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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease affecting 25% of the world's population. The effects of oligosaccharides from Gum tragacanth (Astragalus gossypinus) (GT) on oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, and expression of autophagy genes were investigated in induced non-alcoholic fatty liver. Twenty-four male healthy rats were divided into four groups, Control; high-fat diet, high-fat diet + 100 mg GT oligosaccharides/kg body weight, high-fat diet + 200 mg GT oligosaccharides/kg body weight and fed with the trial diets for 70 days. At the end of the experiment, the results indicated that GT oligosaccharides affected the weight gain and liver weight in NAFLD-induced rats. In addition, the results showed that the use of GT oligosaccharides significantly decreased oxidative stress, liver injury, and hyperglycemia (p

This study aimed to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides from

The effects of protein hydrolysates (FP) fromFor this purpose, twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups: Control, High-fat diet (HFD), FP20+HFD, and FP300+HFD (20 and 300 mg FP /kg rat body weight) and fed for 70 days.The results indicated that the rat body and relative weight of the liver were not affected by experimental treatments (Overall, the results of this experiment indicated that FPs extracted from Whiteleg shrimp at 50 °C improve the oxidative status, glucose metabolism, and autophagy gene expression and could be used as a useful nutritional strategy in fatty liver prevention.

A 10 weeks feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different carbon sources (sugar beet molasses: SBM + BFT, sugar: S + BFT, corn starch: CS + BFT) on water quality, growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, biofloc and fish microbial community and composition in biofloc based system for common carp fingerlings. Three hundred healthy fingerlings (22.5 ± 0.2 g) were randomly assigned to 12 rectangle tanks (70 L) at a density of 8.02 kg m− 3. Fish in BFT treatments were fed at 75% of the daily feeding rate (DFI) of control. Results showed a significant difference in water quality parameters among different culture systems; CS + BFT had the lowest amount of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at the end of culture period. No difference was observed between the BFT treatments in case of nitrite-N and nitrate N after 10 weeks and total suspended solids (TSS) also experienced a decline during the experiment. The fish yield was the highest in CS + BFT, which also had the lowest significant feed conversion ratio (P

This study investigated the effects of dietary poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and disease resistance of rainbow trout fingerlings. A total of 420 fingerlings, distributed equally into four different groups, each with three replicates, were fed a basal diet (control), 2% PHB (PHB), 0.2% MOS (MOS), or a diet supplemented with a mixture of 2% PHB and 0.2% MOS (PHB+MOS) for 60 d. Results showed that dietary PHB and/or MOS did not cause significant improvement in the growth performance of the fingerlings. The gut pH was markedly reduced; however, the activities of the digestive enzymes (except for pepsin and amylase by dietary PHB) were not significantly improved by the dietary supplements. Results also showed that dietary PHB and/or MOS markedly increased the resistance of the fingerlings toward Yersinia ruckeri infection, while the lowest total antibody was observed in fish fed control and MOS, indicating that MOS exerts its protective effects by modulating other mechanisms. Overall, this study provided a first screening effort to determine the effects of PHB and/or MOS as dietary supplements in rainbow trout fingerlings to develop an optimal prebiotic mix for improving the growth and health status of rainbow trout.

This study investigated the effects of diet supplementation with poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, lipid metabolism, mineral uptake and bacterial challenge of the rainbow trout fry (initial weight: 111.3 +/- 13.7 mg) during a 6-week experimental period. In the experimental set-up, the commercial diet of rainbow trout fry was replaced with 0.5%, 1% and 2% PHB. The results of our work showed that the replacing of diets with PHB in experimental treatments decreases the weight of rainbow trout fry during the first 2 weeks before significantly increasing final weight at the end of the 6-week period. PHB also improved digestive enzyme activity in experimental treatments. The highest total protease, pepsin activity and pancreatic enzyme secretion were observed with the 0.5% PHB treatment. A higher concentration of Na and K was observed in the whole body of the fry fed on 1% and 2% PHB-supplemented diets. Enhanced survival rates occurred in all groups of fry after bath exposure to Yersinia ruckeri compared to rates in those fed the control diet. Our results suggest that the diet supplemented with PHB may improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and the functioning of the immune system. These positive effects could be considered for new applications in aquaculture.

Biofloc technology is considered as a method that degrades organic waste by microorganisms and produces microbial flocs. A 30-day experiment was performed to investigate the effects of partial replacement of daily feeding intake with biofloc on the growth performances, digestive enzymes activity and liver histology of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings. Two hundred and eight healthy fingerlings (58.6 ± 0.2 g) were randomly distributed in 12 tanks (30 L) at a density of 25.4 kg m(-3) and fed experimental treatments (100 % daily feeding rate as a control, biofloc + 75% daily feeding rate, biofloc + 50% daily feeding rate, biofloc + 25% daily feeding rate). At the end of experiment, the results indicated that the highest weight gain was observed in the fish fed BFT 75% and control which differed significantly from those fed BFT 25 % (P0.05). Diet BFT 75% improved total protease and pepsin activity compared with BFT 25 and 50% (P0.05). No significant difference was observed in case of lipase, amylase and alkaline phosphatase activity between the treatments. In the liver, histological alterations were found in the treatments, and feeding the fish with BFT 75% significantly improved hepatocellular quantification and qualification than the other groups. The results obtained in this experiment suggest that the biofloc improves growth performances, digestive enzyme activity and liver condition of the common carp fingerlings when 25% of daily feeding rate (BFT 75%) was replaced with one carbohydrate such as molasses in zero-water exchange system.

An 8 weeks trial was performed to evaluate the effects of crud protein (CP) levels (20 and 30%) each in three carbon sources in BFT (sugarcane molasses: M, rice bran: R, M + R and control) on water quality and performance of Common carp (cyprinus carpio) juveniles. Seven hundred twenty healthy juveniles (30.5 ± 3.1 g) were randomly distributed in 24 rectangle tanks (200 L) at a density of 4.5 kg m−3 (30 fish/tank). Juveniles in BFT treatments were fed at 75% of the daily feeding rate (DFI) of control. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that among the BFT treatments, M + R in both CP level had the lowest amount of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in comparison with other carbon sources in CP levels. The 30% CP level and rice bran contained treatments (R, R + M) significantly increased weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared the M and control treatments (P

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural polymer that can be depolymerized into water-soluble short-chain fatty acid monomers. These monomers can act as microbial control agents. In this study, the effects of partially replacing the diet of Siberian sturgeon fingerlings with 2% and 5% PHB were investigated. Replacing 2% of the diet with PHB improved weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival in the sturgeon fingerlings during the 10-week experimental period. Community-level physiological profiling and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) were used to analyze the microbial community diversity and community organization in the sturgeon gastrointestinal tract. DGGE analysis revealed that PHB affected the intestinal microbial species richness and diversity. The highest species richness was observed with 2% PHB. DNA sequencing of the dominant bands in 2% and 5% PHB treatments revealed that PHB stimulated bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus and Ruminococcaceae. Principal component analysis, Lorenz curves and the Shannon index of Biolog(TM) Ecoplate data revealed that aerobic metabolic potential of the bacterial community was different in the PHB-treated fishes as compared with the control situation. Overall, our results indicate that PHB act as microbial control agents and replacement of 2% of Siberian sturgeon fingerling diet with PHB has beneficial effects.