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Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries. While evidence on uterine balloon tamponade efficacy for severe hemorrhage is encouraging, little is known about safety of this intervention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of an ultra-low-cost uterine balloon tamponade package (named ESM-UBT) for facility-based management of uncontrolled postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in Kenya and Sierra Leone.Methods: Data were collected on complications/adverse events in all women who had an ESM-UBT device placed among 92 facilities in Sierra Leone and Kenya, between September 2012 and December 2015, as part of a multi-country study. Three expert maternal health investigator physicians analyzed each complication/adverse event and developed consensus on whether there was a potential causal relationship associated with use of the ESM-UBT device. Adverse events/complications specifically investigated included death, hysterectomy, uterine rupture, perineal or cervical injury, serious or minor infection, and latex allergy/anaphylaxis.Results: Of the 201 women treated with an ESM-UBT device in Kenya and Sierra Leone, 189 (94.0%) survived. Six-week or longer follow-up was recorded in 156 of the 189 (82.5%). A causal relationship between use of an ESM-UBT device and one death, three perineal injuries and one case of mild endometritis could not be completely excluded. Three experts found a potential association between these injuries and an ESM-UBT device highly unlikely.Conclusion: The ESM-UBT device appears safe for use in women with uncontrolled PPH.Trial Registration: Trial registration was not completed as data was collected as a quality assurance measure for the ESM-UBT kit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric fistula devastates the lives of women and is found most commonly among the poor in resource-limited settings. Unrepaired third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations have been shown to be the source of approximately one-third of the fistula burden in fistula camps in Kenya. In this study, we assessed potential barriers to accurate identification by Kenyan nurse-midwives of these complex perineal lacerations in postpartum women.Methods: Nurse-midwife trainers from each of the seven sub-counties of Siaya County, Kenya were assessed in their ability to accurately identify obstetric lacerations and anatomical structures of the perineum, using a pictorial assessment tool. Referral pathways, follow-up mechanisms, and barriers to assessing obstetric lacerations were evaluated.Results: Twenty-two nurse-midwife trainers were assessed. Four of the 22 (18.2%) reported ever receiving formal training on evaluating third- and fourth-degree obstetric lacerations, and 20 of 22 (91%) reported health-system challenges to adequately completing their examination of the perineum at delivery. Twenty-one percent of third- and fourth-degree obstetric lacerations in the pictorial assessment were incorrectly identified as first- or second-degree lacerations.Conclusion: County nurse-midwife trainers in Siaya, Kenya, experience inadequate training, equipment, staffing, time, and knowledge as barriers to adequate diagnosis and repair of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the safety of a ketamine-based rescue anesthesia package to support emergency cesarean delivery and emergency laparotomy when no anesthetist was available.Methods: A prospective case-series study was conducted at seven sub-county hospitals in western Kenya between December 10, 2013, and January 20, 2016. Non-anesthetist clinicians underwent 5days of training in the Every Second Matters-Ketamine (ESM-Ketamine) program. A database captured preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative details of all surgeries in which ESM-Ketamine was used. The primary outcome measure was the ability of ESM-Ketamine to safely support emergency operative procedures.Results: Non-anesthetist providers trained on ESM-Ketamine supported 83 emergency cesarean deliveries and 26 emergency laparotomies. Ketamine was administered by 10 nurse-midwives and six clinical officers. Brief oxygen desaturations (<92% for <30s) were recorded among 5 (4.6%) of the 109 patients. Hallucinations occurred among 9 (8.3%) patients. No serious adverse events related to the use of ESM-Ketamine were recorded.Conclusion: The ESM-Ketamine package can be safely used by trained non-anesthetist providers to support emergency cesarean delivery and emergency laparotomy when no anesthetist is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand healthcare providers' experiences with improvised uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) for the management of uncontrolled postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).Methods: In a qualitative descriptive study, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted between November 2014 and June 2015 among Kenyan healthcare providers who had previous experience with improvising a UBT device. Interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, and transcribed.Results: Overall, 29 healthcare providers (14 nurse-midwifes, 7 medical officers, 7 obstetricians, and 1 clinical officer) were interviewed. Providers perceived improvised UBT as valuable for managing uncontrolled PPH. Reported benefits included effectiveness in arresting hemorrhage and averting hysterectomy, and ease of use by providers of all levels of training. Providers used various materials to construct an improvised UBT. Challenges to improvising UBT-e.g. searching for materials during an emergency, procuring male condoms, and inserting fluid via a small syringe-were reported to lead to delays in care. Providers described their introduction to improvised UBT through both formal and informal sources. There was universal enthusiasm for widespread standardized training.Conclusion: Improvised UBT seems to be a valuable second-line treatment for uncontrolled PPH that can be used by providers of all levels. UBT might be optimized by integrating a standard package across the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand healthcare providers' experience of incorporating uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) into the national postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) clinical pathway after UBT training.Methods: In a qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with healthcare providers from 50 centers in Freetown, Sierra Leone, between May and June 2014. All eligible healthcare providers (undergone UBT training, actively conducted deliveries, and treated cases of PPH since UBT training) on duty at the time of center visit were interviewed.Results: Sixty-one providers at 47 facilities were interviewed. Bleeding was controlled in 28 (93%) of 30 cases of UBT device placement. Participants reported that UBT devices were easy to insert with only minor challenges, and enabled providers to manage most cases of uncontrolled PPH at their own facility and to refer others in a stable condition. Reported barriers to optimal UBT use included insufficient training and practical experience, and a scarcity of preassembled UBT devices. Facilitators of UBT use included widespread acceptance of UBT, comprehensive and enthusiastic training, and ready availability of UBT devices.Conclusion: UBT-used either as a primary endpoint or en route to obtaining advanced care-has been well accepted and integrated into the national PPH pathway by providers in health facilities in Freetown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To determine whether use of uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) for management of uncontrolled postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) by community-based providers in a resource-limited setting could be feasible, effective, and safe. Methods: In rural South Sudan, community providers were trained and equipped with a simple UBT device consisting of a catheter, condom, and syringe. Snowball sampling identified cases of UBT use since training. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among community providers, referral facility providers, patients, and patient family members. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative methods. Results: Thirteen cases were identified and 24 interviews related to community-based UBT use were conducted. Qualitative analysis revealed several major themes. Community providers applied UBT in appropriate clinical situations. UBT was effective for controlling PPH, even among severely ill patients. Referral was difficult and lengthy owing to the austere setting, but simple UBT appeared to mitigate these challenges. Communities had some initial fears, yet ultimately embraced UBT. Equipment and supplies were largely maintained. There was universal satisfaction with UBT among patients, family members, and providers. One death occurred among the 13 cases, although it was probably not attributable to PPH. Conclusion: Training and UBT device provision are simple, affordable, and effective for managing uncontrolled PPH in a resource-limited setting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To develop, implement, and evaluate an evidence-based Maternal, Newborn, and Child Survival (MNCS) package for frontline health workers (FHWs) in South Sudan. Methods: A multimodal needs assessment was conducted to develop a best-evidence package comprised of targeted training, pictorial checklists, and reusable equipment and commodities. Implementation utilized a training-of-trainers model. Program effectiveness was assessed through knowledge assessments, objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), focus groups, and questionnaires. Results: A total of 72 trainers and 708 FHWs were trained in 7 South Sudan states. Trainer knowledge assessments improved significantly: from 62.7% to 92.0% (P <0.001). Mean FHW scores on maternal OSCEs were 21.1% pre-training, 83.4% post-training, and 61.5% 2–3months after training (P <0.001). Corresponding mean newborn OSCE scores were 41.6%, 89.8%, and 45.7% (P <0.001). Questionnaires revealed high levels of use, satisfaction, and confidence. FHWs reported an average of 3.0 referrals (range, 0–20) to healthcare facilities during the 2–3months following training, and 78.3% of FHWs were more likely to refer patients. Seven focus groups showed high satisfaction with trainings, commodities, and checklists, with few barriers. Conclusion: The MNCS package has led to improved FHW knowledge, skills, and referral. A novel package of training, checklists, and equipment can be successfully implemented in resource-limited settings and enhance links between community-based providers and healthcare facilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]