13 results on '"Eaton, Matthew Lucas"'
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2. Alzheimer's disease: early alterations in brain DNA methylation at ANK1, BIN1, RHBDF2 and other loci
- Author
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Srivastava, Gyan, Lunnon, Katie, Burgess, Jeremy, Yu, Lei, Ernst, Jason, McCabe, Cristin, Tang, Anna, Raj, Towfique, Replogle, Joseph, Brodeur, Wendy, Gabriel, Stacey, Younkin, Curtis, Zou, Fanggeng, Szyf, Moshe, Meissner, Alexander, Ertekin-Taner, Nilufer, Kellis, Manolis, Mill, Jonathan, De Jager, Philip L., Schalkwyk, Leonard C., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Eaton, Matthew L., Keenan, Brendan T., Chai, High S., Younkin, Steven G., Epstein, Charles B., Schneider, Julie A., Bernstein, Bradley E., Chibnik, Lori B., Bennett, David A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Ernst, Jason, Meissner, Alexander, and Kellis, Manolis
- Subjects
Male ,Aging ,Genome-wide association study ,Neurodegenerative ,Alzheimer's Disease ,80 and over ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Psychology ,Protein Interaction Maps ,Aetiology ,Epigenomics ,Genetics ,Aged, 80 and over ,General Neuroscience ,Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Brain ,Adaptor Proteins ,Nuclear Proteins ,Methylation ,Amyloidosis ,Middle Aged ,3. Good health ,CpG site ,Neurological ,DNA methylation ,Female ,Cognitive Sciences ,Alzheimer's disease ,Ankyrins ,and over ,Biology ,Article ,Alzheimer Disease ,Acquired Cognitive Impairment ,medicine ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Gene ,Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ,Aged ,Neurology & Neurosurgery ,Tumor Suppressor Proteins ,Human Genome ,Signal Transducing ,Neurosciences ,Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) ,DNA Methylation ,medicine.disease ,Brain Disorders ,Differentially methylated regions ,Dementia ,CpG Islands ,Carrier Proteins ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
We used a collection of 708 prospectively collected autopsied brains to assess the methylation state of the brain's DNA in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that the level of methylation at 71 of the 415,848 interrogated CpGs was significantly associated with the burden of AD pathology, including CpGs in the ABCA7 and BIN1 regions, which harbor known AD susceptibility variants. We validated 11 of the differentially methylated regions in an independent set of 117 subjects. Furthermore, we functionally validated these CpG associations and identified the nearby genes whose RNA expression was altered in AD: ANK1, CDH23, DIP2A, RHBDF2, RPL13, SERPINF1 and SERPINF2. Our analyses suggest that these DNA methylation changes may have a role in the onset of AD given that we observed them in presymptomatic subjects and that six of the validated genes connect to a known AD susceptibility gene network., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG036042), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG036836), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG17917), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG15819), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG032990), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG18023), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant RC2 AG036547), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P30 AG10161), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P50 AG016574), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant U01 ES017155), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant KL2 RR024151), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K25 AG041906-01)
- Published
- 2014
3. BRCA1 Recruitment to Transcriptional Pause Sites Is Required for R-Loop-Driven DNA Damage Repair
- Author
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Yen, Angela, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Kellis, Manolis, Hatchi, Elodie, Skourti-Stathaki, Konstantina, Ventz, Steffen, Pinello, Luca, Kamieniarz-Gdula, Kinga, Dimitrov, Stoil, Pathania, Shailja, McKinney, Kristine M., Hill, Sarah J., Parmigiani, Giovanni, Proudfoot, Nicholas J., Livingston, David M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Yen, Angela, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Kellis, Manolis, Hatchi, Elodie, Skourti-Stathaki, Konstantina, Ventz, Steffen, Pinello, Luca, Kamieniarz-Gdula, Kinga, Dimitrov, Stoil, Pathania, Shailja, McKinney, Kristine M., Hill, Sarah J., Parmigiani, Giovanni, Proudfoot, Nicholas J., and Livingston, David M.
- Published
- 2016
4. Alzheimer's disease: early alterations in brain DNA methylation at ANK1, BIN1, RHBDF2 and other loci
- Author
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Ernst, Jason, Meissner, Alexander, Kellis, Manolis, Srivastava, Gyan, Lunnon, Katie, Burgess, Jeremy, Yu, Lei, McCabe, Cristin, Tang, Anna, Raj, Towfique, Replogle, Joseph, Brodeur, Wendy, Gabriel, Stacey, Younkin, Curtis, Zou, Fanggeng, Szyf, Moshe, Ertekin-Taner, Nilufer, Mill, Jonathan, De Jager, Philip L., Schalkwyk, Leonard C., Eaton, Matthew L., Keenan, Brendan T., Chai, High S., Younkin, Steven G., Epstein, Charles B., Schneider, Julie A., Bernstein, Bradley E., Chibnik, Lori B., Bennett, David A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Ernst, Jason, Meissner, Alexander, Kellis, Manolis, Srivastava, Gyan, Lunnon, Katie, Burgess, Jeremy, Yu, Lei, McCabe, Cristin, Tang, Anna, Raj, Towfique, Replogle, Joseph, Brodeur, Wendy, Gabriel, Stacey, Younkin, Curtis, Zou, Fanggeng, Szyf, Moshe, Ertekin-Taner, Nilufer, Mill, Jonathan, De Jager, Philip L., Schalkwyk, Leonard C., Eaton, Matthew L., Keenan, Brendan T., Chai, High S., Younkin, Steven G., Epstein, Charles B., Schneider, Julie A., Bernstein, Bradley E., Chibnik, Lori B., and Bennett, David A.
- Abstract
We used a collection of 708 prospectively collected autopsied brains to assess the methylation state of the brain's DNA in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that the level of methylation at 71 of the 415,848 interrogated CpGs was significantly associated with the burden of AD pathology, including CpGs in the ABCA7 and BIN1 regions, which harbor known AD susceptibility variants. We validated 11 of the differentially methylated regions in an independent set of 117 subjects. Furthermore, we functionally validated these CpG associations and identified the nearby genes whose RNA expression was altered in AD: ANK1, CDH23, DIP2A, RHBDF2, RPL13, SERPINF1 and SERPINF2. Our analyses suggest that these DNA methylation changes may have a role in the onset of AD given that we observed them in presymptomatic subjects and that six of the validated genes connect to a known AD susceptibility gene network., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG036042), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG036836), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG17917), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG15819), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG032990), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 AG18023), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant RC2 AG036547), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P30 AG10161), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P50 AG016574), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant U01 ES017155), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant KL2 RR024151), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K25 AG041906-01)
- Published
- 2016
5. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes
- Author
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Kundaje, Anshul, Meuleman, Wouter, Ernst, Jason, Yen, Angela, Kheradpour, Pouya, Zhang, Zhizhuo, Wang, Jianrong, Ward, Lucas D., Sarkar, Abhishek Kulshreshtha, Quon, Gerald, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Wu, Yi-Chieh, Pfenning, Andreas R., Wang, Xinchen, Claussnitzer, Melina, Liu, Yaping, Bansal, Mukul S., Feizi-Khankandi, Soheil, Kim, Ah Ram, Cowper Sal-lari, Richard, Sinnott-Armstrong, Nicholas A., Kellis, Manolis, Boyer, Laurie, Gjoneska, Elizabeta, Tsai, Li-Huei, Feizi- Khankandi, Soheil, Boyer, Laurie Ann, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Kundaje, Anshul, Meuleman, Wouter, Ernst, Jason, Yen, Angela, Kheradpour, Pouya, Zhang, Zhizhuo, Wang, Jianrong, Ward, Lucas D., Sarkar, Abhishek Kulshreshtha, Quon, Gerald, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Wu, Yi-Chieh, Pfenning, Andreas R., Wang, Xinchen, Claussnitzer, Melina, Liu, Yaping, Bansal, Mukul S., Feizi-Khankandi, Soheil, Kim, Ah Ram, Cowper Sal-lari, Richard, Sinnott-Armstrong, Nicholas A., Kellis, Manolis, Boyer, Laurie, Gjoneska, Elizabeta, Tsai, Li-Huei, Feizi- Khankandi, Soheil, and Boyer, Laurie Ann
- Abstract
The reference human genome sequence set the stage for studies of genetic variation and its association with human disease, but epigenomic studies lack a similar reference. To address this need, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium generated the largest collection so far of human epigenomes for primary cells and tissues. Here we describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the programme, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression. We establish global maps of regulatory elements, define regulatory modules of coordinated activity, and their likely activators and repressors. We show that disease- and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease. Our results demonstrate the central role of epigenomic information for understanding gene regulation, cellular differentiation and human disease., National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (RC1HG005334), National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (R01HG004037), National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (R01HG004037-S1), National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (RO1NS078839), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CAREER Award 1254200)
- Published
- 2016
6. Alzheimer's loci: epigenetic associations and interaction with genetic factors
- Author
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Kellis, Manolis, Chibnik, Lori B., Yu, Lei, Srivastava, Gyan, Schneider, Julie A., Bennett, David A., De Jager, Philip L., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Kellis, Manolis, Chibnik, Lori B., Yu, Lei, Srivastava, Gyan, Schneider, Julie A., Bennett, David A., and De Jager, Philip L.
- Abstract
Objective We explore the role of DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To elucidate where DNA methylation falls along the causal pathway linking risk factors to disease, we examine causal models to assess its role in the pathology of AD. Methods DNA methylation profiles were generated in 740 brain samples using the Illumina HumanMet450K beadset. We focused our analysis on CpG sites from 11 AD susceptibility gene regions. The primary outcome was a quantitative measure of neuritic amyloid plaque (NP), a key early element of AD pathology. We tested four causal models: (1) independent associations, (2) CpG mediating the association of a variant, (3) reverse causality, and (4) genetic variant by CpG interaction. Results Six genes regions (17 CpGs) showed evidence of CpG associations with NP, independent of genetic variation – BIN1 (5), CLU (5), MS4A6A (3), ABCA7 (2), CD2AP (1), and APOE (1). Together they explained 16.8% of the variability in NP. An interaction effect was seen in the CR1 region for two CpGs, cg10021878 (P = 0.01) and cg05922028 (P = 0.001), in relation to NP. In both cases, subjects with the risk allele rs6656401[superscript AT/AA] display more methylation being associated with more NP burden, whereas subjects with the rs6656401[superscript TT] protective genotype have an inverse association with more methylation being associated with less NP. Interpretation These observations suggest that, within known AD susceptibility loci, methylation is related to pathologic processes of AD and may play a largely independent role by influencing gene expression in AD susceptibility loci., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K25AG041906), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P30AG10161), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG15819), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG17917), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG36042), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG36836), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant U01AG46152)
- Published
- 2016
7. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome
- Author
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Altshuler, Robert Charles, Ernst, Jason, Kellis, Manolis, Kheradpour, Pouya, Ward, Lucas D., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Hendrix, David A., Jungreis, Irwin, Lin, Michael F., Washietl, Stefan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Altshuler, Robert Charles, Ernst, Jason, Kellis, Manolis, Kheradpour, Pouya, Ward, Lucas D., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Hendrix, David A., Jungreis, Irwin, Lin, Michael F., and Washietl, Stefan
- Abstract
The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.
- Published
- 2014
8. Developmental control of gene copy number by repression of replication initiation and fork progression
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nordman, Jared T., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Orr-Weaver, Terry L., Sher, Noa, Bell, George W., Li, Sharon, Eng, Thomas, MacAlpine, David M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nordman, Jared T., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Orr-Weaver, Terry L., Sher, Noa, Bell, George W., Li, Sharon, Eng, Thomas, and MacAlpine, David M.
- Abstract
Precise DNA replication is crucial for genome maintenance, yet this process has been inherently difficult to study on a genome-wide level in untransformed differentiated metazoan cells. To determine how metazoan DNA replication can be repressed, we examined regions selectively under-replicated in Drosophila polytene salivary glands, and found they are transcriptionally silent and enriched for the repressive H3K27me3 mark. In the first genome-wide analysis of binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC) in a differentiated metazoan tissue, we find that ORC binding is dramatically reduced within these large domains, suggesting reduced initiation as one mechanism leading to under-replication. Inhibition of replication fork progression by the chromatin protein SUUR is an additional repression mechanism to reduce copy number. Although repressive histone marks are removed when SUUR is mutated and copy number restored, neither transcription nor ORC binding is reinstated. Tethering of the SUUR protein to a specific site is insufficient to block replication, however. These results establish that developmental control of DNA replication, at both the initiation and elongation stages, is a mechanism to change gene copy number during differentiation., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM57960), American Cancer Society. Research Professor Grant, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant 1U01HG004279)
- Published
- 2012
9. Alzheimer's loci: epigenetic associations and interaction with genetic factors
- Author
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Lori B. Chibnik, Julie A. Schneider, Manolis Kellis, Matthew L. Eaton, Gyan Srivastava, Lei Yu, David A. Bennett, Philip L. De Jager, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, and Kellis, Manolis
- Subjects
Apolipoprotein E ,Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,General Neuroscience ,Methylation ,Biology ,3. Good health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,CpG site ,DNA methylation ,Genetic variation ,Genotype ,Neurology (clinical) ,Epigenetics ,Gene ,Research Articles ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Objective We explore the role of DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To elucidate where DNA methylation falls along the causal pathway linking risk factors to disease, we examine causal models to assess its role in the pathology of AD. Methods DNA methylation profiles were generated in 740 brain samples using the Illumina HumanMet450K beadset. We focused our analysis on CpG sites from 11 AD susceptibility gene regions. The primary outcome was a quantitative measure of neuritic amyloid plaque (NP), a key early element of AD pathology. We tested four causal models: (1) independent associations, (2) CpG mediating the association of a variant, (3) reverse causality, and (4) genetic variant by CpG interaction. Results Six genes regions (17 CpGs) showed evidence of CpG associations with NP, independent of genetic variation – BIN1 (5), CLU (5), MS4A6A (3), ABCA7 (2), CD2AP (1), and APOE (1). Together they explained 16.8% of the variability in NP. An interaction effect was seen in the CR1 region for two CpGs, cg10021878 (P = 0.01) and cg05922028 (P = 0.001), in relation to NP. In both cases, subjects with the risk allele rs6656401[superscript AT/AA] display more methylation being associated with more NP burden, whereas subjects with the rs6656401[superscript TT] protective genotype have an inverse association with more methylation being associated with less NP. Interpretation These observations suggest that, within known AD susceptibility loci, methylation is related to pathologic processes of AD and may play a largely independent role by influencing gene expression in AD susceptibility loci., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K25AG041906), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P30AG10161), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG15819), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG17917), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG36042), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG36836), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant U01AG46152)
- Published
- 2015
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10. BRCA1 Recruitment to Transcriptional Pause Sites Is Required for R-Loop-Driven DNA Damage Repair
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Hatchi, Elodie, Skourti-Stathaki, Konstantina, Ventz, Steffen, Pinello, Luca, Yen, Angela, Kamieniarz-Gdula, Kinga, Dimitrov, Stoil, Pathania, Shailja, McKinney, Kristine M., Eaton, Matthew L., Kellis, Manolis, Hill, Sarah J., Parmigiani, Giovanni, Proudfoot, Nicholas J., Livingston, David M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Yen, Angela, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, and Kellis, Manolis
- Subjects
Cell Biology ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
The mechanisms contributing to transcription-associated genomic instability are both complex and incompletely understood. Although R-loops are normal transcriptional intermediates, they are also associated with genomic instability. Here, we show that BRCA1 is recruited to R-loops that form normally over a subset of transcription termination regions. There it mediates the recruitment of a specific, physiological binding partner, senataxin (SETX). Disruption of this complex led to R-loop-driven DNA damage at those loci as reflected by adjacent γ-H2AX accumulation and ssDNA breaks within the untranscribed strand of relevant R-loop structures. Genome-wide analysis revealed widespread BRCA1 binding enrichment at R-loop-rich termination regions (TRs) of actively transcribed genes. Strikingly, within some of these genes in BRCA1 null breast tumors, there are specific insertion/deletion mutations located close to R-loop-mediated BRCA1 binding sites within TRs. Thus, BRCA1/SETX complexes support a DNA repair mechanism that addresses R-loop-based DNA damage at transcriptional pause sites.
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- 2014
11. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes
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Daofeng Li, Tim R. Mercer, Wei Li, Lisa Helbling Chadwick, Jesse R. Dixon, Pouya Kheradpour, Joseph F. Costello, Pradipta R. Ray, John W. Whitaker, Peggy J. Farnham, Angela Tam, Vitor Onuchic, Robert A. Waterland, Misha Bilenky, James A. Thomson, Zhizhuo Zhang, Yaping Liu, Gerald Quon, Andrew J. Mungall, Steven J.M. Jones, Bradley E. Bernstein, Alexander Meissner, Melina Claussnitzer, Charles B. Epstein, Andreas R. Pfenning, Li-Huei Tsai, Laurie A. Boyer, Angela Yen, Ting Wang, Rajinder Kaul, Alireza Heravi-Moussavi, Danny Leung, Noam Shoresh, Michael T. McManus, Michael Stevens, John A. Stamatoyannopoulos, Mukul S. Bansal, Thea D. Tlsty, Susan J. Fisher, Manolis Kellis, Michael Q. Zhang, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, Viren Amin, Martin Hirst, Matthew D. Schultz, Joseph R. Ecker, Xinchen Wang, Jie Wu, Marco A. Marra, Kyle Siebenthall, Wei Wang, Ashwinikumar Kulkarni, Peter J. Sabo, R. Scott Hansen, Jianrong Wang, Michael J. Ziller, Richard A. Moore, Shane Neph, Richard C Sallari, Robert E. Thurman, Paz Polak, Wei Xie, Eric Chuah, Jason Ernst, Bing Ren, Nisha Rajagopal, Anshul Kundaje, Xin Zhou, Yi-Chieh Wu, Shamil R. Sunyaev, Ginell Elliott, Philippe Gascard, Soheil Feizi, Chibo Hong, R. Alan Harris, Ah Ram Kim, Philip L. De Jager, Rosa Karlic, R. David Hawkins, Matthew L. Eaton, Ryan Lister, Rebecca F. Lowdon, Annaick Carles, Elizabeta Gjoneska, David Haussler, Abhishek Sarkar, Nicholas A Sinnott-Armstrong, Wouter Meuleman, Lucas D. Ward, Kai How Farh, Richard Sandstrom, Arthur E. Beaudet, Theresa K. Canfield, Cristian Coarfa, Bo Zhang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Kundaje, Anshul, Meuleman, Wouter, Ernst, Jason, Yen, Angela, Kheradpour, Pouya, Zhang, Zhizhuo, Wang, Jianrong, Ward, Lucas D., Sarkar, Abhishek Kulshreshtha, Quon, Gerald, Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Wu, Yi-Chieh, Pfenning, Andreas R., Wang, Xinchen, Claussnitzer, Melina, Liu, Yaping, Bansal, Mukul S., Feizi-Khankandi, Soheil, Kim, Ah Ram, Cowper Sal-lari, Richard, Sinnott-Armstrong, Nicholas A., Kellis, Manolis, Boyer, Laurie, Gjoneska, Elizabeta, and Tsai, Li-Huei
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Epigenomics ,Datasets as Topic ,ATAC-seq ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Article ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,Histones ,Reference Values ,Computational epigenetics ,Chromosomes, Human ,Humans ,Cell Lineage ,Epigenetics ,Cells, Cultured ,Genetics ,Regulation of gene expression ,Multidisciplinary ,Base Sequence ,Genome, Human ,Genetic Variation ,DNA ,Epigenome ,DNA Methylation ,Chromatin ,Human genetics ,Enhancer Elements, Genetic ,Organ Specificity ,RNA ,Human genome ,chromatin ,histone ,epigenome ,tissue specificity ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
The reference human genome sequence set the stage for studies of genetic variation and its association with human disease, but epigenomic studies lack a similar reference. To address this need, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium generated the largest collection so far of human epigenomes for primary cells and tissues. Here we describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the programme, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression. We establish global maps of regulatory elements, define regulatory modules of coordinated activity, and their likely activators and repressors. We show that disease- and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease. Our results demonstrate the central role of epigenomic information for understanding gene regulation, cellular differentiation and human disease., National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (RC1HG005334), National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (R01HG004037), National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (R01HG004037-S1), National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (RO1NS078839), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CAREER Award 1254200)
- Published
- 2014
12. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome
- Author
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Robert Altshuler, Laura Elnitski, Michael Anaya, Alec Victorsen, Deborah Winter, Javier Herrero, Katherine Varley, Andrea Sboner, Oscar Junhong Luo, Marco Mariotti, Cristina Sisu, Mike Kay, Timothy Dreszer, Jane Loveland, Alexandra Bignell, Ewan Birney, Tim @timjph Hubbard, Kuljeet Sandhu, Eric Haugen, Chris Gunter, Alexej Abyzov, Lucas Ward, Georgi Marinov, Michael Pazin, Thomas Gingeras, Alexander Dobin, Kimberly Foss, Xianjun Dong, Benoit Miotto, Piotr Mieczkowski, Cedric Notredame, Andrew Berry, Shawn Gillespie, Axel Visel, Shawn Levy, Richard Sandstrom, Jose M Gonzalez, Melissa Fullwood, Timo Lassmann, Michael Tress, Julien Lagarde, Kevin Yip, Leslie Adams, Sylvain Foissac, Bronwen Aken, Piero Carninci, Suganthi Balasubramanian, Andrea Tanzer, Sarah Djebali, Michael Hoffman, Gloria Despacio-Reyes, Peter Park, Felix Kokocinski, Katherine Fisher-Aylor, Juan M Vaquerizas, Peggy Farnham, Patrick Collins, Amonida Zadissa, Pedro Ferreira, Philippe Batut, Michael Snyder, Electra Tapanari, Adam Frankish, Paul Flicek, AMARTYA SANYAL, Tyler Alioto, Giovanni Bussotti, Laurence Meyer, Jingyi Jessica Li, Matthew Blow, Tristan FRUM, Roger Alexander, Rory Johnson, Charles Steward, Meizhen Zheng, Margus Lukk, Ross Hardison, Claire Davidson, Gary Saunders, Alan Boyle, Luiz Penalva, Rajinder Kaul, Lazaro Centanin, Florencia Pauli Behn, Thomas Derrien, Nathan Sheffield, Toby Hunt, Eric Nguyen, Jeff Vierstra, Konrad Karczewski, Kimberly Bell, Yanbao Yu, Hagen U Tilgner, James Taylor, Balázs Bánfai, Catherine Snow, Benjamin Vernot, Stephan Kirchmaier, Michael Sammeth, Steven Wilder, Angelika Merkel, Joanna Mieczkowska, Guoliang Li, Wei Lin, Jennifer Harrow, Thomas Oliver Auer, Daniel Barrell, Eddie Park, Alvis Brazma, Hazuki Takahashi, Nathan Johnson, Daniel Sobral, Terry Furey, Alexandre Reymond, Jonathan Mudge, Anshul Kundaje, Jose Rodriguez, Akshay Bhinge, James Gilbert, Jakub Karczewski, Venkat Malladi, Troy Whitfield, Orion Buske, Ian Dunham, Jennifer Moran, Joachim Wittbrodt, Charles B. Epstein, Laurens Wilming, Jason Gertz, Joshua Akey, Joel Rozowsky, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire (LGC), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Antonarakis, Stylianos, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Altshuler, Robert Charles, Ernst, Jason, Kellis, Manolis, Kheradpour, Pouya, Ward, Lucas D., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, Hendrix, David A., Jungreis, Irwin, Lin, Michael F., Washietl, Stefan, Lists of participants and their affiliations appear at the end of the paper and in the 'Collaboration/Projet' field., The Consortium is funded by grants from the NHGRI as follows: production grants: U54HG004570 (B. E. Bernstein), U01HG004695 (E. Birney), U54HG004563 (G. E. Crawford), U54HG004557 (T. R. Gingeras), U54HG004555 (T. J. Hubbard), U41HG004568 (W. J. Kent), U54HG004576 (R. M. Myers), U54HG004558 (M. Snyder), U54HG004592 (J. A. Stamatoyannopoulos). Pilot grants: R01HG003143 (J. Dekker), RC2HG005591 and R01HG003700 (M. C. Giddings), R01HG004456-03 (Y. Ruan), U01HG004571 (S. A. Tenenbaum), U01HG004561 (Z. Weng), RC2HG005679 (K. P. White). This project was supported in part by American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds from the NHGRI through grants U54HG004570, U54HG004563, U41HG004568, U54HG004592, R01HG003143, RC2HG005591, R01HG003541,U01HG004561,RC2HG005679andR01HG003988(L. Pennacchio). In addition, work from NHGRI Groups was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NHGRI (L. Elnitski, ZIAHG200323, E. H. Margulies, ZIAHG200341). Research in the Pennachio laboratory was performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and at the United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Department of Energy Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231, University of California., Dunham I, Kundaje A, Aldred SF, Collins PJ, Davis CA, Doyle F, Epstein CB, Frietze S, Harrow J, Kaul R, Khatun J, Lajoie BR, Landt SG, Lee BK, Pauli F, Rosenbloom KR, Sabo P, Safi A, Sanyal A, Shoresh N, Simon JM, Song L, Trinklein ND, Altshuler RC, Birney E, Brown JB, Cheng C, Djebali S, Dong X, Dunham I, Ernst J, Furey TS, Gerstein M, Giardine B, Greven M, Hardison RC, Harris RS, Herrero J, Hoffman MM, Iyer S, Kellis M, Khatun J, Kheradpour P, Kundaje A, Lassmann T, Li Q, Lin X, Marinov GK, Merkel A, Mortazavi A, Parker SC, Reddy TE, Rozowsky J, Schlesinger F, Thurman RE, Wang J, Ward LD, Whitfield TW, Wilder SP, Wu W, Xi HS, Yip KY, Zhuang J, Pazin MJ, Lowdon RF, Dillon LA, Adams LB, Kelly CJ, Zhang J, Wexler JR, Green ED, Good PJ, Feingold EA, Bernstein BE, Birney E, Crawford GE, Dekker J, Elnitski L, Farnham PJ, Gerstein M, Giddings MC, Gingeras TR, Green ED, Guigó R, Hardison RC, Hubbard TJ, Kellis M, Kent W, Lieb JD, Margulies EH, Myers RM, Snyder M, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Tenenbaum SA, Weng Z, White KP, Wold B, Khatun J, Yu Y, Wrobel J, Risk BA, Gunawardena HP, Kuiper HC, Maier CW, Xie L, Chen X, Giddings MC, Bernstein BE, Epstein CB, Shoresh N, Ernst J, Kheradpour P, Mikkelsen TS, Gillespie S, Goren A, Ram O, Zhang X, Wang L, Issner R, Coyne MJ, Durham T, Ku M, Truong T, Ward LD, Altshuler RC, Eaton ML, Kellis M, Djebali S, Davis CA, Merkel A, Dobin A, Lassmann T, Mortazavi A, Tanzer A, Lagarde J, Lin W, Schlesinger F, Xue C, Marinov GK, Khatun J, Williams BA, Zaleski C, Rozowsky J, Röder M, Kokocinski F, Abdelhamid RF, Alioto T, Antoshechkin I, Baer MT, Batut P, Bell I, Bell K, Chakrabortty S, Chen X, Chrast J, Curado J, Derrien T, Drenkow J, Dumais E, Dumais J, Duttagupta R, Fastuca M, Fejes-Toth K, Ferreira P, Foissac S, Fullwood MJ, Gao H, Gonzalez D, Gordon A, Gunawardena HP, Howald C, Jha S, Johnson R, Kapranov P, King B, Kingswood C, Li G, Luo OJ, Park E, Preall JB, Presaud K, Ribeca P, Risk BA, Robyr D, Ruan X, Sammeth M, Sandhu KS, Schaeffer L, See LH, Shahab A, Skancke J, Suzuki AM, Takahashi H, Tilgner H, Trout D, Walters N, Wang H, Wrobel J, Yu Y, Hayashizaki Y, Harrow J, Gerstein M, Hubbard TJ, Reymond A, Antonarakis SE, Hannon GJ, Giddings MC, Ruan Y, Wold B, Carninci P, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Rosenbloom KR, Sloan CA, Learned K, Malladi VS, Wong MC, Barber GP, Cline MS, Dreszer TR, Heitner SG, Karolchik D, Kent W, Kirkup VM, Meyer LR, Long JC, Maddren M, Raney BJ, Furey TS, Song L, Grasfeder LL, Giresi PG, Lee BK, Battenhouse A, Sheffield NC, Simon JM, Showers KA, Safi A, London D, Bhinge AA, Shestak C, Schaner MR, Kim SK, Zhang ZZ, Mieczkowski PA, Mieczkowska JO, Liu Z, McDaniell RM, Ni Y, Rashid NU, Kim MJ, Adar S, Zhang Z, Wang T, Winter D, Keefe D, Birney E, Iyer VR, Lieb JD, Crawford GE, Li G, Sandhu KS, Zheng M, Wang P, Luo OJ, Shahab A, Fullwood MJ, Ruan X, Ruan Y, Myers RM, Pauli F, Williams BA, Gertz J, Marinov GK, Reddy TE, Vielmetter J, Partridge E, Trout D, Varley KE, Gasper C, Bansal A, Pepke S, Jain P, Amrhein H, Bowling KM, Anaya M, Cross MK, King B, Muratet MA, Antoshechkin I, Newberry KM, McCue K, Nesmith AS, Fisher-Aylor KI, Pusey B, DeSalvo G, Parker SL, Balasubramanian S, Davis NS, Meadows SK, Eggleston T, Gunter C, Newberry J, Levy SE, Absher DM, Mortazavi A, Wong WH, Wold B, Blow MJ, Visel A, Pennachio LA, Elnitski L, Margulies EH, Parker SC, Petrykowska HM, Abyzov A, Aken B, Barrell D, Barson G, Berry A, Bignell A, Boychenko V, Bussotti G, Chrast J, Davidson C, Derrien T, Despacio-Reyes G, Diekhans M, Ezkurdia I, Frankish A, Gilbert J, Gonzalez JM, Griffiths E, Harte R, Hendrix DA, Howald C, Hunt T, Jungreis I, Kay M, Khurana E, Kokocinski F, Leng J, Lin MF, Loveland J, Lu Z, Manthravadi D, Mariotti M, Mudge J, Mukherjee G, Notredame C, Pei B, Rodriguez JM, Saunders G, Sboner A, Searle S, Sisu C, Snow C, Steward C, Tanzer A, Tapanari E, Tress ML, van Baren MJ, Walters N, Washietl S, Wilming L, Zadissa A, Zhang Z, Brent M, Haussler D, Kellis M, Valencia A, Gerstein M, Reymond A, Guigó R, Harrow J, Hubbard TJ, Landt SG, Frietze S, Abyzov A, Addleman N, Alexander RP, Auerbach RK, Balasubramanian S, Bettinger K, Bhardwaj N, Boyle AP, Cao AR, Cayting P, Charos A, Cheng Y, Cheng C, Eastman C, Euskirchen G, Fleming JD, Grubert F, Habegger L, Hariharan M, Harmanci A, Iyengar S, Jin VX, Karczewski KJ, Kasowski M, Lacroute P, Lam H, Lamarre-Vincent N, Leng J, Lian J, Lindahl-Allen M, Min R, Miotto B, Monahan H, Moqtaderi Z, Mu XJ, O'Geen H, Ouyang Z, Patacsil D, Pei B, Raha D, Ramirez L, Reed B, Rozowsky J, Sboner A, Shi M, Sisu C, Slifer T, Witt H, Wu L, Xu X, Yan KK, Yang X, Yip KY, Zhang Z, Struhl K, Weissman SM, Gerstein M, Farnham PJ, Snyder M, Tenenbaum SA, Penalva LO, Doyle F, Karmakar S, Landt SG, Bhanvadia RR, Choudhury A, Domanus M, Ma L, Moran J, Patacsil D, Slifer T, Victorsen A, Yang X, Snyder M, Auer T, Centanin L, Eichenlaub M, Gruhl F, Heermann S, Hoeckendorf B, Inoue D, Kellner T, Kirchmaier S, Mueller C, Reinhardt R, Schertel L, Schneider S, Sinn R, Wittbrodt B, Wittbrodt J, Weng Z, Whitfield TW, Wang J, Collins PJ, Aldred SF, Trinklein ND, Partridge EC, Myers RM, Dekker J, Jain G, Lajoie BR, Sanyal A, Balasundaram G, Bates DL, Byron R, Canfield TK, Diegel MJ, Dunn D, Ebersol AK, Frum T, Garg K, Gist E, Hansen R, Boatman L, Haugen E, Humbert R, Jain G, Johnson AK, Johnson EM, Kutyavin TV, Lajoie BR, Lee K, Lotakis D, Maurano MT, Neph SJ, Neri FV, Nguyen ED, Qu H, Reynolds AP, Roach V, Rynes E, Sabo P, Sanchez ME, Sandstrom RS, Sanyal A, Shafer AO, Stergachis AB, Thomas S, Thurman RE, Vernot B, Vierstra J, Vong S, Wang H, Weaver MA, Yan Y, Zhang M, Akey JM, Bender M, Dorschner MO, Groudine M, MacCoss MJ, Navas P, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Kaul R, Dekker J, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Dunham I, Beal K, Brazma A, Flicek P, Herrero J, Johnson N, Keefe D, Lukk M, Luscombe NM, Sobral D, Vaquerizas JM, Wilder SP, Batzoglou S, Sidow A, Hussami N, Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou S, Libbrecht MW, Schaub MA, Kundaje A, Hardison RC, Miller W, Giardine B, Harris RS, Wu W, Bickel PJ, Banfai B, Boley NP, Brown JB, Huang H, Li Q, Li JJ, Noble WS, Bilmes JA, Buske OJ, Hoffman MM, Sahu AD, Kharchenko PV, Park PJ, Baker D, Taylor J, Weng Z, Iyer S, Dong X, Greven M, Lin X, Wang J, Xi HS, Zhuang J, Gerstein M, Alexander RP, Balasubramanian S, Cheng C, Harmanci A, Lochovsky L, Min R, Mu XJ, Rozowsky J, Yan KK, Yip KY, Birney E., and Miotto, Benoit
- Subjects
Encyclopedias as Topic ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,DNA Footprinting ,Genoma humà ,Binding Sites/genetics ,Histones/chemistry/metabolism ,0302 clinical medicine ,Exons/genetics ,ddc:576.5 ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,[SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,[SDV.BIBS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM] ,DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ,region ,Chemistry ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ,Genomics ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ,[SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM] ,Neoplasms/genetics ,Chromatin ,Cell biology ,in vivo ,Genetic Variation/genetics ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism ,Proteins/genetics ,transcription factor-binding ,chromosome conformation capture ,DNA Methylation/genetics ,Chromosomes, Human/genetics/metabolism ,Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ,Mammals/genetics ,DNA/genetics ,determinant ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,map ,Animals ,Humans ,Transcription Factors/metabolism ,Alleles ,mouse ,030304 developmental biology ,Transcription, Genetic/genetics ,Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,human cell ,Molecular Sequence Annotation ,Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics ,Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ,DNA binding site ,Genòmica ,Genome, Human/genetics ,chromatin ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Genètica ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research. The Consortium is funded by grants from the NHGRI as follows: production grants: U54HG004570 (B. E. Bernstein); U01HG004695 (E. Birney); U54HG004563 (G. E. Crawford); U54HG004557 (T. R. Gingeras); U54HG004555 (T. J. Hubbard); U41HG004568 /n(W. J. Kent); U54HG004576 (R. M. Myers); U54HG004558 (M. Snyder);/nU54HG004592 (J. A. Stamatoyannopoulos). Pilot grants: R01HG003143 (J. Dekker); RC2HG005591 and R01HG003700 (M. C. Giddings); R01HG004456-03 (Y. Ruan); U01HG004571 (S. A. Tenenbaum); U01HG004561 (Z. Weng); RC2HG005679 (K. P. White). This project was supported in part by American Recovery and/nReinvestment Act (ARRA) funds from the NHGRI through grants U54HG004570, U54HG004563, U41HG004568, U54HG004592, R01HG003143, RC2HG005591,R01HG003541, U01HG004561, RC2HG005679andR01HG003988(L. Pennacchio). In addition, work from NHGRI Groups was supported by the Intramural Research/nProgram of the NHGRI (L. Elnitski, ZIAHG200323; E. H. Margulies, ZIAHG200341). Research in the Pennachio laboratory was performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and at the United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Department of Energy Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231, University of California.
- Published
- 2012
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13. Developmental control of gene copy number by repression of replication initiation and fork progression
- Author
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Matthew L. Eaton, Noa Sher, David M. MacAlpine, Thomas Eng, George W. Bell, Sharon Li, Terry L. Orr-Weaver, Jared T. Nordman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nordman, Jared T., Eaton, Matthew Lucas, and Orr-Weaver, Terry L.
- Subjects
Genetics ,DNA Replication ,Research ,Gene Dosage ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Eukaryotic DNA replication ,Cell Differentiation ,Biology ,Pre-replication complex ,DNA replication factor CDT1 ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Histones ,Replication factor C ,Licensing factor ,Drosophila melanogaster ,Control of chromosome duplication ,Minichromosome maintenance ,biology.protein ,Origin recognition complex ,Animals ,Drosophila Proteins ,Genetics (clinical) ,Polytene Chromosomes - Abstract
Precise DNA replication is crucial for genome maintenance, yet this process has been inherently difficult to study on a genome-wide level in untransformed differentiated metazoan cells. To determine how metazoan DNA replication can be repressed, we examined regions selectively under-replicated in Drosophila polytene salivary glands, and found they are transcriptionally silent and enriched for the repressive H3K27me3 mark. In the first genome-wide analysis of binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC) in a differentiated metazoan tissue, we find that ORC binding is dramatically reduced within these large domains, suggesting reduced initiation as one mechanism leading to under-replication. Inhibition of replication fork progression by the chromatin protein SUUR is an additional repression mechanism to reduce copy number. Although repressive histone marks are removed when SUUR is mutated and copy number restored, neither transcription nor ORC binding is reinstated. Tethering of the SUUR protein to a specific site is insufficient to block replication, however. These results establish that developmental control of DNA replication, at both the initiation and elongation stages, is a mechanism to change gene copy number during differentiation., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM57960), American Cancer Society. Research Professor Grant, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant 1U01HG004279)
- Published
- 2011
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