa 0.18) when compared with prospective parent-reports. Both prospectively and retrospectively self-reported bullying victimisation was associated with poor mental health. Retrospective reports tended to produce stronger associations. Participants who reported being bullied both retrospectively and prospectively had a particularly elevated risk for mental health problems. In conclusion, prospective and retrospective reports capture partly different individuals with exposure to bullying victimisation. Exposure to bullying victimisation, whether it was retrospectively or prospectively self-reported, was associated with an increased risk for mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common mental disorder that often begins in adolescence or early adulthood and is characterized by widespread and persistent anxiety. Partial sleep deprivation (PSD) is an important risk factor for GAD development and a common comorbidity. Adolescence is a period of rapid brain and nervous system development, and during this time, the occurrence of GAD can lead to neurocognitive deficits, such as impaired attention, cognitive control, and attention bias, that significantly affect cognitive function. However, relatively little research has been conducted on GAD comorbid with PSD in early adulthood compared with other psychiatric disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating GAD and sleep disorders, but the mechanism of how acupuncture modulates neurocognitive processing in patients with GAD comorbid with PSD has not been clarified.Methods/designIn this randomized clinical trial, a total of 56 participants diagnosed with GAD comorbid with naturally occurring PSD and 28 healthy controls (HCs) will be recruited. The participants diagnosed with GAD comorbid with PSD will be randomly assigned to either the acupuncture group or the sham acupuncture group at a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome measure is the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Secondary outcome measures are the Sleep Deprivation Index (SDI), the Self-Assessment Scale for Anxiety (SAS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Additionally, three psychological paradigms (the attentional network test, psychomotor vigilance test, and emotional face Go/No-go) and event-related potential (ERP) data. Healthy volunteers will not undergo acupuncture but will instead participate in baseline assessments for the scales, mental paradigms, and ERP data. Acupuncture and sham acupuncture interventions will be conducted for 30 min, three times a week, over a 2-week period. Evaluations will be performed at zero weeks (baseline), 1 week, and 2 weeks, with the data enumerator, outcome assessor, and participant blinded to the treatment assignment.DiscussionThis study contributes to the exploration of the effects of acupuncture on improving anxiety symptoms and cognitive functions in individuals with comorbid GAD and PSD.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR2400082221. Registered March 25, 2024.

Abstract Background In cases of adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders, despite the importance of the patients’ relationship with their parents, conflict and confusion frequently occur among them. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a present-focused psychotherapy that emphasizes the interpersonal context of symptoms. We developed a remote family education and support program exclusively for parents of patients with eating disorders, based on the principle of IPT. The use of IPT is expected to reduce conflicts in the patient-parent relationship. Consequently, parents will be better able to listen to patients, and patients will be better able to express their thoughts and desires. In this study, we describe the protocol for a randomized controlled trial designed to examine the effectiveness of this program in promoting effective communication in their home based on active listening skills of parents of patients with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders. Methods Participants will be parents of patients aged 12–29 years with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders. Individually randomized, parallel-group trial design will be employed. Seventy participants will be allocated to one of two treatment conditions: (1) remote family education and support program (four, 150 min weekly group sessions) for parents plus treatment-as-usual for patients (consultation by physicians or no treatment), or (2) waiting for the control condition (parents will wait to start the program for 8 weeks) plus treatment-as-usual for patients. The primary outcome measure will be parents’ active listening ability as measured by the Active Listening Attitude Scale at 8 weeks after randomization. Additionally, perception of social support (Social Provision Scale-10 item), loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale), mental health status (K6), family function (Family Assessment Device), and parent-evaluated eating disorder symptoms (Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale) will be assessed. Data from the intention-to-treat sample will be analyzed 8 weeks after randomization. Discussion This is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of a family education and support program for parents of patients with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders based on IPT. If this type of intervention is effective, although indirect, it could be a new support method for this patient population. Trial registration: Clinical Trials. gov ID NCT05840614.

Background: In cases of adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders, despite the importance of the patients' relationship with their parents, conflict and confusion frequently occur among them. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a present-focused psychotherapy that emphasizes the interpersonal context of symptoms. We developed a remote family education and support program exclusively for parents of patients with eating disorders, based on the principle of IPT. The use of IPT is expected to reduce conflicts in the patient-parent relationship. Consequently, parents will be better able to listen to patients, and patients will be better able to express their thoughts and desires. In this study, we describe the protocol for a randomized controlled trial designed to examine the effectiveness of this program in promoting effective communication in their home based on active listening skills of parents of patients with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders. Methods: Participants will be parents of patients aged 12–29 years with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders. Individually randomized, parallel-group trial design will be employed. Seventy participants will be allocated to one of two treatment conditions: (1) remote family education and support program (four, 150 min weekly group sessions) for parents plus treatment-as-usual for patients (consultation by physicians or no treatment), or (2) waiting for the control condition (parents will wait to start the program for 8 weeks) plus treatment-as-usual for patients. The primary outcome measure will be parents' active listening ability as measured by the Active Listening Attitude Scale at 8 weeks after randomization. Additionally, perception of social support (Social Provision Scale-10 item), loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale), mental health status (K6), family function (Family Assessment Device), and parent-evaluated eating disorder symptoms (Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale) will be assessed. Data from the intention-to-treat sample will be analyzed 8 weeks after randomization. Discussion: This is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of a family education and support program for parents of patients with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders based on IPT. If this type of intervention is effective, although indirect, it could be a new support method for this patient population. Trial registration: Clinical Trials. gov ID NCT05840614. Plain English summary: For patients with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders, although the relationship with their parents is an important interpersonal dynamic, conflicts and confusion often arise between patients and their parents. On the other hand, parents who live with individuals with eating disorders are frequently involved in interpersonal disputes, leading to a heavy psychological burden and elevated levels of depression and anxiety. It has been found that highly depressed or anxious parents tend to have difficulty listening carefully to their patients. Additionally, parental anxiety often promotes an overprotective response. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a present-focused psychotherapy that emphasizes the interpersonal context of symptoms. In IPT, the patient and therapist work within interpersonal therapeutic domains, such as interpersonal role disputes with different expectations and role transitions. We developed a remote family education and support program exclusively for parents of patients with eating disorders based on IPT principles. In the present study, we describe the protocol for a randomized controlled trial designed to examine the effectiveness of this program in promoting effective communication within their homes, focusing on the active listening skills of parents of patients with adolescent and early adulthood eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the relationship between youth incarceration in adult correctional facilities and mental health in early adulthood. We analyzed nationally representative data from 1997 through 2019 (N = 8,961) using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. An ordinary least squares regression model using inverse probability weights was used to assess the influence of youth incarceration in an adult facility on average mental health scores from age 18 to 37. Respondents incarcerated in an adult facility as a youth had poorer average mental health than those not held in adult prisons or jails over the course of the study period. Those incarcerated for longer in adult facilities also exhibited more mental health symptoms. Young people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities experience poorer long-term mental health related to depression and anxiety in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying has long-lasting consequences for mental and physical health as well as relationships, but little is known about how bullying experiences at school-age impact social behaviors–and particularly social attachment–in adulthood. This qualitative study investigates the relationship between experiencing school bullying and social attachment patterns in early adulthood. The analysis comprises a retrospective study of young adults in Poland (n = 20) who were interviewed to investigate possible connections between their peer bullying experiences and current social lives. The findings reveal three major social attachment patterns in adulthood: social cushioning, anxious withdrawal, and desperate friendship-seeking. In the first pattern, a person acquires emotional and social security through attachment to a small peer circle. In the second, a young adult prefers solitude or limited social contact to avoid further negative experiences. In the third, a person seeks to be socially recovered and approved despite multiple failures and rejections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Reduced lung function in early adulthood is associated with future risks to health outcomes that have not been fully explored by gender. We investigated gender-specific relationships between lung function and extrapulmonary variables, assessing their potential as screening markers for respiratory dysfunction in young adults. (2) Methods: The participants were 151 medical students. Clinical data, handgrip strength (HS); body composition parameters such as skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), whole-body phase angle (WBPhA), and bone mineral content (BMC); and pulmonary function variables, vital capacity (VC), forced VC (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), were measured. (3) Results: FEV1 was significantly correlated with BMI, SMI, WBPhA, BMC, and both left and right HS (p < 0.0001, respectively) across all participants. According to gender, FEV1 had the strongest positive association with left HS in males (p < 0.0001) and BMC in females (p < 0.0001). The area under the curve for detecting the bottom quartile of FEV1 was 0.705 (cut-off 41.0 kg, sensitivity 91%) for left HS in males and 0.742 (cut-off 2.11 kg, sensitivity 81%) for BMC in females. (4) Conclusions: Gender-specific relationships between intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary factors such as left HS and BMC could be useful for screening suspected respiratory dysfunction in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is well documented that grandchildren benefit from strong, positive relationships with grandparents, less is known about the influence of these relationships as individuals establish their lives in early adulthood. Further, how this impact varies based on grandparent type (i.e., whether grandparents take on a "traditional" non-caregiving or "custodial" caregiving role) has not been investigated, despite the growing number of youth raised, at least in part, by their grandparents. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, this study explores the influence of grandparent type during childhood on life satisfaction, perceived relationship quality, and life building in early adulthood. Descriptive and comparative analyses of survey data captured in the quantitative strand (N = 94) informed the subsample that completed semi-structured interviews in the emphasized qualitative strand (N = 9). The integrated findings revealed that past and present grandparent relationships remain salient in early adulthood, though the context and substance of these relationships is often nuanced with shifts over time and across individuals. Despite the importance of context, we failed to observe significant differences in life satisfaction or perceived relationship quality by grandparent type. Taken together, the findings suggest the substance of the relationship, more so than the structure, may be impactful for individuals building their life and reflecting on their values in early adulthood. In addition to elucidating areas for continued exploration, this work highlights the need for researchers and practitioners to consider variation in family structure when designing research and developing supports to reinforce positive, mutually beneficial grandparent–grandchild relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altruistic behavior is a conduct that prioritizes the interests of others to alleviate their suffering and enhance well-being without expecting any reward for the actions taken. There are still unanswered questions from previous research regarding the motivations that underlie altruistic behavior in disaster relief volunteers. This study aims to explore and delve into the motivations behind altruistic behavior in Indonesian Red Cross volunteers. The phenomenological approach is employed in this research, using semi-structured interviews to gather data. The study participants are individuals aged 18 to 25 who are actively involved as Indonesian Red Cross volunteers in the city of Surakarta. The results of the research indicate that the motivations driving altruistic behavior include the desire to help others, a calling for humanity service to God, enrichment of social interaction, and the influence of family or circumstances. Further discussion is elaborated in this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farah Fadilah Hasyim,1 Hari Setyowibowo,2 Fredrick Dermawan Purba2 1Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Farah Fadilah Hasyim, Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, Tel +62895803776130, Email farah22009@mail.unpad.ac.idAbstract: In this review, the causes of the Quarter Life Crisis, a prevalent phenomenon in emerging adulthood, was evaluated. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was used for this research’s systematic review. We browsed a variety of academic studies that had been published in English language, published in PubMed, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, and Semantic Scholars that examine quarter life crisis. The literature search generated a total of 3100 publications. After removing duplicates and screening titles, abstracts, and full-text evaluation, there were 14 articles were included in the final analysis. The results were validated and examined. There were internal and external factors impacting quarter life crisis. The most powerful internal influences were commitment to purpose, spirituality, and anxiety. Meanwhile, social support, age, and gender were the most important external influences.Keywords: quarter life crisis, early adulthood, systematic literature review

Purpose We aimed to investigate the association of birth weight with the risk of diabetes mellitus in adolescence and early adulthood in the Indonesian population. Methods This study analyzed data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal study of the Indonesian population with repeated measurements at 3 time points (1997, 2007, and 2014). The subjects observed were children aged 0–59 months in 1997, who were 10–15 years old in 2007, and 17–22 years in 2014. We performed a generalized linear model to investigate the association between birth weight at baseline and the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at the 2 follow-up periods. We adjusted the association for the characteristics of the children, parents, and household. Results The mean±standard deviation level of HbA1c was 7.35%±0.95% in 2007 and decreased to 5.30%±0.85% in 2014. The crude β (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between birth weight and HbA1c was 0.150 (-0.076, 0.377) in 2007 and 0.146 (-0.060, 0.351) in 2014. After adjustment for the sociodemographic characteristics of the children, parents, and confounding factors, the adjusted β (95% CI) was 1.12 (0.40–1.85) in 2007 and 0.92 (0.35–1.48) in 2014. The HbA1c of the parents, father’s employment status, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight were the covariates that had significant associations with HbA1c. Conclusions HbA1c level was higher in adolescence than in early adulthood. Birth weight was associated with HbA1c level in both periods. The HbA1c of the parents, father’s employment, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight partly explained the association between birth weight and the HbA1c level.

Brandon Huy Pham,1 Gunay Uludag,2 Doan Luong Hien,2 Ngoc Trong Tuong Than,2 Jaclyn Joyce Hwang,2 Amir Akhavanrezayat,2 Wataru Matsumiya,2 Sherin Lajevardi,2 Jonathan Regenold,2 Muhammad Sohail Halim,2 Quan Dong Nguyen2 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; 2Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USACorrespondence: Quan Dong Nguyen, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, 2370 Watson Court, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA, Tel +1 650-725-7245, Email ndquan@stanford.eduPurpose: We describe the course of a patient diagnosed with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) in early adulthood and summarize clinical findings from similar BSCR patients reported in the literature.Observations: A 37-year-old male presented to our tertiary uveitis facility with bilateral ocular discomfort, hazy vision, and floaters. Ocular examination was notable for vitritis, optic disc edema, and ovoid hypopigmented chorioretinal lesions, visible on indocyanine green chorioangiography as multiple hypocyanescent spots in the intermediate phase. Full-field electroretinography and visual evoked potential showed global retinal dysfunction and optic nerve dysfunction. Laboratory evaluations were notable only for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A29 positivity. The patient was diagnosed with BSCR and started on oral prednisone and eventually managed with infliximab.Conclusions and Importance: BSCR can affect patients in early adulthood. Proper diagnostic work-up, including assessing HLA-A29 positivity, is needed to manage atypical cases.Keywords: birdshot chorioretinopathy, early adulthood, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A29

The cognitive and affective impacts of video games are subjects of ongoing debate, with recent research recognizing their potential benefits. This study employs the Gaming Skill Questionnaire (GSQ) to evaluate participants’ gaming skills across six genres and overall proficiency. A total of 88 individuals aged 20–40 participated, completing assessments of empathy and six cognitive abilities: verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, visuospatial short-term memory, visuospatial working memory, psychomotor speed (hand–eye coordination), and attention. Participants’ cognitive abilities were examined using the Digit Span Test, Corsi Block Test, and Deary–Liewald Reaction Time Task, while empathy was assessed using the Empathy Quotient Questionnaire. Findings indicate that higher levels of videogaming proficiency are linked to improvements in visuospatial short-term and working memory, psychomotor speed, and attention. Specific genres enhanced particular skills: RPGs were positively associated with both verbal working memory and visuospatial short-term memory, but were negatively associated with empathy; action games improved psychomotor speed and attention; and puzzle games showed a positive relationship with visuospatial working memory. These results add to ongoing research on the cognitive and affective effects of video games, suggesting their potential to enhance specific cognitive functions. They also highlight the complex relationship between video games and empathy. Future research should explore the long-term impacts and genre-specific effects.

In a cohort followed from late adolescence until established adulthood, this study examined how singlehood, cohabitation, and marriage at different ages are related to well-being at age 34. Participants (N = 585) from three U.S. sites reported their marital and residential status at ages 18, 23, 28, and 34, when they also reported on physical, psychological, and social indicators of well-being. Findings suggest that being married compared to single earlier in adulthood is related to several indicators of better age 34 well-being. Cohabiting participants' well-being was more similar to the well-being of the single than married participants on most indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental depression increases risk for anxiety and depression in offspring. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a common risk period for onset of such disorders. However, relatively few studies have considered development of these disorders from childhood to adulthood including multiple assessments during this transition period. Method: Offspring of depressed parents aged 9–17 years at baseline were followed prospectively for 13 years (n = 337). Average length of follow‐up was 16 months between the first and second waves, 13 months between the second and third, and 8 years between the third and fourth. Current (3‐month) psychopathology was assessed at each wave using diagnostic interviews. We derived estimates of 3‐month prevalence, age at first diagnosis, course and comorbidity of disorders. Social functioning in adult life was assessed at the final wave and we assessed how prior and current disorder impacted adult functioning. Results: A quarter of young people met criteria for a mood disorder and a third for anxiety disorder at least once. Mood and anxiety disorder prevalence increased from 4.5% and 15.8% respectively in childhood (9–11 years) to 22.3% and 20.9% respectively by age 23–28. Increased prevalence across the transition from adolescence to adulthood was particularly marked in males, while prevalence increased earlier in adolescence in females. Age at first diagnosis varied widely (mood disorder mean = 16.5 years (range 9–26); anxiety disorder mean = 14.5 years (range 9–28)). Over half (52%) reported functional impairment in early adulthood, 31% harmful alcohol use, and 10% self‐harm or a suicide attempt. Both previous and current mood or anxiety disorder were associated with functional impairment in early adulthood. Conclusions: There is a prolonged risk period for mood and anxiety disorders in this group, with prevalence peaking in early adulthood. This highlights the need for prolonged vigilance and effective targeted interventions in the offspring of depressed parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the association of birth weight with the risk of diabetes mellitus in adolescence and early adulthood in the Indonesian population. Methods: This study analyzed data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal study of the Indonesian population with repeated measurements at 3 time points (1997, 2007, and 2014). The subjects observed were children aged 0-59 months in 1997, who were 10-15 years old in 2007, and 17-22 years in 2014. We performed a generalized linear model to investigate the association between birth weight at baseline and the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at the 2 follow-up periods. We adjusted the association for the characteristics of the children, parents, and household. Results: The mean±standard deviation level of HbA1c was 7.35%±0.95% in 2007 and decreased to 5.30%±0.85% in 2014. The crude β (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between birth weight and HbA1c was 0.150 (-0.076, 0.377) in 2007 and 0.146 (-0.060, 0.351) in 2014. After adjustment for the sociodemographic characteristics of the children, parents, and confounding factors, the adjusted β (95% CI) was 1.12 (0.40-1.85) in 2007 and 0.92 (0.35-1.48) in 2014. The HbA1c of the parents, father's employment status, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight were the covariates that had significant associations with HbA1c. Conclusion: HbA1c level was higher in adolescence than in early adulthood. Birth weight was associated with HbA1c level in both periods. The HbA1c of the parents, father's employment, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight partly explained the association between birth weight and the HbA1c level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Narrative identity is an essential level of personality, and to develop, the life narrative should entail both stability and change. In this study, we examine the meaning of change in repeated narratives about occupational experiences. Method: Fifty‐nine individuals were interviewed at age 25, 29, and 33. In these interviews 544 narratives and 142 sets of repeated narratives were identified, of these 39 sets of repeated narratives had changed between interviews. A thematic narrative analysis was conducted focusing on the meaning of change in repeated narratives. Results: The analysis resulted in five narrative themes: Gaining insights about one's identity, transforming views of past challenges, increasing agency, increasing motivation for occupational commitments, and accentuating competence and importance. In the context of occupational experiences, the results from the narrative themes illuminate how narrators repeatedly engage with the same narrative to elaborate their narrative identity. Conclusion: This study presents a novel method for capturing identity development, which show that changes in repeated narratives can entail important information about identity growth as well as the way narrators create new stories of their previous experiences in order to continue to make sense of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the audience reception of acculturation in parenting style on the Indonesian-Korean YouTube channel "Kimbab Family". Parenting is an activity aimed at helping children to meet challenges from the environment as well as developing. This study focuses on the interpretations of young adult audiences on the YouTube channel. Thirty-six informants were selected as primary data using FGD techniques. From the results obtained by the researchers through FGDs with the informants, it was shown that the audiences reception on the YouTube channel is diverse and influential. By combining Indonesian and Korean parenting styles, the Kimbab Family has become a source of inspiration and a role model for effective parenting. This research highlights the need for further exploration of the role of media platforms in shaping audience perceptions and expectations, as well as the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating diverse cultural influences in parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine identity development of Modern Orthodox women as they pursue their studies within a multicultural and multi-faith environment. Content analysis was used to analyze the final papers of undergraduate religious female students in Israel (N = 47) who participated in a semester-long dialogue course for Jewish students. The findings revealed three salient themes, suggesting that women's self-exploration developed noticeably within a rich multicultural context: (a) participants engaged in self-reflection by drawing comparisons between themselves and Arab students, leading to an exploration of their religious beliefs and group affiliations; (b) participants embraced their individuality within a multicultural context while balancing their religious duties; and (c) participants critically examined the status of Orthodox women in society, particularly within the family context. These findings highlight the process of identity exploration among Modern Orthodox women, complicated by intersections of religion, gender, and culture. In doing so, this study contributes to the understanding of identity development in multicultural societies.

The objective of this study was to examine the role resilience plays in the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and anxiety and life satisfaction. A total of 470 students from the University of Zagreb in Croatia participated in the study. The results are explained within the framework of McCrae and Costa's (1991) temperament and instrumental model of personality and well-being. A path analysis and a bootstrapping resampling method were performed. Higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability were associated with higher levels of resilience, which was related to lower levels of anxiety and higher life satisfaction. It can be concluded that resilience is a full mediator between extraversion and conscientiousness on the one hand, and life satisfaction and anxiety on the other. In addition, resilience is a partial mediator between agreeableness and emotional stability, and also between life satisfaction and anxiety. The practical contribution of the study lies in understanding how to better support students’ mental health by targeting the protective factors of different personality traits.

Abstrak: This study was conducted to develop a quarter-life crisis scale that can be used to measure the quarter-life crisis of early adulthood in Indonesia. Although it has begun to become a concern for researchers in Indonesia, the development of the quarter-life crisis scale has never been created. Some researchers have adapted the constructs developed by foreign researchers, which are not necessarily suitable for applicated in Indonesia. The development of this scale goes through 5 stages: conceptualization of the test; test construction; test trial; item analysis; and test revision. The test trial was filled by 181 early adults in Indonesia from Pekanbaru, Malang, Medan, Padang, Batam, Madura, Lombok, Pangkalan Kerinci, Solo, Surabaya, Jakarta, Bogor, and Yogyakarta. The results showed that there are 26 valid and consistent items that can be used to measure the early adult quarter-life crisis in Indonesia, which is indicated by the validity of the rcount greater than rtable and the Cronbach Alpha value of 0.854. Abstrak: Saat ini, quarter life crisis sudah mulai menjadi perhatian bagi para peneliti di Indonesia, namun pengembangan skala quarter life crisis ini belum pernah diciptakan. Beberapa peneliti melakukan adaptasi dari konstruk yang dikembangkan peneliti luar negeri yang tentunya belum sesuai tepat digunakan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan skala quarter life crisis yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur quarter life crisis dewasa awal di Indonesia. Pengembangan skala ini melalui lima tahap, yaitu: konseptualisasi tes; konstruksi uji; uji coba tes; analisis butir; dan revisi tes. Uji coba dilakukan pada 181 individu dewasa awal di Indonesia yang berasal dari Pekanbaru, Malang, Medan, Padang, Batam, Madura, Lombok, Pangkalan Kerinci, Solo, Surabaya, Jakarta, Bogor dan Yogyakarta. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 26 butir valid dan secara konsisten dapat digunakan untuk mengukur quarter life crisis dewasa awal di Indonesia.

We examined the links among religiousness, prosocial and violent media exposure preferences, empathic tendencies, and prosocial behaviors in early adulthood. Participants were U.S. college students (N = 324; M age = 19.5 years; 79.6% Women). While young adults’ religiousness was not associated with prosocial media exposure preferences, it was negatively related to violent movie and Internet exposure preferences. In turn, violent movie exposure preference was negatively related to prosocial behaviors through perspective taking and empathic concern. Prosocial movie exposure preference was positively linked to prosocial behaviors. Moreover, religiousness was related to young adults’ prosocial behavior via empathic concern. Discussion focuses on religiousness, media exposure preferences, and empathic tendencies in understanding young adults’ prosocial behaviors.

This study aims to investigate the role of the duration of dating on anxiety and commitment in early adulthood. The study involved 172 early adults (aged 20-30 years) who are currently in romantic relationships, selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instruments included the anxiety scale and commitment scale, based on previous theoretical aspects. Data analysis was conducted using Two Way ANOVA with JAMOVI software to examine the role of the duration of dating on anxiety and commitment. The results of the study showed that there was no significant role of the duration of dating on anxiety and commitment. The study also examined the relationship between the duration of dating and several demographic variables such as gender, occupation, and long-distance relationship (LDR), but no significant effects were found. Therefore, it can be concluded that the duration of dating, whether long or short, does not play a role in the anxiety and commitment of couples in maintaining romantic relationships at a more serious level, such as marriage. The duration of dating was found to be unable to predict anxiety and commitment in relationships. Other variables related to dating, such as relationship quality, satisfaction, and personal factors, are considered to be more involved in predicting anxiety and commitment in dating relationships. This study has practical implications as a reference in premarital counseling and couples therapy to understand the dynamics of romantic dating relationships in individuals.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between smoking status and body composition parameters in 19–30 years old slovak population (mean age: 22,38 ± 2,34 years). The sample consisted of 379 individuals, including 143 men and 236 women. Body composition parameters were obtained using segmentation bioimpedance analysis. The results of our study showed that regular smokers had significantly higher values of waist circumference (p = 0.050), body mass index (p = 0.042), waist-toheight ratio (p = 0.027), fat mass index (p = 0.014) fat mass (p < 0.017), pecentual body fat (p = 0.008), trunk fat mass (FM, p = 0.008), leg fat mass (p = 0.029), and visceral fat area (p = 0.017) compared to non-smokers. Using correlation analysis, we detected an increase in FM (kg) values along with the frequency of smoking (r = 0,136; p = 0,009). Moreover, smoking positively correlated with coffee (r = 0.147; p = 0.002), energy drinks (r = 0.259; p < 0.001), and alcohol consumption (r = 0.101; p = 0.035). Smokers also added salt to their food more often (r = 0.132; p = 0.005) and worked less (r = -0.111; p = 0.025). In this study we confirmed the significant association of smoking with the body composition components, while it is responsible for higher adiposity in young adults.

Abstract Background Parental depression increases risk for anxiety and depression in offspring. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a common risk period for onset of such disorders. However, relatively few studies have considered development of these disorders from childhood to adulthood including multiple assessments during this transition period. Method Offspring of depressed parents aged 9–17 years at baseline were followed prospectively for 13 years (n = 337). Average length of follow‐up was 16 months between the first and second waves, 13 months between the second and third, and 8 years between the third and fourth. Current (3‐month) psychopathology was assessed at each wave using diagnostic interviews. We derived estimates of 3‐month prevalence, age at first diagnosis, course and comorbidity of disorders. Social functioning in adult life was assessed at the final wave and we assessed how prior and current disorder impacted adult functioning. Results A quarter of young people met criteria for a mood disorder and a third for anxiety disorder at least once. Mood and anxiety disorder prevalence increased from 4.5% and 15.8% respectively in childhood (9–11 years) to 22.3% and 20.9% respectively by age 23–28. Increased prevalence across the transition from adolescence to adulthood was particularly marked in males, while prevalence increased earlier in adolescence in females. Age at first diagnosis varied widely (mood disorder mean = 16.5 years (range 9–26); anxiety disorder mean = 14.5 years (range 9–28)). Over half (52%) reported functional impairment in early adulthood, 31% harmful alcohol use, and 10% self‐harm or a suicide attempt. Both previous and current mood or anxiety disorder were associated with functional impairment in early adulthood. Conclusions There is a prolonged risk period for mood and anxiety disorders in this group, with prevalence peaking in early adulthood. This highlights the need for prolonged vigilance and effective targeted interventions in the offspring of depressed parents.

This article examines the rites of passage for poor girls of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic. In the Dominican context, preparation for and the transition to wife and mother historically served as an important rite of passage to an adult identity. Industrialization and the global discourse surrounding young motherhood increasingly challenges this culturally sanctioned practice. No research has examined how perceptions around rites of passage to an adult female identity are evolving across generations within the Spanish Caribbean. The author conducted an ethnographic project that included the use of in-depth life history interviews with 42 participants. She interrogates the narratives of three generations of adolescent girls and women of Haitian descent using modified grounded theory to (a) describe current culturally acceptable pathways to becoming an adult woman and (b) examine shifts taking place across time regarding acceptable pathways to womanhood. Findings suggest that, increasingly, younger generations no longer perceive marriage and motherhood as the singular rite of passage to adulthood. Yet, additional skills and characteristics that the participants identified as important to effectively transition to an adult role are either very difficult for the poor to attain, or are acquired through the experience of marriage and motherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the role resilience plays in the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and anxiety and life satisfaction. A total of 470 students from the University of Zagreb in Croatia participated in the study. The results are explained within the framework of McCrae and Costa's (1991) temperament and instrumental model of personality and well-being. A path analysis and a bootstrapping resampling method were performed. Higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability were associated with higher levels of resilience, which was related to lower levels of anxiety and higher life satisfaction. It can be concluded that resilience is a full mediator between extraversion and conscientiousness on the one hand, and life satisfaction and anxiety on the other. In addition, resilience is a partial mediator between agreeableness and emotional stability, and also between life satisfaction and anxiety. The practical contribution of the study lies in understanding how to better support students' mental health by targeting the protective factors of different personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fetus is fully dependent on maternal thyroid hormones until mid-gestation and suboptimal maternal thyroid function has been associated with alterations in the neurodevelopment of the offspring. We used maternal free thyroxine (fT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels in early gestation to study the association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and offspring brain white matter (WM) integrity in early adulthood. Methods: Our study population consisted of a total of 292 mother–child pairs. Maternal fT4 and TSH were used as predictors and offspring multimodal imaging measures of fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and magnetization transfer ratio (FA, MD, and MTR) as dependent variables. First, as Global analysis, all analyzed 14 WM tracts were studied simultaneously using linear-mixed effect models. Second, if a global effect was detected, a post hoc Tract-wise analysis was carried out using linear models individually in each WM tract. Study population was stratified by sex. Results: We found a positive association between maternal fT4 and offspring Global FA in males when adjusted for all maternal and offspring covariates (n = 114; β = 0.154; confidence interval = 0.045–0.263; p = 0.006). The finding was observed to be driven by multiple WM tracts, of which three projection fiber tracts and the forceps minor survived correcting for multiple comparisons in Tract-wise analysis. Conclusions: Maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy was observed to be associated with WM microstructure in male offspring in early adulthood. Our results suggest that maternal fT4 levels in early pregnancy may modulate axonal characteristics, with a long-term effect on offspring WM development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inconsistent reports raise the question of the extent to which poor adult outcomes are associated with adolescent polysubstance use (PSU: alcohol, marijuana, other illicit drugs) above and beyond earlier risk factors. Methods: Early adulthood substance-related and psychosocial outcomes were examined in association with age 13 to 17 developmental patterns of PSU in boys from urban, low SES neighborhoods (N = 926). Three classes obtained by latent growth modeling described low/non-users (N = 565, 61.0%), lower risk PSU (later onset, occasional use, 2 ≤ substances; N = 223, 24.1%), and higher risk PSU (earlier onset, frequent use, 3 ≥ substances; N = 138, 14.9%). Preadolescent individual, familial and social predictors of adolescent PSU patterns were used as covariates. Results: Adolescent PSU contributed to both age-24 substance-related outcomes (frequency of alcohol, drug use, and getting drunk, risky behaviors under influence, and use-related problems) and psychosocial outcomes (no high school diploma, professional or financial strain, ASP symptoms, criminal record) over and above preadolescent risk factors. Controlling for preadolescent risk factors, adolescent PSU made a more important contribution to adult substance use outcomes (increasing the risk by about 110%) than to psychosocial outcomes (16.8% risk increase). PSU classes showed poorer adjustment for all age-24 substance use, and for various psychosocial outcomes than low/non-users. Higher risk polysubstance users also reported poorer outcomes than their lower risk peers for most substance use outcomes, and for professional or financial strain and criminal record. Conclusion: Findings highlight the contribution of adolescent PSU in a dose–response fashion, over and above preadolescent risk factors, on both homotypic and heterotypic outcomes in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families and a supportive family environment in dealing with various difficulties and crises are needed by early adults to have high resilience.This study aims to analyze the effect of regenerative family typology, rhythmic family typology, and family-friendly environment on early adult resilience. The research design is explanatory research. A total of 520 young adults were involved in the study, namely 200 men (38.5%) and 320 women (61.5%), using a simple random sampling technique. The Structural Equation Modelling analysis results found that the higher the regenerative family typology, the rhythmic family typology, and the family-friendly environment, the greater the resilience of early adulthood. The study's results found indicators that show activities mostly contributing to improving family typology, family-friendly environment, and resilience. Activities that increase faith, respect, caring, interaction, and tolerance are the leading predictors that can increase family typology, family-friendly environments, and resilience. These results can be a reference for individuals, especially early adults, families, as well as the government and institutions engaged in programs for family resilience, welfare, and quality. This reference may help enhance the family's ability to anticipate family difficulties and crises in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early adulthood is a vulnerable period to various problems in life. Various problems have the potential to lead individuals, especially in early adulthood, to a quarter-life crisis. This study aimed to understand the experience of falling and rising (resilience) from a quarter-life crisis. A phenomenological approach was used and involved seven participants (three men and four women) aged 25-29 years who generally have completed undergraduate education and had suicidal intentions. Collecting data using in-depth interviews. The results show that the participants who had suicidal intentions perceived that their parents’ parenting style was authoritarian, indicated by the excessive demands received. Participants are responding to this demand by rebelling against their parents. Rebellion, failure at work, and the breakdown of relationships with lovers brought them to a slump. Participants lost their purpose in life, felt depressed, and got suicidal intentions. Insight in the form of regret and hope for the future becomes a turning point in life. Acceptance from parents, peer group social support, and professional assistance are important factors in the process of recovering from the quarter-life crisis. Participants who exceed a crisis show a harmonious relationship with their parents and the opposite sex and work with the support of various parties. This research has implications for the urgency of communication and harmonious relations in the early adulthood phase, especially emerging adulthood.

Abstract Background Calcium could impact on vascular functions and structures and cause atherosclerosis. Thus, we aimed to examine the association of long-term calcium and dairy products intake in adolescence with cIMT and MetS in early adulthood. Methods We considered 217 adolescents aged 12–18 years in the frame work of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006–2009) and follow-up them to early adulthood (2015–2017). The valid food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Ultrasound examination was used to measure common carotid artery. The joint interim statement and cook et al. criteria were used for adults and adolescents to consider MetS, respectively. Results Adolescents’ average calcium intake from dairy and non-dairy sources were 395 mg/d and 1088 mg/d, respectively while adults had 212 mg/d and 1191 mg/d. In addition, the mean of cIMT in adults was 0.54 mm. There was no relationship of non-dairy (β: − 0.03; P = 0.804), and total calcium (β: − 0.001; P = 0.591) intake with cIMT and TG. None of the dairy products had link with cIMT, MetS and its components, except cream with cIMT after full adjustment of potential confounders (β: 0.245; P = 0.009). Also, we found that the intake of non-dairy products could increase DBP after controlling for potential confounders (β: 0.365; P = 0.012). Adolescence with higher quartiles of total calcium intake had no odds ratio of MetS in early adulthood (β: 2.05, P = 0.371). Conclusions Adolescence calcium and dairy products intake, with the exception of cream did not increase early adulthood cIMT and MetS and its components.

As the epidemiological statistics for anxiety disorders and mood disorders show, adult mental health has declined in recent decades, making the life of the average person more prone to adversity. Several worldwide sociocultural changes require people to be more flexible and adaptive to cope with modern life. Therefore, people’s ability to cope with daily stress and care for their well-being remain important issues. An essential factor in enhancing and protecting mental health is resilience as an inner source and the capacity to face adversity. Resilience can be described as the competence to stay flexible and adapt to changing environments, even in an unfavorable habitat. As a capability, despite its importance, it is mostly described and explored in childhood populations, leaving a space for further investigations focusing on adults. The article aims to present some findings regarding resilience among young adults, as well as to emphasize the importance of resilience in adult life.

Background Menstrual cycle irregularities are associated with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic disease. We tested associations between age at menarche and cycle irregularity in adolescence and cardiometabolic health in early adulthood in a subsample from the Pittsburgh Girls Study. Methods and Results Data from annual interviews were used to assess age at menarche and cycle irregularity (ie, greater or less than every 27–29 days) at age 15 years. At ages 22 to 25 years, cardiometabolic health was measured in a subsample of the Pittsburgh Girls Study (n=352; 68.2% Black), including blood pressure, waist circumference, and fasting serum insulin, glucose, and lipids. T tests were used for continuous data and odds ratios for dichotomous data to compare differences in cardiometabolic health as a function of onset and regularity of menses. Early menarche (ie, before age 11 years; n=52) was associated with waist circumference (P=0.043). Participants reporting irregular cycles (n=50) in adolescence had significantly higher levels of insulin, glucose, and triglycerides, and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P values range from 0.035 to 0.005) and were more likely to have clinical indicators of cardiometabolic predisease in early adulthood compared with women who reported regular cycles (odds ratios ranged from 1.89 to 2.56). Conclusions Increasing rates and earlier onset of cardiovascular and metabolic disease among women, especially among Black women, highlights the need for identifying early and reliable risk indices. Menstrual cycle irregularity may serve this purpose and help elucidate the role of women's reproductive health in protecting and conferring risk for later cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases.

This study aims to investigate the role of the duration of dating on anxiety and commitment in early adulthood. The study involved 172 early adults (aged 20-30 years) who are currently in romantic relationships, selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instruments included the anxiety scale and commitment scale, based on previous theoretical aspects. Data analysis was conducted using Two Way ANOVA with JAMOVI software to examine the role of the duration of dating on anxiety and commitment. The results of the study showed that there was no significant role of the duration of dating on anxiety and commitment. The study also examined the relationship between the duration of dating and several demographic variables such as gender, occupation, and long-distance relationship (LDR), but no significant effects were found. Therefore, it can be concluded that the duration of dating, whether long or short, does not play a role in the anxiety and commitment of couples in maintaining romantic relationships at a more serious level, such as marriage. The duration of dating was found to be unable to predict anxiety and commitment in relationships. Other variables related to dating, such as relationship quality, satisfaction, and personal factors, are considered to be more involved in predicting anxiety and commitment in dating relationships. This study has practical implications as a reference in premarital counseling and couples therapy to understand the dynamics of romantic dating relationships in individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains unclear which functional and neurobiological mechanisms are associated with persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood. We reviewed the empirical literature and propose a neurocognitive social information processing model for early onset persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood, focusing on how young adults evaluate, act upon, monitor, and learn about their goals and self traits. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose that persistent antisocial behavior is characterized by domaingeneral impairments in self-relevant and goal-related information processing, regulation, and learning, which is accompanied by altered activity in frontolimbic brain areas. We propose that desistant antisocial development is associated with more effortful information processing, regulation and learning, that possibly balances self-relevant goals and specific situational characteristics. The proposed framework advances insights by considering individual differences such as psychopathic personality traits, and specific emotional characteristics (e.g., valence of social cues), to further illuminate functional and neural mechanisms underlying heterogenous developmental pathways. Finally, we address important open questions and offer suggestions for future research to improve scientific knowledge on general and context-specific expression and development of antisocial behavior in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the clinical relevance, little is known about variability in positive adult outcomes (i.e., flourishing, life satisfaction) of female adolescent conduct problems (CP), or interpersonal factors that promote these types of well‐being. We hypothesized differential associations between adolescent CP trajectories and indicators of adult well‐being due to level of positive relationships with caregivers during ages 12−17. Method: Data were drawn from participants (N = 1965) of the Pittsburgh Girls Study, a longitudinal study of girls' development. Caregiver reported CP, adolescent reports of parental trust and positive parenting, and adolescent‐reported peer delinquency were assessed annually between ages 12−17. Well‐being in young adulthood was measured using self‐reported flourishing and life satisfaction between ages 18−22. Results: Latent class growth analysis of adolescent CP revealed four trajectories characterized as low stable (20.0%), moderate stable (63.9%), adolescent‐onset (8.1%), and high quadratic (8.0%). Main effects of trust and positive relationships with caregivers during adolescence on well‐being in early adulthood were found. Positive parenting was found to moderate the association between CP trajectory and flourishing. The magnitude of the negative association between the high quadratic trajectory group and life satisfaction decreased as positive parenting increased. Conclusion: These results support the importance of intervention in adolescence to focus on increasing trusting and positive relationships with caregivers for all females, as this may increase well‐being in adulthood regardless of adolescent CP history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]