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Background: Two outbreaks of swinepox were investigated in free-range domestic pig farms located in the northeastern side of Sicily, Italy. The disease is generally self-limiting with a low mortality rate, but morbidity can reach high rates in case of poor sanitary conditions, improper husbandry practices and ectoparasitic infestation. The presented cases are the first ever reported on the island and part of the few cases reported in domestic pigs. Case presentation: Carcasses condemned at the slaughterhouse and deceased pigs from Farm A and Farm B respectively, were referred for post-mortem examination and further investigations, with a strong suspect of SwinePox virus (SWPV) infection. Twelve deceased pigs were examined in total, showing poor body condition and pustular lesions scattered all over the cutaneous surfaces. Moreover, pigs from Farm B showed ocular lesions classified from Grade I to IV (from mild conjunctivitis to severe keratoconjunctivitis with corneal oedema, opacity, and ulcers). Final diagnosis was pursued by the microscopic assessment of skin lesions in both farms, which revealed the typical SWPV-lesion appearance, such as severe and disseminated ulcerative dermatitis and suspected inclusion bodies multifocally observed in the epidermis. Moreover, negative staining Electron Microscopy (nsEM) was performed on skin lesions and ocular swabs from Farm B, revealing in two samples the presence of brick-shaped viral particles, 220 nm long and 160 nm wide, with irregularly arranged surface tubules, identified as SWPV. The gene encoding the 482-bp fragment of the virus late transcription factor–3 was detected by PCR and sequencing revealed 99.79% identity and 100% query-cover with a strain previously isolated in Germany. Field clinical assessment was then performed in Farm B, revealing high overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions and improper husbandry practices, which are relevant risk factors for SWPV transmission. Conclusions: The present is the first case report of SWPV in free-range pigs raised in Sicily, an island of the Southern coast of Italy, and wants to raise awareness on a neglected disease, and cause of animal health and welfare issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogenean ectoparasitic flatworm infestations, particularly in closely confined populations, can result in severe epizootic disease that is often devastating and occasionally fatal. This case series describes a population of cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) (n = 52) housed in an aquarium touchtank exhibit that presented with severe ocular disease due to infestation with monogeneans, presumably Benedeniella posterocolpa of the Capsilidae family. The most severely affected individuals (n = 9), including several cases with bilaterally ruptured corneas, underwent serial examinations prior to and following treatment with praziquantel, systemic antibiotics, and corticosteroids. The entire population underwent frequent therapeutic water changes with a scheduled decrease in salinity, increase in temperature, and a series of seven praziquantel tank treatments. At the last follow up examination (3.75 years), the most common ocular findings were corneal fibrosis (18/18 eyes; 100%), cataract formation (13/18 eyes; 72.2%), synechia (8/18 eyes; 44.4%), and dyscoria (5/18 eyes; 27.8%). Despite severe corneal disease, including corneal rupture, all examined eyes (18/18; 100%) showed remarkable corneal remodeling and a largely clear visual axis. There are very few reports describing corneal disease in aquarium housed elasmobranchs, and no reports describe ophthalmic implications of monogenean infestation in these animals. This further underscores the importance of this case series in demonstrating the capacity for healing of elasmobranch eyes and can provide further guidance regarding prognosis and treatment in cases of severe corneal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological parameters were measured on a population of the Mediterranean pond turtle, Mauremys leprosa, (Schweigger, 1812) in Majen Belahriti pond in the region of Guelma (North-east of Algeria). Females exhibited a longer carapace length (CL) at 177 ± 23.85 mm, surpassing that of males (151.45 ± 31.12 mm), and they also displayed a higher body weight (BW) at 756.52 ± 243.91 g, which was notably greater than that of males (453.09 ± 224.42 g). Placobdella nabeulensis Ben Ahmed, Gajda, Utevsky, Kwist & Świątek, 2023 (Hirudinida, Glossiphoniidae) was identified as the only ectoparasite affecting M. leprosa, with an average body length and width of 11 ± 5.83 mm and 5.1 ± 2.89 mm respectively. The intensity, represented by the average number of leeches per turtle, was calculated to be 2.21 ± 1.31 for this specific population and a prevalence rate of 21.17 %. The tail region showed the highest parasite load, indicating its increased susceptibility compared to other body parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (BAUN Health Sci J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Sheep scab, caused by infestation with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis, is endemic in Northern Ireland (NI). The disease continues to cause NI's sheep farming industry significant challenges, negatively impacting sheep and farmer welfare. The diagnosis of sheep scab has traditionally been achieved by taking skin scrape samples from suspected lesional areas on sheep suspected of being infested with sheep scab. These skin scrape samples are then examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of Psoroptes ovis mites, which provides a definitive diagnosis of the disease. However, while this method of diagnosis is highly specific for sheep scab, there can be a high level of variability in the sensitivity of the method, which can be as low as 18 percent. The objective of this study was to analyse the behavioural factors influencing the intention of sheep farmers to adopt sheep scab control measures in the form of blood testing. To achieve our objective, we analysed data from a sample of 126 sheep farmers using quantitative techniques. The results show that the promotion of a positive attitude towards blood testing for subclinical diagnoses of the disease would go a long way in controlling sheep scab in NI. Sheep scab, caused by infestation with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis, is an endemic disease in the Northern Ireland (NI) sheep flock and constitutes significant economic and welfare burdens for the NI farming industry. Despite its endemic nature, historically, little research has been undertaken to support the control of the disease in NI. This study offers the first attempt to analyse the psychological and behavioural factors influencing farmers' intentions to implement effective sheep scab control measures in NI. To achieve our objective, quantitative data from a sample of 126 sheep farmers were statistically analysed using an extended theory of planned behaviour approach in an ordered logistic regression modelling framework. Our analyses showed that sheep scab remains an issue of concern in Northern Ireland. The attitudes of the farmers, as well as perceived behavioural control, emotional effect, membership of Business Development Groups (BDGs), and higher education qualifications, were found to be statistically significant factors influencing farmers' intentions to adopt sheep scab control measures. This study provides a solid foundation for how to promote behavioural changes among sheep farmers to improve their ability to implement effective disease control measures, helping to tackle this challenging disease in a more sustainable way in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectoparasitic infestation is one of the threats to the growth of the livestock industry. Ticks, one of the most notorious groups of ectoparasites on livestock, create issues for cattle rearers by causing a wide range of diseases like babesiosis, theleriosis, anaplasmosis, KFD, CCHF, etc. In addition, conditions like tick worry, metabolic debilitation, secondary infections, and loss of large quantities of blood due to parasitic feeding also pose severe health issues. The current study analyzed the ectoparasitic tick infestation on goats and cows, the common domesticated animals in south India. Gaining from rearing these animals support the economic status of the rural peoples of the region. The study discussed the abundance, diversity, and host selectivity of the ticks recorded from the area. Additionally, the role of each species in transmitting various diseases in animals and humans is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of online crowd‐sourced nature databases provides an opportunity to yield information about ecological interactions on a scale not previously possible. In particular, such databases provide an opportunity to collate information on host–parasite interactions through screening photographs of hosts. Using photographs from iNaturalist we expanded the known hosts for ectoparasitic mites in New Zealand geckos from 9 to 20 host species, including the first report of ectoparasitic mites on geckos from the genus Toropuku. Additionally, spatial and seasonal variation in mite prevalence was investigated, giving deeper insight in the possibilities of analysing crowd‐sourced datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin diseases are usually chronic in nature but not life-threatening. They affect the well-being and pose a threat to the general health of the affected animals. Aim: This study aimed to investigate epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of ectoparasitic infestations in dogs in a number of Egyptian governorates. Methods: Ninety dogs (58 males and 32 females) aged from 1 month to 11 years from 6 Egyptian governorates were clinically examined during the years 2022 and 2023. Skin scraping samples were taken from all examined dogs, and deep ear swab specimens from five dogs suspected to have ear mites were obtained and parasitologically examined. Different ectoparasites were classified according to their morphological features. Twenty dogs were treated in four different patterns of administration of local, systemic, and supportive medications. Results: The prevalence of ectoparasite infestation in examined dogs was 64% (58/90). The majority of ectoparasitic infestations (50/58) were single, while the rest (8/58) were mixed. Nine species of ectoparasites of fourtaxa were identified: a tick species (Rhipicephalus sanguineus); which had the highest prevalence among isolated ectoparasites from dogs (29%, 26/90), three flea species (Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides orientis, and Ctenocephalides felis) isolated from 18 out of 90 cases (20%), two types of dog chewing louse species (Trichodectes canis and Heterodoxus spiniger) isolated from 2/90 (2.2%) and three mite species: Demodex canis (18/90, 20%), Sarcoptes scabei var. canis (5/90, 6%) and Otodectes cynotis (2/90, 2.2%). The logistic regression analysis of the potential risk factors associated with the prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs revealed that age, breed, housing environment, habitat, and season were the significant factors affecting the prevalence of ectoparasites (p < 0.05) in contrast dog gender did not have a significant effect. Treated dogs showed variations in recovery times and dogs that received ancillary treatment showed rapid skin improvement and hair regrowth. Doramectin was effective against ticks and fleas, but fluralaner was more effective against Demodex mites. Conclusion: The prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs in Egypt could be considered high and necessitates efforts toward accurate diagnosis, treatment, and control to reduce their impact on animal and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies is an ectoparasitic infestation that can easily spread during close human contact and in overcrowded areas such as prisons and public places where sanitation is a problem. Globally, as many as 300 million people are infested with scabies each year. Within Ethiopia, its burden in institutions like prisons is not well-studied. As a consequence, we sought to estimate the prevalence of scabies and also identify factors associated with it among prison inmates in southern Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based analytical cross-sectional study design was employed. We used, a simple random sampling technique to select 422 prisoners. A pretested-structured questionnaire was used to collect the necessary information. EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and Statistical Packages for Social Science version 25 software were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. The model fitness was checked using the Hosmer-Lemeshow and omnibus tests. The association between the independent and outcome variables was presented in the form of a table showing the crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) along with their 95% confidence interval (CI). The level of statistical significance was declared at P.value ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 418 prisoners were interviewed, yielding a 99.1% response rate. The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 60 years. As many as 381 (91.1%) participants were male. The prevalence of scabies was found to be 8.9%. A history of sexual contact in the past two months, before imprisonment (AOR: 9.92 (95% CI 3.07, 32.02), P <0.001), a period of stay less than two months duration in the prison (AOR: 4.54 (95% CI 1.51, 13.54), P = 0.007), poor ventilation (AOR: 3.36 (95% CI 1.07, 10.58), P = 0.038), lack of hygiene soap (AOR: 5.53 (95% CI 1.45, 21.17), P = 0.012), and sharing clothes among each other (AOR: 3.81 (95% CI (1.09, 13.29), P = 0.036) were factors independently associated with a scabies infestation. Conclusion: In this study, we found the prevalence of scabies was high among prison inmates in Wolaita Zone prison. Furthermore, scabies infestations were associated with a previous history of sexual contact, poorly ventilated rooms, lack of hygiene soaps for washing, and sharing clothes amongst the inmates. Prison administrations should be encouraged to improve sanitary and screening and isolation of prisoners during imprisonment. Author summary: This article analyses the burden of Scabies and its associated factor among prison inmates at Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. There has been limited evidence how widespread Scabies is in Prison inmates in Ethiopia. Local Tropical dermatologists carried out skin examinations of Prison inmates in one prison clinic at Wolaita zone. All sampled prisoners were screened and diagnosed according to the International Alliance for Control of Scabies (IACS) criteria. During the study period those who diagnosed with scabies were treated accordingly. Our study showed the prevalence of scabies was high among prison inmates. Furthermore, the current study identified clothe sharing, not use of soap, and a history of sexual contact were factors independently associated with scabies infestation among prison inmates. In conclusion, proper intervention measures could help to prevent and control scabies in prison, but also to reduce the widespread of the diseases, transmission to the community and complication of this treatable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western honeybee populations, Apis mellifera, in Europe have been known to survive infestations of the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, by means of natural selection. Proposed mechanisms in literature have been focused on the management of this parasite, however literature remains scare on the differences in viral ecology between colonies that have adapted to V. destructor and those that are consistently treated for it. Samples were collected from both a mite-surviving and a sympatric mite-susceptible honeybee population in Norway. The prevalence and abundances of 10 viruses, vectored by the parasite or not, were investigated in adult host workers and pupae as well as in V. destructor mites. Here we show that the mite-vectored Deformed wing virus (DWV-A) is often lower in both abundance and prevalence in the mite-surviving population in tandem with lower phoretic mite infestations compared to the mite susceptible population. However, the non-mite-vectored Black queen cell virus (BQCV), had both a higher abundance and prevalence in the mite-surviving population compared to the susceptible population. The data therefore suggest that general adaptations to virus infections may be unlikely to explain colony survival. Instead, mechanisms suppressing mite reproduction and therefore the impact seem to be more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys were carried out between the years 2021-2022 to determine the nematode hosts of weeds in the vineyard areas of Izmir and Manisa provinces in the Aegean Region. Fifty-five weeds belonging to different families, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, and Poaceae, were identified in vineyards. In the study, 19 genera of free-living and 17 genera of plant feeder nematode species were extracted from the roots and rhizosphere soil of weeds. The detected nematode species were divided into herbivores, fungivores, omnivores, bacterivores, and predators. The majority of plant parasitic nematodes consisted of ectoparasitic species. On the other hand, Meloidogyne species were prominent among the plant parasitic nematode genera detected, and Amaranthus retroflexus L., Anagallis arvensis L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Chenopodium album L., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Gallium aparine L., Heliotropium europaeum L., Lepidium draba L., Lamium amplexicaule L., Lactuca serriola L., Portulaca oleracea L. were identified as hosts. Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei, Longidorus elongatus, and Ditylenchus dipsaci were other economically important nematode species identified from the root zone of weeds. Bacterial feeder Cephalobus, omnivore Mesodorylaimus, and plant-parasitic Geocenamus brevidens had the highest populations counted as 61, 81, and 22 in 100 cm³ soil in survey areas, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drivers of patterns of ectoparasitism in rodents in patchy Mojave Desert wetlands were investigated. A total of 1,571 ectoparasites in Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Siphonaptera and Ixodida were collected from 341 rodents (Microtus californicus scirpensis, Mus musculus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Peromyscus eremicus, and Neotoma lepida) at eleven marshes. Trombiculids accounted for 82.5% of mites, followed by the mesostigmatid Ornithonyssus bacoti (17.5%), with chiggers predominating on voles and harvest mice. There were at least three genera of chiggers (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, Euschoengastia sp. novel, and Blankaartia sp. novel). Fleas included Orchopeas leucopus (90.3% of all fleas) and O. sexdentatus (9.7%), and ticks were the novel endemic Ixodes mojavensis (82.1% of ticks) and Dermacentor similis (17.9%). On all hosts and at all marshes, coverage-based rarefaction sampling was over 96%, indicating coverage sufficient for analysis. Dissimilarities in ectoparasite community structure were driven mainly by chiggers, I. mojavensis and O. leucopus. Northern marshes were dominated by chiggers; central marshes by I. mojavensis; and southern marshes by O. leucopus. Primary determinants of ectoparasite community structure were host species, patch size, and parasite interspecific interactions. Host species richness and environmental factors such as patch distance and water and plant availability were not significantly associated with patterns of ectoparasitism. There were nine (60%) significant negative pairwise associations between ectoparasite taxa and no significant positive relationships. Ixodes mojavensis had the highest number of negative associations (with five other species), followed by chiggers and O. bacoti with two negative associations each. The study area is among the most arid in North America and supports numerous rare and endemic species in increasingly isolated wetland habitat patches; knowledge of ectoparasite ecology in this region identifies potential ectoparasite vectors, and provides information needed to design and implement programs to manage vector-borne diseases for purposes of wildlife conservation.

Infestations of parasites, particularly those caused by copepods and monogeneans, are a major hindrance to aquaculture and have a big negative economic impact. Sebastes schlegelii, a farmed Korean rockfish, is particularly prone to copepods and monogeneans. This study comprehended how parasitic copepods and rockfish from a farm in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, are related to the monogenean trematode Microcotyle sebastis. Our research revealed that monogeneans predominated, with a rate of 98.4% and an average infection intensity of 7 per infected fish. With an average infection intensity of 4 per sick fish, the infection rate for parasitic copepods was equally considerable, coming in at 91.7%. The high co-infection rate of both parasite families, at 90.8%, is noteworthy. Furthermore, Lepeophtheirus elegans and Peniculus truncatus, 2 parasitic copepod species, were discovered to have M. sebastis eggs attached to their bodies. This demonstrates a connection between parasitic copepod infestations in farmed Korean rockfish and the monogenean trematode M. sebastis. These discoveries highlight the necessity for creating more potent parasite control methods for the aquaculture sector and shed light on the intricate relationships between various parasite species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disgust has long been viewed as a primary motivator of defensive responses to threats posed by both microscopic pathogens and macroscopic ectoparasites. Although disgust can defend effectively against pathogens encountered through ingestion or incidental contact, it offers limited protection against ectoparasites, which actively pursue a host and attach to its surface. Humans might, therefore, possess a distinct ectoparasite defence system-including cutaneous sensory mechanisms and grooming behaviours-functionally suited to guard the body's surface. In two US studies and one in China, participants (N = 1079) viewed a range of ectoparasite- and pathogen-relevant video stimuli and reported their feelings, physiological sensations, and behavioural motivations. Participants reported more surface-guarding responses towards ectoparasite stimuli than towards pathogen stimuli, and more ingestion/contamination-reduction responses towards pathogen stimuli than towards ectoparasite stimuli. Like other species, humans appear to possess evolved psychobehavioural ectoparasite defence mechanisms that are distinct from pathogen defence mechanisms.

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera is the most important social insect among the primary pollinators of crops providing sustainability to the ecosystem. The gradual decrease in populations of honey bees as a result of an ectoparasitic infestation by the Varroa (Acari) mite is a significant concern for beekeepers worldwide. In this context, the present work in this study was designed with the main objective to understand the morphology and ultra-structure of the Varroa mite, the results of which may give some insights into its management and control. To conduct this study, honey bee colonies from apiaries located in, and nearby regions of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh were selected for collection of test populations. Light Microscopy was used for morphological identification, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the ultrastructure of the collected Varroa mite specimens. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed numerous structures which were optimized for ectoparasitism. The adult mite was flattened, had a dorsal shield having a dome-shaped appearance, and a flat ventral surface composed of numerous plates. Mouthparts appeared to be well-modified and used to feed the bee hemolymph. The morphology of the mite revealed four pairs of legs along with the presence of irregular setae throughout its body. This preliminary investigation revealed the presence of one of the most damaging genera of mites viz., Varroa mite on honey bees in the selected colonies of the study area. The study of the morphology and ultrastructure of the mite provides additional insights into the taxonomy of the parasite as well as provides information for future parasite management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Ectoparasitic entomoses cause serious economic losses to small-scale farmers. Parasites have both direct and indirect impacts on hosts. Domestic goats are a common target of infestation with ectoparasitic insects. This study aimed to identify the species of ectoparasitic insects in domestic goats in Bulgaria. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in 34 farms from 29 settlements in 16 regions of Bulgaria. A total of 4599 goats from eight breeds, naturally infested with ectoparasitic insects were included in the study. The goats were inspected with a magnifying glass for the presence of skin changes (alopecia, dandruff, crusts, and nodules), eggs and adult ectoparasites. The detected insects were collected individually with tweezers and preserved in containers with 70% ethanol. Over the study period, 5,651 insects were collected; their species, sex, and developmental stage were identified by their morphological features and biometric measurements. Results: Six species from 5 genera were detected: Linognathus stenopsis Burmeister, 1838; Linognathus africanus Kellog and Paine, 1911; Bovicola caprae Gurlt, 1843; Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758; Hippobosca equina Linnaeus, 1758; and Lipoptena cervi Linnaeus, 1758. Linognathus stenopsis were the most prevalent, followed by B. caprae and P. irritans. In detected lice populations, female insects were more numerous; female: male ratios ranged from 2.2 to 7.2 and imagines prevailed over the nymphs. In fleas, male imagines were more numerous than females (1:0.8). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the species L. stenopsis, L. africanus, B. caprae, and P. irritans were encountered in more than 40% of surveyed farms, situated in 68.75% of regions in Bulgaria. The most intense infestation was by species from the Linognathus genus (907 insects), whereas the highest extensity of infestation was registered for P. irritans (32.3%). This study detected P. irritans as the only flea species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungiasis is an ectoparasitic infection caused by the invasion of the skin of a man, dog, pig, or bird with gravid female Tunga species. Prevalence may reach up to 50% in impoverished areas of South America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. Very severe cases characterized by more than 30 embedded sand fleas may be found but are not common. Few studies have been done in Nigeria, and in endemic communities of Lagos, a prevalence as high as 45.2% has been reported. We hereby report a severe case of Tungiasis in Ilaje, an endemic community in the Badagry Local Government area of Lagos during an active surveillance conducted between August 2021 to May 2022 involving Eighteen (18) communities. This case is a 54-year-old male farmer who presented with pain, inflammation, ulceration, and deformation of digits, heels and soles of his limbs. He reported a burning sensation, and pruritus and was observed to have difficulties in walking which was evidenced by a noticeable totter. Embedded fleas in clusters numbering between 30 to 60 per limb were extracted by manual removal and the wounds were treated topically. Tungiasis morbidity often leads to poor health and impoverishment. Although tungiasis is rare in nonendemic areas, however, with the increased travel and opening up of Badagry as a seaport and tourist site, this ectoparasite may further be disseminated if still neglected. It is therefore imperative to investigate the occurrence, create awareness and implementation of preventive measures among local inhabitants. Physicians should be familiarized with this infestation for easy diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This occurs through a fly depositing eggs in an open wound or sore, or hatching larvae with the ability to directly burrow into intact skin.[1] Pediculosis capitis is one of the most common scalp infestations in school-age children, especially in developing countries such as the Philippines.[2] A chronic skin infection such as a secondarily infected pediculosis capitis infestation is a viable site attracting flesh flies. On physical examination, the scalp was found to be severely impetiginized and excoriated from a chronic pediculosis capitis infestation (Fig. These patients instead prioritize seeking care for acute diseases such as diarrhea or respiratory tract infections and view skin infestations as part of day-to-day life.[3] The complication of myiasis in this case could have been easily avoided. [Extracted from the article]

Cetacean populations in the Strait of Gibraltar are heavily impacted by human activities. Photographs are a valuable tool to monitor the external health of cetaceans. We visually screened 27,866 pictures taken during whale watching operations in the years 2016-2020 for abnormal conditions, such as emaciation, dermal diseases and epizoic infestations. Prevalence levels could not be calculated as data were obtained opportunistically. Dermal diseases were detected in 566 sightings and occurred in all species. Bottlenose dolphins were most strongly affected (n = 192). Hypopigmented skin lesions were most common in all species (n = 291). Tattoo skin disease‐like lesions affected 16 animals (T. truncatus: n = 12; G. melas: n = 3; D. delphis: n = 1). Other observed conditions include expansive annular lesions in three juvenile pilot whales. Furthermore, we report the presence of open wounds in 28 animals (G. melas: n = 23; T. truncatus: n = 2; P. macrocephalus: n = 3). In three pilot whales, these wounds did not heal over a period of several years. Epizoic and ectoparasitic infestations include the observation of Xenobalanus spp. and Pennella balaenopterae. Multiple fin whales were sighted with very high numbers of Pennella balaenopterae, ranging up to 84 parasites per host. Emaciation was mainly detected in bottlenose dolphins (n = 36) and seemed to affect these animals more severely during specific years, potentially indicating fluctuations in prey availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) are the most common ectoparasites of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. They can parasitize humans in many regions of the globe. Hospital infestation with fleas has not been reported in Iran, and the number of reported cases in the world is very low. Case presentation: Here we report and describe a hospital infestation with cat fleas in a number of health-care service personnel and nurses, which led to the development of skin lesions and severe itching. Conclusion: Diagnosing the parasite, removing it, and good health and medical management lead to satisfactory outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three studies on the biology of Ornithodoros puertoricensis are available in the literature, using different hosts and incubation temperatures. In a previous study, we identified O. puertoricensis in the Colombian Caribbean. The aim of the present work was to analyze life cycle data along one generation from these specimens under laboratory conditions. Eggs of O. puertoricensis were collected in between fragments of bahareque material in a rural dwelling in the municipality of Planeta Rica (Córdoba Department, Colombia), and transported to the laboratory. All post-egg stages (i.e., larvae, nymphs, and adults) were incubated at 27 °C and 85% RH and fed on laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Sixteen engorged larvae were obtained to start a laboratory colony. Average feeding period for larvae was 4.6 days (4–5). The first nymphal instar (N1) did not require feeding and the subsequent nymphal stages (N2, N3, and N4) and adults had feeding periods ranging from 55 to 75 min. Average pre-molting period in nymphs was 15 days (10–21). Most of the N3 molted to males and all N4 molted to females. Two gonotrophic cycles were recorded: the first had a preoviposition period of 12 days (7–18) and produced 190 eggs (171–223), the second lasted 6.6 days (6–7) and produced 146 eggs (104–201). The mean life cycle duration (from parental eggs to F1 eggs) was 70.7 days (58.7–82.7) without fasting periods. The collected data agree with previous studies even with differences in hosts and maintenance conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.)] over the past two decades is believed in large part to be due to the development of insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic and genomic studies since 2010, as well as morphological, biochemical and behavioral studies, have helped insecticide resistance research on bed bugs. Multiple resistance mechanisms, including penetration resistance through thickening or remodelling of the cuticle, metabolic resistance by increased activities of detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases), and knockdown resistance by kdr mutations, have been experimentally identified as conferring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Other candidate resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases by point mutations, glutathione S-transferase, target site insensitivity including altered AChEs, GABA receptor insensitivity and altered nAChRs), symbiont-mediated resistance and other potential, yet undiscovered mechanisms may exist. This article reviews recent studies of resistance mechanisms and the genes governing insecticide resistance, potential candidate resistance mechanisms, and methods of monitoring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. This article provides an insight into the knowledge essential for the development of both insecticide resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for successful bed bug management.

Ectoparasitic fauna of 397 conveniently sampled domestic birds consisting of 213 chickens, 128 turkeys, 21 ducks, 19 guinea fowls, 8 pigeons and 8 geese were investigated in Maiduguri, Borno State. A total of one hundred and fifty-two 152 (38.29%) birds were infested with one ectoparasitic species or the other comprising of 115 (54.00%) chickens, 33 (25.78%) turkeys, 1 (5.26%) guinea fowl and 3 (37.50%) pigeons. No infestation was encountered among geese and ducks examined. The infestation rate differed significantly based on sex and age (p<0.05), but not the management system. Similarly, the occurrence varied significantly (p<0.05) based on locations of sampling (p<0.00001) and species of poultry examined (p<0.000049). Furthermore, 116 (29.21%) of the total birds examined had a single infestation with either louse, tick or mite species, while 36(9.06%) birds had mixed infestation with species from two or more of these ectoparasitic groups. Among the parasites encountered, lice present on 146 (36.77%) birds were the most prevalent, followed by mites 28(7.05%) and ticks 15(3.78%). Nine different species of ectoparasites belonging to the orders Mallophaga and Acarina were identified in the study. Menopon gallinae, Lipeurus caponis, Menacanthus stramineus, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae and Columbicola columbae were the lice identified, while Cnemidocoptes mutans and Ornithonyssus bursa were the only species of mite identified. The poultry tick, Argas persicus was the only tick species found. Conclusively, the study revealed a high but variable burden of ectoparasitic infestation among poultry species examined, and that ectoparasites are common in minor poultry species as they do occur in chickens under different management systems in the study area. The need to investigate the diverse effects of ectoparasitism on the different poultry species is suggested here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectoparasitic infestations with Linognathus stenopsis and Bovicola caprae are a serious concern in goat farms, especially during the winter and spring. This study tested the efficacy of three modern insecticide drugs (ivermectin, eprinomectin and amitraz) applied via different routes for control of sucking and chewing lice in naturally co-infected goats. Each of drugs was tested on 30 goats. The animals from the first flock were treated with a single dose of ivermectin, applied subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg, the second one received a single spot on treatment with 1 mg/kg eprinomectin and the third flock was treated twice with amitraz, through spraying at a dose of 4 mL/1 L water. The results were evaluated before the treatments and at post treatment days 3, 14 and 60. On post treatment day 60, the application of ivermectin resulted in reduction of Bovicola caprae population by 73.05%, and for that of Linognathus stenopsis: by 92.70%. Eprinomectin demonstrated 100% reduction of both lice. The reduction of L. stenopsis and B. caprae caused by amitraz was by 92.20% and by 98.61% respectively. The macrocyclic lactone eprinomectin showed the highest efficacy (P<0.05), was not toxic for goats and therefore, may be used as a treatment of choice for lice control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among invertebrates, Diptera, an aquatic insect, has the largest group of species. Aquatic Diptera larvae live in a highly distinctive environment in contact with vertebrates, humans, contaminated water, and depositing eggs in the host organism due to their life cycle. This study aims to describe various aspects of Clogmia albipunctata one of myiasis insects causing a disease that affects both living and dead vertebrates as well as humans and whose symptoms are often overlooked. Furthermore, the study is remarkable since it is the first report of C. albipunctata (Psychodidae) in an indoor drainage system, except for humans, vertebrates, and natural ecosystems. SEM images gave a detailed description of the larvae and confirmed the species identification. When their life cycles were investigated, it was determined that in addition to myiasis, C. albipunctata larvae (drain fly or moth fly) played a vital role in the movement of bacteria from drains to indoor places, such as toilets, bathrooms, showers, and kitchens. Multidrug resistant bacteria populate C. albipunctata, which possesses synanthropic behavior, and may play a major role in its transmission. This study focused on accidental myiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was carried out to study the incidence and etiologies of anaemia in dogs. Out of a total of 1516 dogs presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College in Anand, 127 (7.86%) dogs were found with anaemia. These anaemic dogs were selected to detect etiologies of anaemia. The highest incidence of anaemia was due to haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (22.05 %) followed in descending order by organopathy (20.47 %), ectoparasitic infestations (15.75%), viral infections (14.96%), iron deficiency (7.87%), rickettsia infections (7.09%), endo-parasitic infections (6.30%), haemoprotozoa infections (2.36 %), pyometra (1.57%), drug and vaccine-associated cause and tumour (0.79%, each). The different etiologies studied in relation to age, sex, and different breed also revealed anaemia mainly due to parasites and haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in puppies and organopathy in older dogs, with a higher prevalence of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis followed by organopathy in both the sexes and also higher incidence in Labrador Retriever and nondescript breeds. This trend suggests the ameliorative measures that should be taken up on priority to prevent the occurrence of anaemia in dogs, particularly puppies and older dogs, and in males than the females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic infestation in children. There are different treatment modalities that have been used in the treatment of pediculosis capitis from time immemorial, each with their own shortcomings. Increasing emergence of resistance to permethrin has led to the lookout for newer alternatives. Aims and Objectives:The role of topical ivermectin in the management of pediculosis in people with culturally different hair grooming practices is analyzed in this study. Materials and Methods: This observational open-label clinical study was conducted in September-November 2019 in the schools that were under the rural health center at South India among school-going female children aged between 13 and 16 years of age and diagnosed with pediculosis. Results: This study demonstrated that a single application of ivermectin shampoo was able to kill head lice in 86.2% of the participants. In participants with persistent infection (13.8%), a repeat application killed the entire louse and 100% efficacy was demonstrated. Topical ivermectin is devoid of systemic side effects of oral ivermectin. Topical ivermectin has found to be more effective than contemporary recommended agents such as malathion and permethrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]