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This study sought to investigate the public perception of social workers in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. In this research, a questionnaire developed by Bolgün and Şahin (2019)was employed, and using the convenience sampling method face-to-face interviews were held with a total of 600 participants. Using various statistical tests, normally distributed scores were compared. The independent samples t-test was used for gender, previous social service applications, and contact with social workers. ANOVA compared age, education, household size, income, and residence city, with LSD post hoc tests for significant differences. Pearson correlation assessed the relationship between knowledge and attitude toward social workers, while multiple regression analyzed the effect of knowledge on attitude. The participants' knowledge of the working fields, client profiles, and roles of social workers, as well as the total score of the knowledge about social workers, was found to be at a moderate level. Their attitudes toward social workers were generally good level; however, the majority of the participants (n = 501) think that social workers are not well known in the society. Despite the positive attitude scores of the participants, there is a need for promotional activities, advertisements, meetings, and television and radio programs raising the social awareness of social workers to a higher level, which would raise public perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the resilience of the rural cultural landscape (RCL) shaped by hazelnut production in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Addressing the cultural landscapes shaped by agricultural production with their economic dimensions constitutes the original aspect of the article. In the study, the resilience of RCLs is discussed in the context of the socio- ecological resilience approach. The main aim is to evaluate the resilience of the RCL of the region by identifying causal relationships between socio-cultural, economic, and institutional dynamics in the Giresun-Ordu Subregion. In the study, historical profiling, which enables the provision of context-specific detailed information, has been adopted. Within the scope of the article, the effects of the historical change and development of socio-cultural, economic, and institutional dynamics in the Giresun-Ordu sub-region on the RCL of the region are analyzed comparatively in three periods. This comparison has been carried out through agricultural production mode-method- economy, social structure and culture, and physical space features. The changing, unchanging, and evolving characteristics of the rural cultural landscape of the region were identified. As a result of the method followed and the evaluations made, migration and demographic changes in the region have brought about adaptations in the agricultural production style, method, and economy. These adaptations have transformed the way of life by making migration permanent and continuous. It is possible to say that the rural cultural landscape of the region, which can continue its traditional economic and social structure by adapting to all these changes and transformations, is resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2018, the authors have been working on reconstructing the exterior of the Great Pitiunt Roman fortress in 3D. This article presents the results of the visualization of the exterior and interior of the temple complex. During the study, the dimensions and plans of the site were analyzed, revealing discrepancies in various sources. To clarify the complex's dimensions, aerial photography using UAV was conducted, and photogrammetric models, orthophoto, and digital surface models were created. The research also uncovered previously unrecorded architectural features. During the reconstruction of the temples, much attention was paid to the structural design of the buildings, connections and load distribution. Engineering calculations have been carried out for the clarification of the structural solutions. The article presents the results of a detailed reconstruction of the exterior, interior and structural features of Temple Nos. 1–4, based on preserved archaeological evidence, excavation results, contemporaneous Early Christian sites, and an analysis of the materials and technologies used at the time. The reconstruction of the mosaic floor of Temple No. 2 allowed a realistic visualization of the interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrega, inşaat endüstrisinin en önemli yapı malzemelerinden birisi olan beton içerisinde oldukça yüksek miktarda (%65-80) bulunur. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin farklı lokasyonlarından getirilen doğal taşların (andezit, bazalt, çamurtaşı ve traverten) beton üretiminde agrega olarak kullanılabilirliklerinin araştırılması üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Bu amaçla, farklı numune şekillerinde (silindirik karot, küp ve kırılmış agrega) hazırlanan doğal taş numuneleri üzerinde bazı fiziksel ve mekanik testler gerçekleştirilmiş ve testlerden elde edilen bulgular TS 706 EN 12620+A1 (2009) tarafından belirlenen agrega standartları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler açısından en yüksek performansı sağlayan bazalt kayacının beton agregası olarak kullanımının uygun olduğunu göstermiştir.

This study aimed to assess the suitability of the potential solid waste landfill sites in seven provinces (Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Gümüşhane, Bayburt and Artvin) in the Eastern Blacksea Region of Türkiye. The earthquake hazard analysis for two major earthquakes which occurred in the region was first carried out. Then, the geophysical methods including seismic refraction tomography (SRT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) were conducted to find out the structural and physical properties of the subsurface which include the layering, soil classification based on VS30 and the groundwater content at 25 locations of 13 in target provinces. The integrated interpretation of whole data sets demonstrates that Işıktepe, Esence, Çamburnu and Kazantaş which are characterized by VP > 1200 m/s, VS30 ≥ 400 m/s, ρ > 70 Ohm-m, low earthquake hazard and seismicity are more suitable among others. Vezirköprü, Şebinkarahisar, Yenice, Bayburt-Center, Balkaynak and Murgul will be suitable after a geotechnical reclamation due to moderate seismic velocities and electrical resistivity which are 900 < VP ≤ 1200 m/s, 200 < VS30 < 400 m/s and 10 < ρ ≤ 70 Ohm-m representing stiff and wet soils. In addition, Bafra, Ağalık and Ovacık were considered to be unsuitable due to the presence of thick, water-saturated soft soil and extremely weathered rocks. Finally, this study shows that the joint interpretation of seismicity and geophysical data in potential waste landfill sites, extremely important for the planning and development of a city, can provide the valuable information which will enable to prevent possible deformations, environmental problems and economic losses after waste landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cultural heritage structures reflect the lifestyles and creative aspects of our ancestors. Indeed, they contain the cultural roots of today's societies and connect the past to the present. There is no doubt that architectural and structural evaluation plays important role in the conservation of these structures for the future. This paper focuses on an architectural evaluation and current usage of the specific timber vernacular structure, the Turkish Storage Building 'Serender', which has not yet been protected in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The architectural assessment includes morphological analysis, material, and construction techniques of the timber storage buildings. We believe that this assessment will contribute to the preservation of the authenticity and integrity of these structures, and also will contribute to sustaining the skills of craftworker and their traditional and cultural knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood is a type of disaster that occurs as a result of the overflow of the stream outside its bed. Similarly to many parts of the globe, particularly the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is frequently exposed to major floods. The heavy rainfall and topographic structure of the region and the proximity of settlements to stream beds are the primary causes of flooding. The present study pertains to the utilization of the Logistic Regression (LR), M5P Rule Tree (M5PRT) and M5P Regression Tree (M5PRGT) models for the assessment of the flood hazard areas in and around the Of district, located on the Black Sea coast of Trabzon province. According to flood inventory, 16 flood events occurred in 5 different locations in the study area. These areas were converted into point data, and comprising a total of 1600 points, 800 flooded and 800 non-flooded, were determined by random sampling. Accordingly, flood hazard maps were created with 8 flood parameters and 3 different methods. Accuracies of these models were evaluated through AUC (Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve), ACC (Accuracy), R (Recall), P (Precision) and F (F-Score). Analyses showed that the Tree-Based Algorithms are more successful than the LR method in detecting the flood hazards. In addition, the altitude and precipitation were found out to be the most influential parameters in all 3 methods on the occurrence of flooding events in the region. The confluence points of the streams, the coastal plain where the stream disembogues to the sea and the valley floors in and around the Of district were designated as the areas with high risk of flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a preliminary publication of the collection of Eastern Greek pottery found during the excavations at the ancient settlement Balan, the Ochamchira region of Abkhazia in 2017–2022. The published material is a part of the finds from a complex of ashy soil and a platform with a fireplace discovered at the site. The collection consists of fragments of vessels for storing and drinking wine, produced in the period from ca. 620 to ca. 550 BC. At present, this is the earliest known archaic pottery assemblage discovered in the Eastern Black Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2018, the authors have been working on reconstructing the exterior of the Great Pitiunt Roman fortress in 3D. This article presents the results of the visualization of the exterior and interior of the temple complex. During the study, the dimensions and plans of the site were analyzed, revealing discrepancies in various sources. To clarify the complex’s dimensions, aerial photography using UAV was conducted, and photogrammetric models, orthophoto, and digital surface models were created. The research also uncovered previously unrecorded architectural features. During the reconstruction of the temples, much attention was paid to the structural design of the buildings, connections and load distribution. Engineering calculations have been carried out for the clarification of the structural solutions. The article presents the results of a detailed reconstruction of the exterior, interior and structural features of Temple Nos. 1–4, based on preserved archaeological evidence, excavation results, contemporaneous Early Christian sites, and an analysis of the materials and technologies used at the time. The reconstruction of the mosaic floor of Temple No. 2 allowed a realistic visualization of the interior.

The Black Sea is a substantial inland sea and has a very fascinating border on the east and west. It reaches into the Mediterranean through the straits, into Europe via rivers, and toward Asia via the Caucasus. The human relations developed through this network has led to the emergence of cultural landscape elements in the region. The natural landscape elements that have developed inherently in the natural beauty of the region have also become one of the most important pieces of heritage in the region. In this region, many uncontrolled practices that have taken place in recent years have rapidly degraded the cultural and natural landscape. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the beauty of nature, which makes the Eastern Black Sea region one of the most significant cultural and natural heritage areas of the world, and to explore its impact on human life in the context of water heritage as well as to address the dynamic risks of losing this beauty. In this study, the recognition of water as a heritage component is conceptually discussed in the context of the inherent cultural heritage and natural heritage. The unifying and integrative power of the multicultural water heritage that the region possesses is explicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is considered an important symbol of expression of socio-cultural heritage, community bonding, ethnicities, and customs to strengthen local place identity. Tea tourism offers an engaging and enduring gastronomic experience due to the active participation of tourists. This study aims to identify the key destination tea tourism products or experiences. This study uses a qualitative research approach to identify the prime tea tourism products and experiences from two important tea-growing nations, i.e., India and Turkey, ranked second and fifth in global tea production, respectively. The research findings present four main categories: facilities, activities, tours, training, Observation, and twenty-five sub-categories relating to tea tourism products and experiences. This study also strives to discover the contribution of tea tourism products or experiences in the tours conducted by Indian and Turkey travel agencies. This study is one of the first studies to examine the selected elements of tea tourism at the destination. The results will contribute to several theoretical and practical implications concerning tea tourism in tea-producing countries. The study will also offer essential insights into how travel agencies may use tea tourism products and experiences efficiently in packaging their tours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the consequences of land use and cover (LULC) changes on soil erosion and soil organic carbon in the Ünye district of Ordu province in the Central Black Sea Region where humid conditions prevailed in 1999, 2009, and 2019. GIS-based Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) modeling approach, geostatistics and remote sensing techniques were employed in the study. According to the results considering the long years in the study area, the most relative change among LULC species was hazelnut fields with an increase of 167%. In this process, it has been determined that there are few spatial changes that occurred in artificial areas and pasture lands. In addition, in the classes of soil erosion rates defined by RUSLE, the areas classified as Very Low–Low (< 5 tons ha−1 year−1) for many years inhabit the largest area in the study area. The loss in the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) is determined to have occurred mostly in areas with Very Low and Low erosion rates. However, it has been determined that SOC loss ensues in areas with Very High (> 20 tons ha−1 year−1) erosion rates, albeit slightly. Therefore, even in the areas with very slight erosion, soil conservation practices should be expanded to secure the long-term sustainability of the production system, especially in agriculture and hazelnut areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is located in the Caucasus Ecoregion and is one of the richest regions of the world in terms of biodiversity. Black flies are an important part of the biodiversity of running waters in the region. To determine the Simuliidae fauna of this region and understand the relationships between species distribution and environmental variables, 41 sites, mostly unpolluted or slightly polluted, were sampled in July 2008 and June 2009. A total of 3309 simulids and 20 species were identified. The most frequent and the most abundant species were Simulium variegatum Meigen, 1818, Simulium bezzii Corti, 1914, and Simulium trifasciatum Curtis, 1839. Simulium costatum Friedrichs, 1920, Simulium argenteostriatum Strobl, 1898, Simulium angustipes Edwards, 1915, Simulium balcanicum Enderlein, 1924, and Simulium pseudequinum Seguy, 1921 were positively correlated with NO2–N, water temperature, and pH but negatively correlated with PO4–P and dissolved oxygen. Simulium argyreatum Meigen, 1838, S. variegatum, and S. trifasciatum were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Simulium ornatum Meigen, 1818 was negatively correlated with pH. Prosimulium tomosvaryi Enderlein, 1921, Simulium cryophilum Rubtsov, 1959, Simulium vernum Macquart, 1826, and Simulium hispaniola Grenier and Bertrand, 1954 were negatively correlated with electrical conductivity. The results indicate that black flies, like other benthic macroinvertebrates, also respond to changes in environmental conditions with changes in composition and distribution. We hope that our research will contribute to biomonitoring studies in the future. In this research, the distribution of black fly species and their relationships with environmental variables were investigated in various streams in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Since there are very few studies on the Simuliidae in the region, which is one of the biodiversity hotspots, our research findings will provide important contributions to biomonitoring and biodiversity conservation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism forecasting plays a vital role to develop strong policy for the management of future development in the sector. This study makes tourist arrival projections in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey with application of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. Annual data of tourist arrivals from 1996 to 2018 has been used for proposed model. The results have revealed that the proposed model has projected the tourist arrival values that are very close to actual values. Tourist arrivals are projected to be increased in the future years in Eastern Black Sea Region, hence, making the region a popular tourist destination. Therefore, prior measures are important to take in order to develop tourism in sustainable form. The results of the study are useful for development of better tourism policy for the region as future projection is an integral part of sustainable tourism development.

Second homes are typically located in rural settlements on the peripheries of metropolises and in areas where the tourism sector develops, which are mainly in coastal, forested, mountainous, and amenity-rich areas. Motivations for having a second home include investment, outdoor recreation, and connection with nature. However, in the Eastern Black Sea Region (EBSR), second homes appear to follow a different pattern in that, families who migrated to metropolises or abroad tend to have second homes in their native villages. The aim of this study was to gain insights into this unique type of second home investment, which has shown an increasing trend. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with second home owners or users in two selected districts within the EBSR, and the results were summarised in terms of the characteristics of the respondents, motives for having a second home, satisfaction with the investment, evaluation of their second home villages, and characteristics of the native second home and parcel. Six villages located in the Maçka and Çaykara districts of Trabzon Province were selected as the study area. Although the second homes in the EBSR had some similarities with the prevailing type of second home, they differed in many respects. The findings of this study will likely improve the knowledge base that can be drawn upon for housing policies and planning in rural settlements. • NSHs differ in many ways from common second homes of non-natives. • Motives for having NSHs, satisfaction levels, and NSH characteristics were explored. • NSHs are multi-family apartment housing units with a single or multi-storey design. • NSH owners have attachment to villages, viewing them as part of their identity. • NSHs are seen as places for living, vacation, and assurance against crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the ecotourism activities of travel agencies in the Eastern Black Sea Region within the scope of sustainable tourism. Semi-structured interview technique (interview), one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. Face-to-face meetings were held with 32 travel agency executives in the Eastern Black Sea Region. 18 open-ended questions were asked to the managers on sustainable tourism and ecotourism. The obtained data were analyzed through content analysis method and some findings were revealed. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that travel agencies do not include all ecotourism activities, managers do not fully understand the concept of sustainable tourism and ecotourism, therefore, their thoughts and activities regarding the concepts of sustainable tourism and ecotourism are not sufficiently developed. In the light of the results, a number of suggestions were made such as making sustainable tourism and ecotourism trainings compulsory for travel agencies and all stakeholders and making practices controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gauging stations of meteorological networks generally record rainfall on a daily basis. However, sub-daily rainfall observations are required for modelling flood control structures, or urban drainage systems. In this respect, determination of temporal distribution of daily rainfall, and estimation of standard duration of rainfall are significant in hydrological studies. Although sub-daily rainfall gauges are present at meteorological networks, especially in the developing countries, their number is very low compared to the gauges that record daily rainfall. This study aims at developing a method for estimating temporal distribution of maximum daily rainfall, and hence for generating maximum rainfall envelope curves. For this purpose, the standard duration of rainfall was examined. Among various regression methods, it was determined that the temporal distribution of 24-hour rainfall successfully fits the logarithmic model. The logarithmic model’s regression coefficients (named a and b) were then linked to the geographic and meteorological characteristics of the gauging stations. The developed model was applied to 47 stations located at two distinct geographical regions: the Marmara Sea Region and Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Various statistical criteria were used to test the method's accuracy, and the proposed model provided successful results. For instance, the RMSE values of the regression coefficients a and b in Marmara Regions are 0.004 and 0.027. On the other hand, RMSE values are 0.007 and 0.02 for Eastern Black Sea Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Araştırma sahamızı içine alan Giresun ilinin dağlık kesiminde bulunan Çamoluk ilçesi Eskiçağ Tarihi ve Arkeolojisi yönünden az araştırılan bölgelerinden bir tanesidir. Bunda en önemli etken, bölgenin dağlık bir yapıya sahip olması ve topraklarının yılın dört mevsimi bitki örtüsü ile kaplı olmasıdır. Erken Tunç Çağı ve M.Ö. II. Binyıl kültürlerinin yoğun olarak yaşandığı, Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü sınırları içerisinde bulunan Giresun ilindeki arkeolojik çalışmalar daha çok Giresun kıyı kesimi ve Giresun Adası’na yönelik yapılmıştır. Bölgenin dağlık kesimi ile ilgili çalışmalar ise İ.K. Kökten tarafından 1944 yılında başlatılmış fakat herhangi bir yerleşim birimine rastlanmadığı bilgisine yer verilmiştir. Araştırma alanımız Hitit Dönemi’nde Yukarı Ülke olarak bilinmektedir. Giresun’un dağlık kesimine sınırı olduğunu düşündüğümüz Kaşka ve Azzi-Hayaşa halklarına ait yerleşimler ile ilişkili olabileceğini düşündüğümüz dağlık kesim içinde yer alan Çamoluk’ta tarafımızca yapılan araştırmalarda M.Ö. II. Binyıla ait birçok önemli yerleşmeye ulaşılmıştır. Amacımız Giresun ilinin iç kesiminde bulunan ve dağlık kesimini oluşturan Çamoluk ilçesinde M.Ö. II. Binyıl yerleşim birimlerine ulaşmak ve bu yerleşimlerin oluşturduğu yol güzergahlarını tespit etmekti.

Wood is among the most widely used construction materials in Anatolian traditional rural architecture and many different timber construction techniques can be seen in the vernacular structures of today's Anatolia. One example of Anatolian rural architecture is a type of granary, or what is known as serender in the Eastern Black Sea Region. This structure occupies a significant place in the cultural heritage of Anatolia. Reflecting the richness of Anatolian culture and architecture, each of these buildings is an important part of the culture of Anatolian timber construction. The layout of the wooden granary structure that is referred to as serender in this article and its construction technique, design, structural particularities and decorative features will be described here in an effort to provide documentation for these buildings, which represent the legacy of timber rural architecture that should be passed on to posterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological properties and zoogeographical composition of the Elateridae fauna of the Eastern Black Sea region is presented. During field studies, 53 species belonging to five subfamilies and 23 genera were collected. Among these, 13 species are recorded for the first time from the research area and detailed locality records for Turkey were given for two of them. With the addition of previously reported one subfamily, 11 genera and 61 species from research area in present literature, it is exhibited that there are six subfamilies, 34 genera and 114 species belong to Elateridae fauna of the Eastern Black Sea region, which represents almost 23.1% of Elateridae fauna of Turkey. Most of the Elateridae fauna of the Black Sea region comprises from the species of subfamilies Elaterinae and Dendrometrinae. The genus Athous is the most species-rich genus. Results of this study also exhibit that, species numbers of research area represents 25.3% of total species numbers of detected genera of Turkey. Artvin province is the most species-rich part of research area. The Black Sea region of Turkey shares the most species in common with the European part of the Western Palaearctic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In societies where there is no developed legal code or existing rules and arrangements fall short meeting certain social needs in life, oral and traditional rules and norms function instead of law. Each folk group has its own sort of folk law. Traditional legal rules, which are usually resistant to change by nature, are born out of the need to solve complex situations. These rules maintain their validity and functionality until the existing situations change. In professional organizations that have traditional characteristics, specific professional norms and general principles of social law are added to the representation of folk law. In this context, in dynamic professions such as shepherding that are based on application and production, special rules that are born in coherence with the diversity of professional processes can be developed. Each traditional rule that aims at bonding and mobilizing the members of professional groups as well as maintaining the continuity of production, gradually serve as constituting components of a system of rules. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the informal legal professional rules that are developed and practiced by the shepherds who belong to the folk groups that rely on subsistent economic model in the Eastern Black Sea region animal husbandry societies. The professional application areas and functions of traditional rules that are compiled during field research are also evaluated with a multidimensional perspective in the scope of this study.

Copyright of Journal of Travel & Hospitality Management / Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi is the property of SIMEDYA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Protected areas are areas where educational and recreational use of natural and cultural areas with special precaution is provided where educational activities and scientific research are carried out, genetic diversity and species are kept, cultural, traditional, symbolic natural resources are avoided and sustainable from damaging effects. Recreation is, as a definition, expressed as activities that people make with their own will in their free time in order to restore old weariness of soul and body health. In this study, the protected areas in the provinces of Artvin, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Rize and Trabzon in Eastern Black Sea Region were selected as material. It is aimed to determine and compare visitor numbers between 2010-2017 in these areas. The visitor numbers of provinces were compared using one way ANOVA. As of 2018, there are 3 protected areas in Artvin, 5 in Gümüşhane, 8 in Trabzon, 6 in Rize and 4 in Giresun as recreational use. Total protected areas within the boundaries of the regional directorate are 450,411 in 2010, 555,678 in 2011, 973,391 in 2012, 1,936,608 in 2013, 1,601,913 in 2014, 1,458,617 in 2015, 1,558,290 in 2016, and finally 1,911,429 in 2017 people visited the site. As a result, visitor numbers have increased in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and there has been no decrease in 2014 and 2015. In 2016 and 2017, the number of visitors has increased again. The largest number of visitors was registered in 2013, and the least number of visitors was registered in 2010. The most visited province was Trabzon while the least visited was in Giresun province. It can be said that as the number of visitors increases with the number of years, it is important that the number of declared protected areas increase, the protected areas become more capable of providing quality services, and the recreation needs of people increase gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest in destinations where nature is not disturbed and people can integrate with nature. However, living in nature and interacting with local people is not easy for tourists who do not know the region. There is a need for guidelines that will lead to interaction and facilitate communication in nature tourism such as plateau tourism. Tourist guides have a lot to roll in all areas of tourism and especially in the tourism of the highland, such as communication with local people, safety of tourists and so on. Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the experiences of the tourist guides in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with expert tourism guides in the field, Descriptive analysis was performed on the obtained data. In terms of the results obtained in the study, it was determined that the local people were negatively looking for mass tourist tours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gumushane is located on the transition route from Eastern Anatolia Region to Eastern Black Sea Region. Due to its social, cultural and ecological diversity depending on its geographical position, Gumushane allows a wide variety of tourism types to develop. One of these tourism types is eco-tourism. Gumushane, which has a combination of climate and geographical features of Eastern Anatolia and Eastern Black Sea Regions, has a rich ecological diversity. The evaluation of this richness in the scope of eco-tourism is very important in terms of social, cultural and economical development of the province. In this respect in the study; Gumushane's eco-tourism potential has been tried to be exposed based on to the actions and master plans made by the official authorities related to Gumushane, to the research reports, academic studies and also the information provided on the official website of the authorities such as Gumushane Governorate, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks. As a result; Gumushane has been found to have an important eco-tourism potential with its protected areas, diversity of flora and fauna and geological/geomorphological richness. In addition; in study, suggestions on how to evaluate the eco-tourism potential of Gumushane are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to make an elemental analysis of the natural spring waters in 7 cities (Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Gümüşhane and Bayburt) in the Eastern Black Sea region and to determine the elemental distribution of the entire region using geostatistical analysis with the help of this analysis. In accordance with this purpose, elemental analyses (Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) were carried out with the help of ICP-OES device for 40 samples of natural spring water in Eastern Black Sea Region. The average chemical analysis values ​​for each element in Eastern Black Sea Region were as 10270, 215, 122, 4749, 1093, 15960, 59, 5, 89, 18, 10 and 90 μg / L, respectively. The results were generally consistent with the permissible limits of World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkish. In addition, a general harmony was observed as a result of the comparison made with similar studies carried out at different points in the world. Using geostatistical analysis, the distribution of each element was determined and mapped in the study area. By means of these distribution maps, an estimated result could also be obtained about the chemical distributions of waters in unsampled locations. Finally, the possible effects of the analyzed elements on human health and which areas being under risk due to excess elements were discussed in this study.

Air pollution occurs more particularly in areas where there are an intense and unplanned urbanization. Because of the pollution, air quality is reduced and the pollution causes the various health problems. In this study, sulphurdioxide (SO2) concentration distributions has been examined in The Eastern Black Sea region where decreasing air quality because of the non-planned urbanization and topographical reasons. Fossil fuels used for heating especially in the winter season lead to air pollution dramatically. The Black Sea Coast could be one of the major sources of the air pollution in the study area. In this study, the effects and distributions of SO2 polluter on air quality is investigated by produced maps with the help of geographical information systems in the area of Eastern Black Sea zone that has Artvin, Bayburt, Giresun, Gumushane, Ordu, Rize, and Trabzon cities.The related data of air quality, measurement stations which are belonging to The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, have been used to measure hourly data between 2011-2016 years. The outcomes of this study, the means of SO2 concentrations ranking is found in spring seasons, Ordu > Giresun > Trabzon > Gumushane > Rize > Bayburt > Artvin, in summer seasons, Trabzon > Giresun > Rize > Ordu > Artvin > Bayburt, in fall seasons, Trabzon > Ordu > Gumushane > Giresun > Bayburt > Artvin > Rize, in winter seasons, Ordu > Trabzon > Gumushane > Giresun > Bayburt > Artvin > Rize.

The Eastern Black Sea Region is located in the north-eastern corner of Turkey. The region is a mountainous area where livestock and transhumance have become important economic activities for rural population. The villagers move into the yayla (Yayla: a temporary settlement in mountain pastures; plural: yaylalar) during summer to find pasturage for their herds. People of the Eastern Black Sea Region, especially those living in rural areas, have to work very hard to make a living. Therefore, they have a very active and vibrant lifestyle. This lifestyle of the people has also made impact on the folk music and local dance. Yayla festivals have been celebrated traditionally for hundreds of years as part of the transhumance culture in the region. The aim of present study is to explore and understand the folk music, dances and festivals which are related each other in rural area of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Qualitative research techniques have been used in the study. Keeping in view the aim of the research, qualitative data have collected through personal observations and in-depth interviews with fifteen people during summer and autumn 2010. Semistructured interview forms have been used to collect information during in-depth interviews. All of the collected data have been analyzed by descriptive analysis techniques.The findings of the research show that traditional yayla festivals of Eastern Black Sea Region, where local dances are played on folk music, are still continued. However, both the change in function of yaylas and transformation of yayla festivals into tourism product has threatened the unique cultural heritage in terms of degradation and extinction.

Mankind caused a lot of harm to their environment unintentionally during agriculture. Thus nowadays production techniques that are compatible with nature, making the right use of the resources, targeting sustainable development, looking after animal welfare are beginning to spread throughout the world. Especially organic agriculture among those techniques gained a seat as it depends on customer preference. Organic agriculture that has the following five fundamental features: compatibility to nature, self sufficiency, sustainability, welfare, traceability began with the production of dried grape, dried figs, dried apricots and nuts in our country during the 1980s with the contractual agriculture system intending to export. During the following years, hardshell and dried fruits, frozen fruits and vegetables, fresh fruits and vegetables, spices and legumes followed the previous ones in export. Also, production and exportation of rose water, rose oil, olive oil, cotton and textile products increased considerably. In our country where there is a wide variety of products for organic agriculture, in eastern black sea region tea and nuts are the most cultivated products. Organic agriculture is carried out in every province of the region, the contribution of provinces in percentage as follows: Rize 42%, Ordu 25%, Artvin 13%, Trabzon 10%, Gumushane and Giresun 5%. Organic stock raising is done only in Gumushane and Ordu. Gümüşhane has the most promising potential for organic stock raising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Travel & Hospitality Management / Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi is the property of SIMEDYA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Kastamonu University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty / Kastamonu Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Kastamonu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to protect Black Sea Coastal Highway, which was finished in 2007, and to prevent coastal erosion, T-groin fields and revetments were built in the Eastern Black Sea coasts. Since fishing is among the most important livelihoods of the region, various kinds of coastal fishery structures (harbours, refuge places and harbour launches) have extensively been used in the Eastern Black Sea Region. However, as a result of various effects, such as the construction of the structures on sandy coasts and the destruction of coastal balance because of coastal structures, the entrances and basins of these structures have been exposed to great amount of shoaling, which prevents their efficient usage. In this study, the problem of shoaling in coastal structures is evaluated in general; field studies, consisting of depth measurement studies made at various times in 8 coastal fishery structures in the Rize and Trabzon Provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region, are presented using the obtained data; shoaling processes are evaluated and causes and possible solutions have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Weed Science is the property of Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi Matbaasi, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, 50 promising cultivars, suitable for fresh consumption and without alternate bearing from 241 local apple genotypes of Coastal Zone of Eastern Black Sea Region which were planted in the collection orchard at Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture were characterized by morphological traits as fruit attributes based on UPOV and apple descriptor. Fruits of local apple cultivars were, in general, small to medium or medium to large, globose, skin ground color was yellow green, over color was solid flush pink red, flesh was firm and white in color, fruit attractiveness and eating quality was good, and texture was fine. The average fruit weight was 74.3-258.2 g, fruit length was 48.0-71.7 mm, fruit diameter was 54.3-77.3 mm, length/diameter ratio was 0.76-1.03, flesh firmness 71.7-104.8 N, SSC was 11.8-16.9%, titratable acidity was 0.27-1.78%. Among the 50 genotypes, 3 summer type, 4 fall type and 10 winter type genotypes, 17 in total, were found promising based on pomology. These were 41, 50, 150 (summer types); 103, 111, 180, 208 (fall types) and 29, 46, 58, 93, 100, 120, 131, 152, 194, 213 (winter types) coded local cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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