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4. Identification of sources of faecal pollution in surface waters using a novel antibiotic resistance profiling technique

Author

Ebdon, James Edward

Subjects
628.161
Abstract

The presence of faecal material in rivers and bathing waters can degrade water quality and impact on drinking water supply, fishing, aquaculture and recreational uses. In developing countries, infectious diseases related to the faecal contamination of water resources can constitute a major burden on human health. Determining the origin of contamination is not only imp0l1ant when assessing the degree of risk posed to public health, but also in deciding how best to target remediation measures. This study set out to develop and implement a low-cost antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) method for determining the sources of environments. 2 ~ OC1 2006 aquatic SERV\CES ARA is a potentially useful method for distinguishing faecal ba~ri~ttOG~U1J'Cre r~1M has been used successfully to predict the origin of faecal contaminaQ n in rIver t tchments in the U.S.A. This phenotypic approach has cost benefits over genotypic approaches but existing protocols are time-consuming and manual data handling is open to human error. A simplified, low-cost approach to the ARA technique was developed that uses automated data recording combined with simple statistical analyses to compare bacteria of the genus Enterococcus from various faecal sources. In total, 3675 isolates were analysed for their sensitivity to a combination of antibiotic concentrations, creating a database of over 250,000 test reactions. Discriminant function analysis (DF A) revealed how many of the isolates were correctly grouped into each source category, on the basis of their antibiotic resistance patterns. When the database was split into ' municipal wastewater (MW) vs. livestock vs. wild bird' 73% the database isolates were correctly classified. This rate fell slightly to 68% when the database was split into 'MW vs. cattle and sheep vs. pigs vs. wild birds vs. dogs vs. poultry'. Isolates of porcine origin demonstrated the highest levels of resistance to the chosen antibiotic concentrations and the best rates of classification. Once the most discriminant antibiotics had been identified, it was possible to reduce the number of concentrations from 80 to just 31 . The most common sources of faecal pollution present in river water samples were livestock and wild birds. Whilst isolates classified as originating from municipal wastewaters were also detected, they were not found to be the dominant source. The data presented in this thesis also suggest that patterns of antibiotic resistance amongst bacterial populations differ with respect to geographical location. Future faecal source tracking studies using ARA may therefore require the assembly of catchment specific databases. However, antibiotic resistance patterns did appear to remain stable for at least 36 months. Most imp0l1antly, the ARA technique has demonstrated that it is capable of distinguishing the human and animal populations responsible for a faecal pollution incident, thereby allowing a more cost-effective and targeted approach to the remediation of impaired surface waters in the future.

Published
2006

11. Performance of viruses and bacteriophages for fecal source determination in a multi-laboratory, comparative study

Author

Harwood, Valerie J., Boehm, Alexandria B., Sassoubre, Lauren M., Vijayavel, Kannappan, Stewart, Jill R., Fong, Theng-Theng, Caprais, Marie-Paule, Converse, Reagan R., Diston, David, Ebdon, James, Fuhrman, Jed A., Gourmelon, Michele, Gentry-Shields, Jennifer, Griffith, John F., Kashian, Donna R., Noble, Rachel T., Taylor, Huw, and Wicki, Melanie

Published
2013
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17. Evaluation of Low-Cost Phage-Based Microbial Source Tracking Tools for Elucidating Human Fecal Contamination Pathways in Kolkata, India

Author

Kapoor, Renuka, primary, Ebdon, James, additional, Wadhwa, Ashutosh, additional, Chowdhury, Goutam, additional, Wang, Yuke, additional, Raj, Suraja J., additional, Siesel, Casey, additional, Durry, Sarah E., additional, Mairinger, Wolfgang, additional, Mukhopadhyay, Asish K., additional, Kanungo, Suman, additional, Dutta, Shanta, additional, and Moe, Christine L., additional

Published
2021
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21. A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya)

Author

Trajano Gomes da Silva, Diogo, primary, Ebdon, James, additional, Okotto-Okotto, Joseph, additional, Ade, Frederick, additional, Mito, Oscar, additional, Wanza, Peggy, additional, Kwoba, Emmah, additional, Mwangi, Thumbi, additional, Yu, Weiyu, additional, and Wright, Jim A., additional

Published
2020
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28. Global Distribution of Human-Associated Fecal Genetic Markers in Reference Samples from Six Continents

Author

Mayer, René E., primary, Reischer, Georg H., additional, Ixenmaier, Simone K., additional, Derx, Julia, additional, Blaschke, Alfred Paul, additional, Ebdon, James E., additional, Linke, Rita, additional, Egle, Lukas, additional, Ahmed, Warish, additional, Blanch, Anicet R., additional, Byamukama, Denis, additional, Savill, Marion, additional, Mushi, Douglas, additional, Cristóbal, Héctor A., additional, Edge, Thomas A., additional, Schade, Margit A., additional, Aslan, Asli, additional, Brooks, Yolanda M., additional, Sommer, Regina, additional, Masago, Yoshifumi, additional, Sato, Maria I., additional, Taylor, Huw D., additional, Rose, Joan B., additional, Wuertz, Stefan, additional, Shanks, Orin C., additional, Piringer, Harald, additional, Mach, Robert L., additional, Savio, Domenico, additional, Zessner, Matthias, additional, and Farnleitner, Andreas H., additional

Published
2018
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30. Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking

Author

Blanch, Anicet R., Belanche-Munoz, Lluis, Bonjoch, Xavier, Ebdon, James, Gantzer, Christophe, Lucena, Francisco, Ottoson, Jakob, Kourtis, Christos, Iversen, Aina, Kuhn, Inger, Moce, Laura, Muniesa, Maite, Schwartzbrod, Janine, Skraber, Sylvain, Papageorgiou, Georgios T., Taylor, Huw, Wallis, Jessica, and Jofre, Joan

Subjects
Bacteriophages -- Research, Marine pollution -- Research, Feces -- Impaction, Feces -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

A multilaboratory research was conducted wherein various microbial and chemical indicators were examined to differentiate the sources of human fecal from nonhuman fecal sources using wastewaters and slurries from different geographical regions within Europe. It was concluded that none of the tested microbial and chemical parameters were alone able to determine the source of fecal pollution in wastewaters and slurries and therefore, a suite of parameters was required.

Published
2006

31. Performance assessment of qPCR assays targeting human- and ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes for microbial source tracking across sixteen countries on six continents

Author

Reischer, Georg H., Ebdon, James E., Bauer, Johanna M., Schuster, Nathalie, Ahmed, Warish, Åström, Johan, Blanch, Anicet R., Blöschl, Günter, Byamukama, Denis, Coakley, Tricia, Ferguson, Christobel, Goshu, Goraw, Ko, GwangPyo, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, Mushi, Douglas, Poma, Hugo Ramiro, Pradhan, Bandana, Rajal, Verónica Beatriz, Schade, Margit A., Sommer, Regina, Taylor, Huw, Toth, Erika M., Vrajmasu, Virgil, Wuertz, Stefan, Mach, Robert L., and Farnleitner, Andreas H.

Subjects
Microbial source tracking, Water quality, purl.org/becyt/ford/2.8 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/2 [https], Bacteroidetes, Biotecnología del Medio Ambiente, Genetic markers, Biotecnología Medioambiental, Fecal pollution, INGENIERÍAS Y TECNOLOGÍAS, Pollution microbiology, Quantitative real-time PCR
Abstract

Numerous quantitative PCR assays for microbial fecal source tracking (MST) have been developed and evaluated in recent years. Widespread application has been hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the geographical stability and hence applicability of such methods beyond the regional level. This study assessed the performance of five previously reported quantitative PCR assays targeting human-, cattle- or ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes populations on 280 human and animal fecal samples from 16 countries across six continents. The tested cattle-associated markers were shown to be ruminant-associated. The quantitative distributions of marker concentrations in target and non target samples proved to be essential for the assessment of assay performance and were used to establish a new metric for quantitative source-specificity. In general, this study demonstrates that stable target populations required for marker-based MST occur around the globe. Ruminant-associated marker concentrations were strongly correlated with total intestinal Bacteroidetes populations and with each other, indicating that the detected ruminant-associated populations seem to be part of the intestinal core microbiome of ruminants worldwide. Consequently tested ruminant targeted assays appear to be suitable quantitative MST tools beyond the regional level while the targeted human-associated populations seem to be less prevalent and stable suggesting potential for improvements in human-targeted methods. Fil: Reischer, Georg H.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria. InterUniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health; Austria Fil: Ebdon, James E.. University of Brighton. School of Environment and Technology. Environment & Public Health Research Unit ; Reino Unido Fil: Bauer, Johanna M.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Schuster, Nathalie. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Ahmed, Warish. CSIRO Land and Water; Australia Fil: Åström, Johan. Chalmers University Of Technology; Suecia Fil: Blanch, Anicet R.. Universidad de Barcelona. Departamento de Bioquimica; España Fil: Blöschl, Günter. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Byamukama, Denis. Makerere University. Department of Biochemistry; Uganda Fil: Coakley, Tricia. University Of Kentucky; Estados Unidos Fil: Ferguson, Christobel. ALS Water Sciences Group; Australia Fil: Goshu, Goraw. Bahir Dar University. Blue Nile Water Institute. College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences; Etiopía Fil: Ko, GwangPyo. Seoul National University; Corea del Sur Fil: de Roda Husman, Ana Maria. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment ; Países Bajos Fil: Mushi, Douglas. Sokoine University; Tanzania Fil: Poma, Hugo Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación para la Industria Química (i); Argentina Fil: Pradhan, Bandana. Tribhuvan University; Nepal Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación para la Industria Química (i); Argentina Fil: Schade, Margit A.. Bavarian Environment Agency; Alemania Fil: Sommer, Regina. InterUniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health; Austria. Medical University of Vienna. Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene; Austria Fil: Taylor, Huw. University of Brighton. School of Environment and Technology. Environment & Public Health Research Unit ; Reino Unido Fil: Toth, Erika M.. Eötvös Lorand University. Department of Microbiology. Biological Institute; Hungría Fil: Vrajmasu, Virgil. Veterinary State Laboratory; Rumania Fil: Wuertz, Stefan. University Of California At Davis; Estados Unidos Fil: Mach, Robert L.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Farnleitner, Andreas H.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria. InterUniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health; Austria

Published
2013

35. Performance Characteristics of qPCR Assays Targeting Human- and Ruminant-AssociatedBacteroidetesfor Microbial Source Tracking across Sixteen Countries on Six Continents

Author

Reischer, Georg H., primary, Ebdon, James E., additional, Bauer, Johanna M., additional, Schuster, Nathalie, additional, Ahmed, Warish, additional, Åström, Johan, additional, Blanch, Anicet R., additional, Blöschl, Günter, additional, Byamukama, Denis, additional, Coakley, Tricia, additional, Ferguson, Christobel, additional, Goshu, Goraw, additional, Ko, GwangPyo, additional, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, additional, Mushi, Douglas, additional, Poma, Ramiro, additional, Pradhan, Bandana, additional, Rajal, Veronica, additional, Schade, Margit A., additional, Sommer, Regina, additional, Taylor, Huw, additional, Toth, Erika M., additional, Vrajmasu, Virgil, additional, Wuertz, Stefan, additional, Mach, Robert L., additional, and Farnleitner, Andreas H., additional

Published
2013
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36. Simulation of daily discharge using the distributed model SWAT as a catchment management tool: Limnatis River case study

Author

Papatheodoulou, Athina, primary, Tzoraki, Ourania, additional, Panagos, Panos, additional, Taylor, Huw, additional, Ebdon, James, additional, Papageorgiou, George, additional, Pissarides, Nicholas, additional, Antoniou, Katerina, additional, Christofi, Georgia, additional, Dorlfinger, Gerald, additional, and Symons, Nick, additional

Published
2013
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42. The application of removal coefficients for viruses in different wastewater treatment processes calculated using stochastic modelling.

Author

Dias, Edgard, Ebdon, James, and Taylor, Huw

Subjects
*WASTEWATER treatment, *STOCHASTIC analysis, *ACTIVATED sludge process, *BACTERIOPHAGES, *HEALTH risk assessment
Abstract

This study proposes that calculating and interpreting removal coefficients (K20) for bacteriophages in activated sludge (AS) and trickling filter (TF) systems using stochastic modelling may provide important information that may be used to estimate the removal of phages in such systems using simplified models. In order to achieve this, 14 samples of settled wastewater and post-secondary sedimentation wastewater were collected every 2 weeks, over a 6-month period (May to November), from two AS and two TF systems situated in southern England. Initial results have demonstrated that the removal of somatic coliphages in both AS and TF systems is considerably higher than that of F-RNA coliphages, and that AS more effectively removes both phage groups than TF. The results have also demonstrated that K20 values for phages in AS are higher than in TF, which could be justified by the higher removal rates observed in AS and the models assumed for both systems. The research provides a suggested framework for calculating and predicting removal rates of pathogens and indicator organisms in wastewater treatment systems using simplified models in order to support integrated water and sanitation safety planning approaches to human health risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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44. Tracking the origin of faecal pollution in surface water: an ongoing project within the European Union research programme

Author

Blanch, Anicet R., primary, Belanche-Muñoz, Luis, primary, Bonjoch, Xavier, primary, Ebdon, James, primary, Gantzer, Christophe, primary, Lucena, Francisco, primary, Ottoson, Jakob, primary, Kourtis, Christos, primary, Iversen, Aina, primary, Kühn, Inger, primary, Moce, Laura, primary, Muniesa, Maite, primary, Schwartzbrod, Janine, primary, Skraber, Sylvain, primary, Papageorgiou, George, primary, Taylor, Huw D., primary, Wallis, Jessica, primary, and Jofre, Joan, primary

Published
2004
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45. Performance Characteristics of qPCR Assays Targeting Human- and Ruminant-Associated Bacteroidetes for Microbial Source Tracking across Sixteen Countries on Six Continents.

Author

Reischer, Georg H., Ebdon, James E., Bauer, Johanna M., Schuster, Nathalie, Ahmed, Warish, Åström, Johan, Blanch, Anicet R., Blöschl, Günter, Byamukama, Denis, Coakley, Tricia, Ferguson, Christobel, Goshu, Goraw, GwangPyo Ko, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, Mushi, Douglas, Poma, Ramiro, Pradhan, Bandana, Rajal, Veronica, Schade, Margit A., and Sommer, Regina

Subjects
*POLYMERASE chain reaction, *MICROBIAL contamination, *RUMINANTS, *BIOMARKERS, *MICROBIOLOGY, *FECES
Abstract

Numerous quantitative PCR assays for microbial fecal source tracking (MST) have been developed and evaluated in recent years. Widespread application has been hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the geographical stability and hence applicability of such methods beyond the regional level. This study assessed the performance of five previously reported quantitative PCR assays targeting human-, cattle-, or ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes populations on 280 human and animal fecal samples from 16 countries across six continents. The tested cattle-associated markers were shown to be ruminant-associated. The quantitative distributions of marker concentrations in target and nontarget samples proved to be essential for the assessment of assay performance and were used to establish a new metric for quantitative source-specificity. In general, this study demonstrates that stable target populations required for marker-based MST occur around the globe. Ruminant-associated marker concentrations were strongly correlated with total intestinal Bacteroidetes populations and with each other, indicating that the detected ruminant-associated populations seem to be part of the intestinal core microbiome of ruminants worldwide. Consequently tested ruminant-targeted assays appear to be suitable quantitative MST tools beyond the regional level while the targeted human-associated populations seem to be less prevalent and stable, suggesting potential for improvements in human-targeted methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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46. Phages of Bacteroides (GB-124): A Novel Tool for Viral Waterborne Disease Control?

Author

Ebdon, James E., Sellwood, Jane, Shore, Jane, and Taylor, Huw D.

Subjects
*BIOINDICATORS, *PATHOGENIC microorganisms, *DIAGNOSTIC microbiology, *AQUATIC microbiology, *BACTERIOPHAGES, *ENTEROVIRUSES, *ADENOVIRUSES, *NOROVIRUSES, *SEWAGE screening, *WATERBORNE infection, *PREVENTION
Abstract

Current fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and emerging microbial source tracking (MST) methods may indicate the presence and even the likely source of water contamination, but they are less effective at determining the potential risk to health from human enteric viruses. This paper investigates the presence of human-specific phages (detected using a low-cost MST method) in municipal wastewaters (MW) and assesses whether they may be used effectively to screen for the likely presence of human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus (NoV). The findings demonstrated that all samples positive for HAdV and/or NoV also contained phages infecting Bacteroides GB-124 (mean = 4.36 log10 PFU/100 mL) and that GB-124 phages, HAdV, and NoV were absent from samples of nonhuman origin. HAdV and NoV were detected more frequently in MW samples containing higher levels of phages (e.g., >102) and FIB (e.g., >103). Interestingly, at one sewage treatment works (STW), the levels of GB-124 phages present in treated MW were not significantly lower (p = 0.001) than those in untreated MW. There was a positive correlation (R = 0.42) between the size of STW and the number of GB-124 phages present in the final treated effluent. Therefore, the detection of GB-124 phages by a simple phage-lysis method may have considerable potential as a low-cost surrogate for the detection of certain human pathogenic viruses in MW and receiving waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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48. Drug-like Properties: Guiding Principles for the Design of Natural Product Libraries

Author

Camp, David, Davis, Rohan A., Campitelli, Marc, Ebdon, James, and Quinn, Ronald J.

Abstract

While natural products or their derivatives and mimics have contributed around 50% of current drugs, there has been no approach allowing front-loading of chemical space compliant with lead- and drug-like properties. The importance of physicochemical properties of molecules in the development of orally bioavailable drugs has been recognized. Classical natural product drug discovery has only been able to undertake this analysis retrospectively after compounds are isolated and structures elucidated. The present approach addresses front-loading of both extracts and subsequent fractions with desired physicochemical properties prior to screening for drug discovery. The physicochemical profiles of natural products active against two neglected disease targets, malaria and African trypanosomiasis, are presented based on this strategy. This approach can ensure timely development of natural product leads at a hitherto unachievable rate.

Published
2012
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49. Spatio-temporal variations in microplastic presence and composition in the sediments of the River Thames (UK) and its tributaries

Author

Skalska, Karolina, Ockelford, Anne, Ebdon, James, and Andrew, Cundy

Abstract

Rivers form major conduits for land-derived plastic waste and their sediments have been found to retain high levels of microplastics (MPs; plastics). This study investigated the spatio-temporal variations in MP presence within coarse-granular, mixed sediments of the River Thames (UK) catchment. Samples were taken on a seasonal basis over 30 months (July 2019 - Dec 2021) from 12 sampling sites, classified as rural, urban and industrial locations. MPs were extracted from sediment using density flotation, then visually counted and investigated using ATR-FTIR. MPs were pervasive in the sediment of the R. Thames catchment, with concentrations reaching 4,241 items kg-1 d.w. (dry weight). The surrounding land use affected the detected MP concentrations and was reflected in the morphology and composition of MPs retained in sediments. On a smaller scale, MP concentrations in sediment did not substantially vary across the channel. MP presence in sediment exhibited a pronounced temporal variability, generally increasing in low-flow conditions and decreasing following high-flow events. Despite their ability to form robust contaminant sinks, this study suggests that gravel-dominated riverbeds might have the capacity to act as either MP sinks or sources depending on flow regime. MP concentrations did not correlate with the abundance of fine sediment (63 - 250 µm) on a spatial scale and under low-flow conditions, but the two were found to co-occur during high flow events, providing insights into the potential of tracking MPs using fine sediment grains as a proxy. This study describes the extent and potential origins of MP pollution in a historically and ecologically important river. Through investigating MP presence in sediment in different flow conditions, it likely provides a more accurate assessment of MP levels and sources compared to most MP studies conducted under baseflow conditions. Finally, it represents one of the first attempts to understand MP mobility in-situ and under a wide range of flows. Understanding the potential of MPs to be remobilised is particularly important given the current changes to the climate, which are predicted to increase the frequency and magnitude of flooding, degrade the stability of riverbeds and facilitate pollutant dispersal in aquatic settings.

Published
2023

50. All faeces are not equal: microbial source tracking as a health protection tool.

Author

Taylor, Huw and Ebdon, James

Abstract

The article discusses microbial source tracking (MST). MST has many applications, most recently for testing water supplies and recreational water for fecal indicator. The approaches to MTS are commonly classified into library-dependent methods, where the library is a database of characteristics and library-independent methods where host-specific characteristics are studied. The use of host-specific molecular markers in the Bacteroides-Prevotella group of gut bacteria is another promising approach. MST could improve microbial risk management and thereby reduce human contact with pathogens throughout the water cycle.

Published
2007

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