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El objetivo de la presente revisión es dar a conocer el estatus epidemiológico de Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands en interacción con Persea americana Mill. y las alternativas de manejo fitosanitario autorizadas. El ensayo se realizó con base en reportes de instancias oficiales y científicas en materia de sanidad vegetal, de brotes epidemiológicos de la enfermedad tristeza del aguacate causada por P. cinnamomi. A nivel mundial, la pérdida de árboles de aguacate fue exponencial, debido a la enfermedad causada por el oomiceto P. cinnamomi quien presentó comportamiento epidemiológico a nivel nacional e internacional. En 1942, en Puerto Rico el patógeno fue aislado por primera vez por Tucker en plantas de aguacate. En México, el primer brote epidemiológico por este patógeno fue en 1952, con pérdidas de 90% de la producción de aguacate, la distribución de la enfermedad se expandió a diferentes partes del mundo. En condiciones favorables afecta la raíz y base de la corona, invade haces vasculares y toma los nutrientes para su desarrollo. La patogénesis es influenciada por la temperatura, precipitación, humedad, pH, disponibilidad de nutrientes y textura del suelo. En campo, la efectividad biológica de las moléculas, para el control del oomiceto, puede presentar limitantes que impactan en la microbiota, flora y fauna; además, de los efectos que se reflejan en la calidad e inocuidad de frutos por la acumulación de moléculas de plaguicidas sintéticos. Dada la situación fitosanitaria que expresa la producción de aguacate es necesario implementar alternativas de manejo sustentable, como la endoterapia, a través de la inyección de productos selectivos en dosis específicas, que controlen a la enfermedad sin afectar la calidad e inocuidad del fruto.

Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria are a recurrent problem in the livestock sector, generating important economic losses in the livestock industry. One of the main strategies includes antibiotic therapy; however, its use is limited since pathogenic bacteria present resistance to these drugs, which makes treatment against microbial infections difficult. Therefore, the hypothesis proposed was that ethanolic extracts of native plants from the state of Sonora, Mexico, can inhibit the growth of Gram (+) and Gram (-) pathogenic bacteria related to common infections in the livestock industry. The objective was to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial profile of native plants from the state of Sonora, Mexico. In this study, 17 ethanolic extracts were obtained from native plants of Sonora, and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar diffusion method and by the microdilution technique using reference bacteria from the ATCC collection. The phytochemical profile was evaluated by spectrophotometry and the experimental design used was completely randomized with three replicates per treatment at 95 % confidence. The results showed that extracts of Prosopis velutina, Ibervillea sonorae, Populus alba, Ambrosia ambrosioides, Krameria sonorae, and Leucaena leucocephala were effective in eliminating Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (p≤ 0.05). In addition, these extracts presented the highest concentration of total polysaccharides, flavones and flavonols, flavanones and dihydroflavonols, tannins and total chlorogenic acid (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, plant extracts from Sonora, Mexico, represent a natural alternative for the control of Gram (+) and Gram (-) pathogens of importance to the livestock industry.

The physical and chemical parameters of the soils are decisive in the physiological development of plants of agricultural interest. In the case of some species of Opuntia called xoconostle, the impact of the physical and chemical quality of the fruits, on the soils where they are grown, is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the physical-chemical quality of two xoconostles fruits (Opuntia matudae cv. Cuaresmero and O. joconostle cv. Burro) cultivated and wild in the Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, Mexico. The physical and chemical characteristics of soils and fruits of xoconostle O. matudae and O. joconostle cultivated and wild in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico were analyzed with five repetitions. The data were treated with the JMP V8 program, expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The differences among the means of the fruits were treated with analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of P?0.001. The differences among the means were evaluated with the Tukey test with a significance level of (P?0.05). Among the physical and chemical properties of the soils, they presented a pale brown (10YR 6/3), with higher porosity, more acidic pH, and exchangeable ions, where wild xoconostle plants (O. joconostle cv. Burro) grow and develop, the fruits presented increases in the quality parameters in weight of whole fruit and pulp, longitudinal and equatorial diameter, °Brix, pH, ash, fiber, protein, K+, Na+, Ca2+ y Mg2+ .The xoconostle fruits of wild plants of Chapantongo O. joconostle showed statistically significant differences between sites and quality parameters concerning to O. matudae cv. Cuaresmero. Xoconostle fruits can be considered in the diet as a nutraceutical food alternative. It can also be used as a natural ingredient in food, food products, and by-products.

Background: In protected natural areas (PNA), as units for the management and conservation of natural ecosystems, the challenge of economically valuing their environmental services sometimes makes it difficult to improve the design of their conservation plans and prevents a correct estimation of economic and social impacts on the well-being of present and future generations. Therefore, indirect estimation methods of the recreational value are used. Objective: Systematically analyze the advances in the estimation of the recreational value of the PNA, through the travel cost method (TCM). Methodology: A systematic literature review was carried out, based on SALSA (Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis, Analysis) and the PRISMA protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), in the following databases: Scopus, Science Direct, JSTOR, Springer Link, Dialnet, Google Scholar. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for studies carried out in PNA at a national and international level, in the period from 2010 to 2020. Main findings. Regarding the different approaches of the travel cost method, the individual approach provides more realistic estimates and has greater statistical support than the zonal approach; since it obtains the data directly from tourists through surveys, which allows estimating the real expenses they made during their trip. Implications: Derived from the complexity of estimating the value of an intangible, such as these areas of environmental services. The economic valuation exercise results in the estimation of the price of the service from the consumer's demand and not from its offer. In this sense, the TCM seeks to estimate the use value of the PNA, and not their market value as such. Hence, such assessment is a support tool for the managers of these sites, in order to: estimate adequate access fees; evaluate investments in the valued area; as well as expose specific approaches and techniques for data processing. Conclusions: The variables that influence the recreational value are: age, income level, distance traveled from the tourist's place of residence to the PNA, transportation costs, lodging, food costs, visits to other sites, perception of environmental quality, and willingness to pay (WTP) for the service. It is recommended to delve into intangible valuation techniques, so that society becomes aware of the benefit that PNA represent for a nation, and in this way public and private investments in this area are promoted; since in addition to improving the protection of biodiversity, it contributes to regional development.

Farming for the sustainable production of halophyte crops should begin with the popular knowledge of saline and beneficial plants. On this way, the use of drip irrigation with seawater supply for the production of the halophytic specie Salicornia magellanica was evaluated in a small-scale culture in three growth periods; a randomized design of fifteen plantings were developed in each treatment (n=15), with two irrigation flows in two plant stages (two and seven months of initial pre-planting growth in pots). At the same time, another hydroponic growing experiment was carried out with four different concentrations of seawater (0 – 11 – 20 – 33 g.L of salts) to determine the optimal concentration. The irrigation flow showed different effects on the production parameters and plant age, where the highest yields were recorded in more developed plants in the third season. In the hydroponics with sea water those with low concentration, had a greater and significant values in survival of plants, largest length and number of shoots. These results made it possible to model the consumption of seawater for crops in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina optimizing its use in order to reduce the cost of the provision of seawater for micro crops far from the sea coast.

La producción de camarón en acuacultura presenta riesgos naturales asociados; embate de epizootias, precios internacionales bajos, y una fuerte competencia internacional. Son causas relevantes que han impactado en la disminución de la rentabilidad de las unidades productoras de camarón. Este análisis aborda otro aspecto que, eventualmente afecta su desempeño. Tales son las formas en las cuales los productores de camarón, su equipo de administradores y técnicos, toman las decisiones, y cómo estos afrontan los riesgos inherentes a esta actividad. Producto de heurísticos del pensamiento, sesgos cognitivos y la racionalidad limitada de los individuos, en ámbitos de información incompleta, inadecuada o desfasada, la toma de decisiones de estos agentes económicos, está matizada con el reto de mantener la unidad económica en funcionamiento. Con el objetivo de distinguir las formas de pensamiento que afectan a los tomadores de decisiones y encontrar un instrumento que permita medir la percepción del riesgo, se realiza una revisión sistemática, que explora las vertientes teóricas y sus hallazgos sobre el afrontamiento ante el riesgo extremo. La Teoría Prospectiva de Kahneman y Tversky (1979), es el punto de partida para establecer un parámetro claro de que esos heurísticos inherentes a la racionalidad humana.

La medicina tradicional y estudios realizados a diferentes especies del género Prosopis, del desierto sonorense, indican que es una fuente para la cualificación de compuestos bioactivos, con poder antioxidante y ácidos grasos (linoleico y linolénico) de la semilla. La actividad biológica, es atribuible a alcaloides, flavonoides, terpenos y compuestos fenólicos, para lo cual, se realizó el perfil fitoquímico en los extractos acuoso, etanólico, hexanico y clorofórmico (mediante técnicas colorimétricas), actividad antioxidante (método: 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH)), fenoles totales (utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteau) y perfil de ácidos grasos (cromatografía de gases) de la semilla de Prosopis spp. La extracción del aceite se realizó mediante Soxhlet. Se encontraron saponinas en todos los extractos, mientras que, en el etanólico, hexanico y clorofórmico, terpenos y esteroles. En el extracto etanólico se encontraron quinonas y en el acuoso aminoácidos libres. El valor más alto de la actividad antioxidante de EC50 fue de 3.272,41 ± 5,97, para el extracto etanólico, indicando su potencial como antioxidante. El contenido de fenoles totales, fue hexano> etanol > cloroformo> acuoso (81,95; 119,83; 125,18 y 127,57 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/g de extracto seco). Los ácidos grasos en mayor proporción fueron los insaturados con 71,41 % (ácido linoleico: 42,68 %; oleico: 28.73 %) y ácidos grasos saturados: ácido palmítico (13.42 %) y estérico (4,73 %). Se concluye que este tipo de extractos presentan metabolitos importantes para la dieta, presentan actividad antioxidante y ácidos grasos esenciales para el organismo. Traditional medicine and studies with different species of the Prosopis genus, from the Sonoran Desert, is a source for the qualification of bioactive compounds, with antioxidant power and fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) of the seed. The biological activity is attributable to alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, for which, the phytochemical profile was performed in the aqueous, ethanolic, hexane and chloroform extracts (using colorimetric techniques), antioxidant activity (method: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH)), total phenols (using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent) and fatty acid profile (gas chromatography). The oil was extracted using Soxhlet. Saponins were found in all extracts, while, in ethanolic, hexanic and chloroform, terpenes and sterols. In the ethanolic extract quinones were found and in the aqueous free amino acids. The highest value of the antioxidant activity of EC50 was 3,272.41 ± 5.97, for the ethanolic extract, indicating its potential as an antioxidant. The total phenolic content was hexane> ethanol> chloroform> aqueous (81.95, 119.83, 125.18 and 127.57 mg equivalent of gallic acid / g of dry extract). The fatty acids in greater proportion were unsaturated with 71.41 % (linoleic acid: 42.68 %; oleic: 28.73 %) and saturated fatty acids: palmitic acid (13.42 %) and stearic (4.73 %). It is concluded that this type of extracts have important metabolites for the diet, have antioxidant activity and essential fatty acids for the body

This review focuses on the potential of halophytes for food, fodder and biofuels production, as well as their impacts on the environment and societies. Moreover, to open new areas in production systems using novel technologies such as halophytes in a desert agriculture. We are faced with the crisis and the shortage of freshwater in arid, semi-arid and desert regions. For this reason, we have to apply sustainable systems for human food, fodder and biofuels. Halophytes are naturally resistant to salt and develop on the coastal coast and arid-saline areas. We present a complete summary of the current situation of human population growth and food demand, a sustainable alternative such as halophilic crops of agro-industrial importance compared with conventional crops and how they can be incorporated into agriculture sustainable in arid, desert and coastal areas, basing the above on success stories. RESUMEN Esta revisión se centra en el potencial de las halófitas para la producción de alimentos, forrajes y biocombustibles, así como en sus impactos en el medio ambiente y en las sociedades. Asimismo, en las nuevas áreas que buscan sistemas de producción utilizando tecnologías novedosas como las halófitas en agricultura en el desierto. Nos encontramos ante una crisis de escasez de agua dulce en regiones áridas, semiáridas y desérticas. Por esta razón, tenemos que aplicar sistemas sostenibles para alimento humano, forraje y biocombustibles. Las halofítas son naturalmente resistentes a la sal y se desarrollan en litorales costeros y zonas árido-salinas. Presentamos un resumen completo de la situación actual del crecimiento de la población humana y de la demanda de alimentos, de los cultivos halófilos de importancia agroindustrial como una alternativa sustentable, comparados con los convencionales, y de la forma como se pueden incorporar en una agricultura sustentable en zonas áridas, desérticas y costeras, fundamentando lo anterior con casos de éxito.

México ocupa actualmente el cuarto lugar mundial en producción de sorgo. En el estado de Sonora, este cultivo es uno de los más productivos. Los mayos, un pueblo amerindio que habita en el sur del estado mexicano de Sonora, ha estado promoviendo sistemas sustentables de producción agrícola. La aplicación de bioderivados de exoesqueletos de crustáceos como el quitosano (QUI) y microorganismos promotores del crecimiento vegetal, endomicorrízicos, simbiontes, benéf icos, y antagonistas, en algunos cultivos han mostrado ser una alternativa en el proceso de germinación y mejoras de rendimientos de cosecha; sin embargo, con relación al sorgo de grano, son limitados lo estudios sobre el efecto de éstos bioderivados como el QUI y consorcios microbianos. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en evaluar en sorgo de grano, el efecto de quitosano (100 y 50%) y un consorcio microbiano (en conjunto e individual forma con QUI) contra fertilización tradicional, en la región indígena del Mayo en Basconcobe, Etchojoa, Sonora, en la inducción fenológica, rendimiento y calidad proteica del grano. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar, con siete tratamientos a evaluar y cinco repeticiones Como variables respuesta se midieron: tasa de germinación, clorof ila total, y en madurez f isiológica la altura de planta, longitud de panoja, rendimiento ha-1 y proteína en grano. Los resultados indican que, en rendimiento y calidad proteica del grano de sorgo, el tratamiento más ef iciente (con P < 0.05), fue con QUI 100% + consorcio microbiano utilizando al 50% una fertilización regional. Estos resultados expresan la posibilidad de utilizar el quitosano como un biofertilizante de origen marino conjuntamente con un microbiano en un sistema de producción de sorgo.

La gestión de la calidad en los programas de posgrado en México, de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y Centros Públicos de Investigación (CPI), se considera que aún está en proceso de evolución; ya que hace relativamente poco tiempo que la difusión de los resultados de la calidad de dichos programas académicos es de acceso público. Presentados a manera de encuestas y en forma de datos abiertos, si bien cumplen con las normas de transparencia dictadas por entidades gubernamentales. Esta información está referida a manera de una encuesta, que incluye respuestas categóricas y de opinión, establecidas en los dictámenes de evaluación del Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (PNPC). Con base en dicha información, esta investigación busca Análisis de Resultados de Dictámenes de Evaluación del Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad, tomando como ejemplo los programas académicos de la Universidad de Sonora.

El hierro (Fe), es un oligoelemento indispensable para la salud humana y su deficiencia afecta a mil doscientos millones de personas en el mundo. La biofortificacion agronómica puede mitigar esta deficiencia ya que su aplicación en los cultivos mejora la biosíntesis de compuestos bioactivos y propicia su bioacumulación. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación foliar de Fe (FeSO4) sobre el rendimiento, biosíntesis de compuestos bioactivos y acumulación en lechuga. Para ello cinco tratamientos fueron aplicados vía foliar: 0, 10, 20, 30 y 35 µM L-1. En la cosecha, se cuantificó la calidad nutracéutica y la acumulación de Fe en hojas, así como la productividad de la planta de lechuga. La biofortificación con Fe modificó positivamente la biosíntesis de compuestos fitoquímicos y su concentración en hojas de lechuga, sin afectar el rendimiento. La aspersión foliar de Fe es una alternativa para incrementar la biosíntesis de compuestos fitoquímicos e incrementar la concentración de este elemento en lechuga con la posibilidad de mejorar la salud pública con su consumo.

Asparagus officinalis L. is a crop associated with arid and dry environments of arid deserts; its tender product is considered a gourmet food for its exclusive consumption and its high prices. Among the main attributes of this vegetable are being a product low in calories, fat and cholesterol, with a high content of vitamin C, as well as rich in potassium and calcium phosphate. The indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers in agricultural crop production systems, as well as the increasing dependence, they cause deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, in addition have a variable impact on the composition and functions of the soil microbiota. Under indigenous area “Seris” in Sonora desert conditions (salinity and high °C), var. ‘Early California’ of asparagus was biofertilized with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) as a halo-PGPB and chitosan (QUI) to evaluate nutritional value and yield-production. Results showed that Ba and QUI in the vegetative period increased the emergence rate (≥15%), nitrates in sap (≥10%), fresh and root weight and crown (≥25%); significant values in its subsequent production stage of shoots for human consumption (proximal values such as protein (≥33%), and carbohydrates (≥20%), in addition to K+ (≥9%) and Vit C (≥15%) compared with the control, were obtained. These results express the possibility of using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a halo-PGPB and chitosan as a biofertilizer of marine origin in asparagus under Sonora desert conditions.

Urea is one of the most widely used nitrogen fertilizers. However, it is lost to the environment via processes such as denitrification, surface runoff, volatilization, and leaching. In this paper, a novel material is reported on, with low production cost and avoiding the use of harmful solvents, with a pastille morphology developed by a simple method from a mixture of wheat gluten and urea, with potential use as a prolonged-release system of urea (PRSU). The PRSU obtained was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, kinetics of water absorption, equilibrium water content (EWC), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis, and release kinetics. The PRSU diameter was 2.46 cm, and its thickness was 0.17 cm. The PRSU showed physical and structural characteristics such as micropores and hollow fractions in its structure. In addition, the wheat gluten pastille is classified as a swelling material and demonstrated an EWC of 58.47 ± 1.50%. FT-IR analysis of the samples showed hydrogen-bond interactions between the amino and carbonyl groups in the urea and the wheat gluten proteins. Laboratory tests showed that the system can release 97% of the urea within 8–10 h. These results showed that the PRSU presents suitable characteristics for its application as a fertilization alternative for carrying out better agronomic practices.

En la zona árida del noroeste de México, el cultivo del centeno no se encuentra establecido y es necesario generar su conocimiento en materia agronómica. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar la factibilidad del cultivo de centeno considerando dosis de fertilización nitrogenada evaluando el rendimiento y sus componentes de calidad de grano. El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en el municipio de Hermosillo, Sonora. La fecha de siembra establecida fue el 15 diciembre del año 2016 utilizando un sistema de riego por goteo. La variedad de centeno evaluada se denomina como Criollo Tlaxcala. Los tratamientos de fertilización consistieron en: 1) testigo sin agregado de N (N 0), 2) 80 kg N ha-1 y el 3) 150 kg N ha-1. Los resultados indican que conforme aumenta la dosis de fertilización, ésta influye significativamente, en el rendimiento y calidad de grano. Asimismo, los resultados arrojan que el contenido de proteína supera en 11% a aquellos reportados en diferentes países en centeno.

Los problemas fitosanitarios son en gran medida la causa de pérdidas económicas a nivel mundial dentro de los cultivos agrícolas, los cuales son causados principalmente por hongos. En la República Mexicana, específicamente en el estado de Sonora, México, la superficie dirigida al cultivo de tomate, ha aumentado considerablemente en los recientes años. En los últimos ciclos de producción, se ha generado una problemática de control fitosanitario, donde los síntomas de patógenos conocidos, se confundan con aquellos de fitopatógenos ‘nuevos’ que están arribando a las áreas agrícolas, permitiendo que el técnico tenga incertidumbre de que patógeno se trata y por consiguiente no tenga éxito al aplicar un control en el cultivo. Acudiendo a servicios profesionales en laboratorios fitosanitarios, la demanda en demasía, suele ser una vía incosteable al productor. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los agentes causantes de enfermedades: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Raza 1), Alternaria solani y Botritys cinerea sobre los órganos muestreados para conocer el status fitosanitario actual del tomate en el estado de Sonora, a semilla, plántula, follaje y madurez fisiológica, aislándolos e identificándolos mediante la conjunción de técnicas de diagnóstico (producción de antisueros en conejos raza Nueva Zelanda, técnicas de uso de medios de cultivo, Elisa y pruebas de patogenicidad). El muestreo para la identificación de los hongos fitopatógenos se realizó de forma representativa en regiones productoras de tomate. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la identificación de tres hongos representativos y de importancia económica en el cultivo de tomate distribuido en el estado de Sonora. Se concluye que las pruebas de detección por separado no deben ser utilizadas como un método único de detección.

RESUMEN La producción de orégano es de relevancia económica en el noroeste de México. Sin embargo, los productores para obtener altos rendimientos recurren a la fertilización química, pero su mal uso, agudiza la salinidad. Lippia palmeri crece de manera natural en suelos áridos, pobres en materia orgánica, alta salinidad y temperatura en el noroeste de México. En el contexto de una agricultura sustentable, los microorganismos mantienen la fertilidad del suelo e incrementan la productividad de la planta. Actualmente existe interés en proponer biofertilizantes en la agricultura de alta intrusión salina y elevadas temperaturas para el cultivo de orégano. Las Halobacterias Promotoras del Crecimiento de Plantas (HPCP), se han destacado por beneficiar a los cultivos nutrimentalmente y mitigar el efecto de la salinidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en identificar termo- y halo-tolerantes HPCP asociadas a la rizosfera de L. palmeri; se evaluó la actividad solubilizadora de fosfatos, producción de ácidos orgánicos, sideróforos y fijación de nitrógeno; se identificaron mediante el gen ARNr-16S aquellas con alta actividad evaluándose su efecto en la germinación y longitud radicular. Quince diferentes colonias sobresalieron al crecer en NaCl (0.25, 0.50 y 0.75 M) a 35 y 45 °C, destacando tres bacterias identificadas: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus licheniformis. El efecto en la longitud radicular es significativo por la aplicación de B. amyloliquefaciens. Estudios relacionados con la promoción vegetal deben ser considerados en posteriores estudios. Este es el primer informe de B. amyloliquefaciens como una bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno asociada a L. palmeri. ABSTRACT The production of oregano is of economic relevance in northwestern Mexico. However, to obtain high yields, producers resort to chemical fertilization, but its misuse increases salinity. Lippia palmeri Watts is a species of oregano that naturally grows in arid soils with poor organic matter, high salinity and temperature in the northwestern Mexico. In the context of sustainable agriculture, microorganisms activate soil fertility and increase plant productivity. Currently there is interest in proposing biofertilizers in the agriculture with high saline intrusion and temperatures for the cultivation of oregano. The Plant Growth Promoting Halobacteria (HPCP) have stood out by the beneficiary of the nutritious crops and mitigate the effect of the salinity. The goal of this work was to identify HPCP associated to the rhizosphere of L. palmeri, thermo and halotolerant; phosphate solubilizing activity, organic acid production, siderophores and nitrogen fixation were evaluated; the highest activity colonies were identified by the rRNA-16S gene and the effect on germination and root length was evaluated. Fifteen different colonies stood out when growing in NaCl (G.25, G.5G and G.75 M) at 35 and 45 °C, from which three bacteria were identified: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. The effect on root length was significant for B. amyloliquefaciens. Studies related to plant promotion should be involved in subsequent studies. This is the first report of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with Lipia palmeri.

Certified-organic farming systems in Baja California Peninsula and Northwest Mexico are nationally and globally recognized, especially due to the production of vegetables and aromatic herbs under protected agriculture systems. Based on the background of some species of the flora of Baja California Sur (BCS) to inhibit a diversity of microorganisms, the effect of 22 medicinal plants of the region was explored to know the in vitro activity against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici isolated from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The plants processed as crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts were analyzed in duplicate (three replicates) evaluating the inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination. In mycelial inhibition test, all plants extracts (1000 mg L-1) showed an effectiveness of 11 to 40% to inhibit F. oxysporum. The most effective plant extracts according to 50% effective inhibition dose (ED50), were Larrea tridentata, Hymenoclea monogyra and Lippia palmeri with an ED50 of 220, 303 and 3000 mg L-1, respectively. Tukey’s PostHoc tests indicated that H. monogyra and L. tridentata are ten times (ED50

Objective: Evaluate producer inflation, equity in procampo support and profitability of eight agricultural products from Sinaloa, 2018-2019 cycle. Method: This document has three approaches; In the first, estimated the impact of inflation on the value of agricultural production, using the agricultural producer price index (INPP) base 2019. Second, using the Lorenz curves, equity is calculated or in the allocation of procampo - proagro. Third, calculated internal rate of return (IRR) for the eight products and compared with the 28-day yield of the treasury certificates (CETES). Results: The main crops in the state of Sinaloa are: cereals (corn, wheat), and vegetables (tomato, chili peppers). The current values ??generated in Sinaloa agriculture show growth. It is observed that there is an inflation gap that has been decreasing in the period 2000-2019. This implies that the transfer of prices from the producer to the consumer is less and less. It is noted that the profitability of the selected products is varied, vegetables with high rates and products such as corn and beans with low returns, even below the 28-day cetes. Limitations: this study does not specify the size of the productive unit and only the data is generalized. It does not address marketing channels and their destinations. Findings and conclusions: It is noted that there is a decrease in price transfers from the producer to the consumer, returns are also calculated and compared between crops and cetes. It is concluded that in the 2018-2019 period, corn and beans register lower profitability than if they were invested in CETES. Keywords: inflation, profitability, prices, performance.

Background. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important source of human and animal food, due to its high nutritional value and, therefore, it is considered the second legume in cultivated area worldwide. Currently, the population in the world is on the rise and with it the demand for food, which leads to increasing the exploitation of agricultural fields, with a respective increase in the use of fertilizers, mainly nitrogen fertilization (urea), which It is the one that largely guarantees the highest yields and quality of the grains. Nitrogen from urea is lost through volatilization and leaching processes by more than 50% before being assimilated by the plants and, on the other hand, the risks that occur due to the losses of pollutants that are released into the environment. Objective. The objective of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the general aspects of chickpea cultivation, with special emphasis on aspects of nitrogen fertilization, mainly in those studies carried out on the development of prolonged release systems (FLP) and / or controlled. of urea, which could be used in chickpea and other crops, as a fertilization alternative to avoid nitrogen losses and, consequently, contamination to the environment. Methodology. The study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes), a systematic literature study was carried out in the global databases Science Direct, JSTOR, Springer Link, Dialnet, Google Scholar, Google Scholar, using the Boolean operator as search terms: “systems, evaluation, methodologies, released fertilization, prolonged fertilization, agricultural sustainability”. Zotero (www.zotero.org), a free access manager for bibliographic references, was used. The University of Sonora database was reviewed. Results. Various databases with information related to chickpea cultivation, its importance, distribution and world production under arid environments and its interaction with symbiotic nitrogen fixation were detected; fertilization alternatives to avoid N losses in arid zones, specifically in those with prolonged release. Implications. FLP technology in agriculture includes the prolonged delivery of nutrients (fertilizers) to the plant, increasing its efficiency and reducing the negative effects associated with overdose. This technology has the function of releasing the nutrients to the plants at a speed close to the nutrient demand of the plants, for a prolonged period. Conclusions. The studies with FLP open a new way to reduce irrational applications of nitrogen chemical fertilizers, mainly in arid zones where there are the greatest problems due to leaching, due to the characteristics of the soils. Subject of great interest, in which it continues to be deepened, with the aim of obtaining a harmonized method to determine the translocation of nutrients from the FLP to the soil solution and, taking into account the influence of existing factors.

In the communities of Sierra Mojada and Viesca, Coahuila, Mexico of Coahuila desert, two rhizosphere samplings of candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc) were collected to isolate, characterize, and identifying plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR); 165 rhizobacteria were tested in vitro with Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to evaluate their potential as plant growth promoters, and obtaining 21 strains with best results in the variables of the number of secondary roots and fresh weight concerning the uninoculated control. Their salinity tolerance was evaluated at concentrations from 0.85 M, 1.7 M and 2.55 M of NaCl. Biochemical tests were accomplishing such as siderophores production, phosphates solubilization, production of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the activity of the ACC deaminase enzyme. The results obtained from 21 strains selected, high activities were obtained in organic substances like a siderophores since they developed a translucent orange halo around their growth; four rhizobacteria developed a clear halo around the bacterial growth with a thickness between 1.487 mm ± 0.667 mm and 5.267 mm ± 0.704 mm in phosphates solubilization; in the production of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the bacterial strains showed the presence of this phytohormone, with values ​​from 4.444 μg mL-1 to 19.286 μg mL-1; and according to the activity of the ACC deaminase enzyme, values ​​from 0.424 to 1.306 µmol α-KB/h/mg Pr were showed. 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out and genus identified were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Cronobacter and Siccibacter. The results obtained show the potential of the isolated rhizobacteria as growth promoters and the increase in the biomass of the Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is evident. This is a first indication to proceed to carry out tests in different phenological stages in crops of agricultural importance.

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Chitosan-Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) in the seed of Salicornia bigelovii under field conditions in Sonora, Mexico. During two vegetative cycles (2018/2019–2019/2020), cuttings of S. bigelovii were treated with 100 and 50% Chitosan from shrimp exoskeletons and indole butyric acid at 0.937 and 1.25 g·kg−1 and placed in basins under conditions of the Sonora desert, Mexico. Variables were measured: seed production, physicochemical analysis and lipid profile of the seed. The results affected significant increases (p &lt, 0.05) in the evaluated variables, highlighting the treatment based on Chitosan 100%—IBA 0.937 g·kg−1. The results based on chitosan and IBA in cuttings, are a biostimulant in the morpho-physiology, yield production, and lipid content of S. bigelovii. Large-scale studies as a production system should be considered in further studies.

Este libro presenta un diagnóstico que da cuenta del potencial natural mexicano para impulsar el estudio, formulación y ejecución de proyectos sustentables en el ámbito energético y transferir conocimiento no sólo en áreas de amplio desarrollo, sino también en zonas de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. Se exponen las nuevas formas de generar energías limpias con el apoyo de los mismos recursos naturales y la tecnología, una combinación que abre la oportunidad de mejorar la calidad del medio ambiente, la salud y la modernización que permite un despunte económico y desarrollo. El esfuerzo de los investigadores para contribuir en la construcción de la cultura científica y tecnológica en materia energética del país va a permitir que se alcance un análisis del problema global y se involucre a la sociedad en este gran tema que se refleja desde una óptica técnico-legal, en especial para que existan las formas de convivir en un planeta al que se le ha deteriorado de manera preocupante en menos de cien años.

Como un esfuerzo por divulgar y proteger la biodiversidad del desierto sonorense, esta obra ofrece al lector conocimiento especializado respecto a la clasificación e identificación de más de 100 plantas nativas de Sonora, México. En un lenguaje accesible describe características y aspectos de la importancia ecológica de cada especie, junto a una colección de 370 imágenes. El cambio climático y la sobreexplotación de recursos han puesto en riesgo la diversidad vegetal, por lo que este libro brinda una guía práctica para la identificación de plantas, tarea esencial para la conservación.

Objective: Compare in cucumber cultivation a commercial pest control program vs a biological pest control program evaluating quality and production parameters. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in glass greenhouses classified as high technology, under a cooling system consisting of wet walls and extractors, heating that works by irradiation, automated irrigation. Two treatments were evaluated: biological control of pests in area A and the second, a commercial control program in area B, both in Persian cucumber (Cucumis sativus) of the Jawell variety. Each area of 160 m², in separate areas. One plant was considered as an experimental unit, the total of experimental units were 41, 600 plants for each area, 80 grooves were considered within each area with a length of 100 meters with 52 pillows of coconut fiber, whose pillows contain five cubes of rockwool with a plant two heads each cube, giving a total of 10 plants per pillow and 520 plants per groove. The average planting density was 3.42 plants / m². The biological control program consisted of releasing the mite (Amblyseius swirskii) for the control of thrips; the release of the wasp (Aphidius colemani) for aphid control; mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis) and (Amblyseius californicus) for the control of red spider mites and the application of the entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema fetiae). The commercial-chemical control was in accordance with COFEPRIS (2019). The chemical products Actara (Thiametoxam), Beleaf (Flonicamid), Confidor 350 sc (Imidacloprid), Plenum 50 gs (Pymetrozine) and Talstar 100 CE (Biphentrine) were applied to control aphids. Tracer (Spinosad), Exalt (Spinetoram) and Beleaf (Flonicamid) for thrips control. Agirmec (Abamectina) and Talstar (Bifentrina) for the control of red spider, and finally Trigard (Cyromazina) for the control of fungus gnat larvae. The evaluated variables were fruit quality, total production and incidence of pests. A completely randomized experimental design was applied. To analyze the total number of boxes produced, the statistical T-Student test was used for normal data between two independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variables weight quality and weight loss with the data obtained, with a level of significance of P³0.05 to determine differences. A correlation (r) was made between the incidence of thrips (Thrips tabaci) and the incidence of the biological control Amblyseius swirskii, to compare the biological control (A) and the commercial control (B). Results: The results show that the production method using a biological pest control system was just as efficient as the chemical control program, in variables such as fruit weight, number of quality cucumber boxes obtained and incidence of pests. and its biological control. Limitations on study/implications: It is important to carry out further studies under open-air conditions where biotic and abiotic factors are different and in other regions, in addition to testing other registered biological products. Findings/conclusions: Biological and chemical control are complementary, an integrated control would help to slowly adapt a company for a subsequent application of only biological pest control, facilitating regularization and certification procedures involving the use of chemicals. In this biological control program, a more continuous and distributed release of A. swirskii is proposed during the weeks of cultivation, which will maintain more uniform and constant populations, this to avoid development of high populations of thrips and allow better control of this plague. It is necessary to evaluate both control programs during the spring-summer season to be able to compare the efficiency of these for each season and annually.

Objetivo: Evaluar un cultivar de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) en un sistema semi-hidropónico, simulando diferentes niveles de salinidad sulfática (CaSO4·2H2O a 0, 3,000, 4,000 y 5,000 µS cm-1). Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El cultivo de quinoa establecido en un sistema semi-hidropónico, bajo la simulación de diferentes condiciones de salinidad sulfática, tomando como fuente de salinidad sulfato de calcio dihidratado grado reactivo (CaSO4·2H2O) utilizando esta fuente de salinidad para representar las condiciones de la cuenca evaporítica de Río Verde-Matehuala, donde emerge una diversidad salina de aguas y suelos principalmente sulfato cálcicos. Las concentraciones fueron 0, 3,000, 4,000 y 5,000 µS cm-1, siendo aquella nula de sales, el tratamiento control. Resultados: El rendimiento de semillas por planta en los tratamientos con sales sulfáticas, los valores altos fueron para 3,000 µS cm-1 con 30.65 g/p, seguido de los tratamientos de 4,000 µS cm-1 con 23.31 g/p y 5,000 µS cm-1 con 19.13 g/p; por su parte el control resultó con el valor más alto en rendimiento con 43.41 g/p. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es importante desarrollar más estudios bajo condiciones bióticas y abióticas que pueden presentarse en otras regiones y probar otro tipo de salinidad tal como la clorhídrica. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones del estudio, es posible cultivar quinoa en suelos sulfáticos pero con las restricciones que impone el efecto de la disminución del potencial osmótico causado por las sales.

Actualmente existe la necesidad de hacer frente al problema de la resistencia a los antibióticos y al uso indiscriminado de fungicidas químicos en la agricultura. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto inhibitorio de extractos acuosos, metanólicos, acetónicos y hexánicos de hoja y tallo de Vitex mollis Kunth (Lamiaceae) contra diferentes bacterias (Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enterica y Staphylococcus aureus) y especies del hongo Fusarium (F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. tapsinum y F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) de importancia en la salud y en la agricultura, así como determinar su composición química general. Se determinaron las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIM) de todos los extractos por la técnica de microdilución, excepto del hexánico, que no presentó inhibición en las bacterias estudiadas. S. enterica fue la bacteria que mostró mayor sensibilidad al extracto metanólico de tallo (CIM = 28 μg mL-1), le siguieron M. luteus (CIM = 32 μg mL-1), S. aureus (CIM = 75 μg mL-1) y E. coli (CIM = 80 μg mL- 1). Los extractos metanólicos y acuosos de tallo presentaron mayor porcentaje de inhibición contra los diferentes tipos de Fusarium evaluados por el método de dilución en agar. Los extractos de V. mollis inhibieron a F. verticillioides entre 62 y 91 % con 120 μg mL-1 de extracto. El orden de las especies de hongos inhibidas por los extractos fue: F. verticillioides > F. oxysporum > F. tapsinum > F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. La composición química de las especies se determinó mediante pruebas para fenoles, taninos, flavonoides, triterpenos, alcaloides, cumarinas y saponinas. Ninguno de los extractos presentó alcaloides y saponinas. Los fenoles (37.1 mg EAG/g muestra seca) y flavonoides (26.8 mg EQ/g muestra seca) fueron los compuestos mayoritarios en los extractos metanólicos y acuosos. En conclusión, se requieren cantidades muy pequeñas de extracto para la inhibición de bacterias y de Fusarium; por lo tanto, V. mollis puede ser considerada una fuente de metabolitos para este fin y en la agricultura como control alternativo dentro de un manejo integrado de enfermedades.