23 results on '"Edgington-Mitchell, D."'
Search Results
2. Validation of Under-Resolved Numerical Simulations of the PDC Exhaust Flow Based on High Speed Schlieren
- Author
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Nadolski, M., Haghdoost, M. Rezay, Gray, J. A. T., Edgington-Mitchell, D., Oberleithner, K., Klein, R., Schröder, Wolfgang, General editor, Boersma, Bendiks Jan, Series Editor, Fujii, Kozo, Series Editor, Haase, Werner, Series Editor, Hirschel, Ernst Heinrich, Founded by, Leschziner, Michael A., Series Editor, Periaux, Jacques, Series Editor, Pirozzoli, Sergio, Series Editor, Rizzi, Arthur, Series Editor, Roux, Bernard, Series Editor, Shokin, Yurii I., Series Editor, and King, Rudibert, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Interaction of a Supersonic Underexpanded Jet with a Flat Plate
- Author
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Amili, O., Edgington-Mitchell, D., Honnery, D., Soria, J., Zhou, Yu, editor, Lucey, A.D., editor, Liu, Yang, editor, and Huang, Lixi, editor
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
4. Validation of Under-Resolved Numerical Simulations of the PDC Exhaust Flow Based on High Speed Schlieren
- Author
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Nadolski, M., primary, Haghdoost, M. Rezay, additional, Gray, J. A. T., additional, Edgington-Mitchell, D., additional, Oberleithner, K., additional, and Klein, R., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Shock structures and instabilities formed in an underexpanded jet impinging on to cylindrical sections
- Author
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Mason-Smith, N., Edgington-Mitchell, D., Buchmann, N. A., Honnery, D. R., and Soria, J.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Interaction of a Supersonic Underexpanded Jet with a Flat Plate
- Author
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Amili, O., primary, Edgington-Mitchell, D., additional, Honnery, D., additional, and Soria, J., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Intermittent modal coupling in screeching underexpanded circular twin jets
- Author
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Bell, G., primary, Cluts, J., additional, Samimy, M., additional, Soria, J., additional, and Edgington-Mitchell, D., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Equivalent Shock-Associated Noise Source Reconstruction of Screeching Underexpanded Unheated Round Jets
- Author
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Tan, D. J., primary, Honnery, D., additional, Kalyan, A., additional, Gryazev, V., additional, Karabasov, S. A., additional, and Edgington-Mitchell, D., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Correlation Analysis of High-Resolution Particle Image Velocimetry Data of Screeching Jets
- Author
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Tan, D. J., primary, Honnery, D., additional, Kalyan, A., additional, Gryazev, V., additional, Karabasov, S. A., additional, and Edgington-Mitchell, D., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Novel Method for Investigating Broadband Velocity Fluctuations in Axisymmetric Screeching Jets
- Author
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Tan, D. J., primary, Soria, J., additional, Honnery, D., additional, and Edgington-Mitchell, D., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Legumain is activated in macrophages during pancreatitis
- Author
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Edgington-Mitchell, L.E., Wartmann, T., Fleming, A.K., Gocheva, V., Linden, W.A. van der, Withana, N.P., Verdoes, M., Aurelio, L., Edgington-Mitchell, D., Lieu, T., Parker, B.S., Graham, B., Reinheckel, T., Furness, J.B., Joyce, J.A., Storz, P., Halangk, W., Bogyo, M., Bunnett, N.W., Edgington-Mitchell, L.E., Wartmann, T., Fleming, A.K., Gocheva, V., Linden, W.A. van der, Withana, N.P., Verdoes, M., Aurelio, L., Edgington-Mitchell, D., Lieu, T., Parker, B.S., Graham, B., Reinheckel, T., Furness, J.B., Joyce, J.A., Storz, P., Halangk, W., Bogyo, M., and Bunnett, N.W.
- Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext, Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by dysregulated activity of digestive enzymes, necrosis, immune infiltration, and pain. Repeated incidence of pancreatitis is an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Legumain, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been linked to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Until now, legumain activation has not been studied during pancreatitis. We used a fluorescently quenched activity-based probe to assess legumain activation during caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. We detected activated legumain by ex vivo imaging, confocal microscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Compared with healthy controls, legumain activity in the pancreas of caerulein-treated mice was increased in a time-dependent manner. Legumain was localized to CD68(+) macrophages and was not active in pancreatic acinar cells. Using a small-molecule inhibitor of legumain, we found that this protease is not essential for the initiation of pancreatitis. However, it may serve as a biomarker of disease, since patients with chronic pancreatitis show strongly increased legumain expression in macrophages. Moreover, the occurrence of legumain-expressing macrophages in regions of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia suggests that this protease may influence reprogramming events that lead to inflammation-induced pancreatic cancer.
- Published
- 2016
12. Legumain is activated in macrophages during pancreatitis
- Author
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Edgington-Mitchell, LE, Wartmann, T, Fleming, AK, Gocheva, V, van der Linden, WA, Withana, NP, Verdoes, M, Aurelio, L, Edgington-Mitchell, D, Lieu, T, Parker, BS, Graham, B, Reinheckel, T, Furness, JB, Joyce, JA, Storz, P, Halangk, W, Bogyo, M, Bunnett, NW, Edgington-Mitchell, LE, Wartmann, T, Fleming, AK, Gocheva, V, van der Linden, WA, Withana, NP, Verdoes, M, Aurelio, L, Edgington-Mitchell, D, Lieu, T, Parker, BS, Graham, B, Reinheckel, T, Furness, JB, Joyce, JA, Storz, P, Halangk, W, Bogyo, M, and Bunnett, NW
- Abstract
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by dysregulated activity of digestive enzymes, necrosis, immune infiltration, and pain. Repeated incidence of pancreatitis is an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Legumain, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been linked to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Until now, legumain activation has not been studied during pancreatitis. We used a fluorescently quenched activity-based probe to assess legumain activation during caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. We detected activated legumain by ex vivo imaging, confocal microscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Compared with healthy controls, legumain activity in the pancreas of caerulein-treated mice was increased in a time-dependent manner. Legumain was localized to CD68(+) macrophages and was not active in pancreatic acinar cells. Using a small-molecule inhibitor of legumain, we found that this protease is not essential for the initiation of pancreatitis. However, it may serve as a biomarker of disease, since patients with chronic pancreatitis show strongly increased legumain expression in macrophages. Moreover, the occurrence of legumain-expressing macrophages in regions of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia suggests that this protease may influence reprogramming events that lead to inflammation-induced pancreatic cancer.
- Published
- 2016
13. Analysis of axisymmetric screech tones in round twin-jets using linear stability theory
- Author
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Michael Stavropoulos, Matteo Mancinelli, Peter Jordan, Vincent Jaunet, Daniel M. Edgington-Mitchell, Petronio Nogueira, American institute of aeronautics and astronautics, Stavropoulos, M. N., Mancinelli, M., Jordan, P., Jaunet, V., Edgington-Mitchell, D. M., and Nogueira, P. A. S.
- Published
- 2022
14. Understanding twin-jet screech using a vortex-sheet model
- Author
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Peter Jordan, Matteo Mancinelli, Michael Stavropoulos, Petrônio A. S. Nogueira, Daniel Edgington-Mitchell, Vincent Jaunet, Stavropoulos, Michael N., Mancinelli, Matteo, Jordan, Peter, Jaunet, Vincent, Edgington-Mitchell, Daniel M., Nogueira, Petrônio A. S., Stavropoulos, M. N., Mancinelli, M., Jordan, P., Jaunet, V., Edgington-Mitchell, D. M., and Nogueira, P. A. S.
- Subjects
Physics ,Jet (fluid) ,Vortex sheet ,Mechanics - Abstract
A twin-jet vortex-sheet model is applied to study the axisymmetric screech modes, generated by simply converging nozzles, for low supersonic Mach numbers. This allows for the identification of the different waves supported by the flow for different conditions. Propagative regions for the upstream-propagating neutral guided jet mode are observed to vary both as a function of solution symmetry, SS and SA, and the jet separation, whilst bounding the screech tones. The A1 screech mode is observed to be cut-off sharply by the SS lower bound. Screech frequency predictions are performed using the wavenumbers obtained from the vortex-sheet model, which provided a good qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Additional A1 and A2 screech tones were observed in the acoustic spectrum as the jet separation was increased, pointing to the existence of new resonance cycles associated with the different symmetries of the flow. These additional tones exist simultaneously and are seen to merge together as increases leaving only a single A1 and A2 tone.
- Published
- 2021
15. Closure mechanism of the A1 and A2 modes in jet screech
- Author
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Vincent Jaunet, Matteo Mancinelli, Peter Jordan, Petrônio Nogueira, Daniel Edgington-Mitchell, Nogueira, P. A. S., Jaunet, V., Mancinelli, M., Jordan, P., and Edgington-Mitchell, D.
- Subjects
Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Jet noise ,Supersonic flow ,Physics - Fluid Dynamics ,Absolute/convective instability ,Condensed Matter Physics - Abstract
This paper explores the screech closure mechanism for different axisymmetric modes in shock-containing jets. While many of the discontinuities in tonal frequency exhibited by screeching jets can be associated with a change in the azimuthal mode, there has to date been no explanation for the existence of multiple axisymmetric modes at different frequencies. This paper provides just such an explanation. As shown in previous works, specific wavenumbers arise from the interaction of waves in the flow with the shocks. This provides new paths for driving upstream-travelling waves that can potentially close the resonance loop. Predictions using locally parallel and spatially periodic linear stability analyses and the wavenumber spectrum of the shock-cell structure suggest that the A1 mode resonance is closed by a wave generated when the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode interacts with the leading wavenumber of the shock-cell structure. The A2 mode is closed by a wave that arises due to interaction between the Kelvin-Helmholtz wave and a secondary wavenumber peak, which arises from the spatial variation of the shock-cell wavelength. The predictions are shown to closely match experimental data, and possible justifications for the dominance of each mode are provided based on the growth rates of the absolute instability., Submitted to the Journal of Fluid Mechanics
- Published
- 2021
16. Dynamics of round jet impingement
- Author
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Vincent Jaunet, Steve Girard, Guillaume Lehnasch, Daniel Edgington-Mitchell, Peter Jordan, Aaron Towne, Matteo Mancinelli, Acoustique, Aérodynamique, Turbulence (2AT ), Département Fluides, Thermique et Combustion (FTC), Institut Pprime (PPRIME), ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-Institut Pprime (PPRIME), ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, Center for Turbulence Research [Stanford] (CTR), Stanford University, Monash University [Melbourne], Laboratoire d'Etudes Aérodynamiques (LEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-ENSMA-Université de Poitiers, Vincent Jaunet, Matteo Mancinelli, Peter Jordan, Aaron Towne, Daniel M. Edgington-Mitchell, Guillaume Lehnasch, Stève Girard, Jaunet, V., Mancinelli, M., Jordan, P., Towne, A., Edgington-Mitchell, D. M., Lehnasch, G., Girard, S., Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Turbulence Research (CTR), Stanford University [Stanford], Environnement, territoires et infrastructures (UR ETBX), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
- Subjects
Physics ,[SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment ,0103 physical sciences ,Dynamics (mechanics) ,Jet impingement ,Mechanics ,010306 general physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas - Abstract
The impingement of a round jet issued from a convergent nozzle is known to produce intense tonal noise. These tones are generated by a feedback process involving a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability wave and an upstream-travelling guided jet mode. The frequency structure of these tones is experimentally explored by varying the jet Mach number from 0.7 to 1.5 and we observe evidence that the upstream-travelling guided modes of the jet are active in the feedback process. Tone frequency predictions obtained using the intrinsic jet modes are compared to the standard model involving free-stream acoustic waves: the upstream-travelling guided waves model provides a convincing agreement with the experimental data.this make.
- Published
- 2019
17. Increasing the fine particle fraction of pressurised metered dose inhaler solutions with novel actuator shapes.
- Author
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Duke DJ, Nguyen DT, Dos Reis LG, Silva DM, Neild A, Edgington-Mitchell D, Young PM, and Honnery DR
- Subjects
- Administration, Inhalation, Aerosols, Equipment Design, Particle Size, Metered Dose Inhalers, Nebulizers and Vaporizers
- Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate that the use of multiple orifices can improve the fine particle fraction (FPF) of pressurised metered-dose inhaler solution formulations by up to 75% when compared to a single orifice with an equivalent cross sectional area (p<0.05). While prior work has relied on metal actuator components, improvements in micro injection moulding and micro drilling now make it possible to mass produce novel orifice shapes to achieve similar FPF gains in plastic parts, with orifice diameters less than 0.2 mm. The ability to create internal features inside the actuator is also demonstrated. We show through in vitro high speed imaging that twin orifice sprays merge quickly and act as a single, modified plume. We also show for the first time that FPF and fine particle dose (FPD) are strongly correlated with the distance at which the plume velocity decays to half its initial value (R
2 =0.997 and 0.95 respectively). When plume velocity & FPF are increased, mouthpiece deposition decreases. This suggests that while smaller orifices produce more fine particles, higher sustained plume velocities also entrain more of the fine particles produced at the periphery of the spray due to increased shear. The effect occurs within the mouthpiece and is thus unlikely to alter the flow field in the upper airway., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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18. Influence of pressure transducer protrusion depth on pressure measurements of shock waves in shock tubes.
- Author
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Thethy B, Kaebe B, Honnery D, Edgington-Mitchell D, and Kleine H
- Abstract
This note investigates how small changes in the protrusion depth of a pressure transducer affect the pressure measurement of a moving shock wave. Measurements are undertaken with Kistler, Kulite, and PCB sensors in flush, recessed, and protruded sensor positions. Measurements of both absolute pressure and Mach number are shown to be insensitive to sensor protrusion depth. An assessment of sensor response time indicates a significantly shorter reaction time for the Kulite and PCB sensors compared with the Kistler sensor.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Azimuthal decomposition of the radiated noise from supersonic shock-containing jets.
- Author
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Wong MH, Kirby R, Jordan P, and Edgington-Mitchell D
- Abstract
Acoustic measurements of unheated supersonic underexpanded jets with ideally expanded Mach numbers of 1.14, 1.38, and 1.50 are presented. Of the three components of supersonic jet noise, the focus is on the broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) component. Motivated by the modelling of BBSAN using the wavepacket framework, a traversable microphone ring is used to decompose the acoustic pressure into azimuthal Fourier modes. Unlike noise radiated downstream, BBSAN is dominated by azimuthal modes 1-3, which are approximately 3-4 dB/St stronger than the axisymmetric component. Crucially, the relative contribution of successive modes to BBSAN is sensitive to the observer angle and jet operating condition. Four azimuthal modes are necessary to reconstruct the total BBSAN signal to within 1 dB/St accuracy for the conditions presented here. The analysis suggests, however, that the number of modes required to maintain this accuracy increases as the peak frequency shifts upward. The results demonstrate the need to carefully consider the azimuthal content of BBSAN when comparing acoustic measurements to predictions made by jet noise models built on instability theory.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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20. Revealing pMDI Spray Initial Conditions: Flashing, Atomisation and the Effect of Ethanol.
- Author
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Mason-Smith N, Duke DJ, Kastengren AL, Traini D, Young PM, Chen Y, Lewis DA, Edgington-Mitchell D, and Honnery D
- Subjects
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Humans, Light, Pressure, Radiography, X-Rays, Equipment Design instrumentation, Ethanol chemistry, Metered Dose Inhalers
- Abstract
Purpose: Sprays from pressurised metered-dose inhalers are produced by a transient discharge of a multiphase mixture. Small length and short time scales have made the investigation of the governing processes difficult. Consequently, a deep understanding of the physical processes that govern atomisation and drug particle formation has been elusive., Methods: X-ray phase contrast imaging and quantitative radiography were used to reveal the internal flow structure and measure the time-variant nozzle exit mass density of 50 µL metered sprays of HFA134a, with and without ethanol cosolvent. Internal flow patterns were imaged at a magnification of 194 pixels/mm and 7759 frames per second with 150 ps temporal resolution. Spray projected mass was measured with temporal resolution of 1 ms and spatial resolution 6 µm × 5 µm., Results: The flow upstream of the nozzle comprised large volumes of vapour at all times throughout the injection. The inclusion of ethanol prevented bubble coalescence, altering the internal flow structure and discharge. Radiography measurements confirmed that the nozzle exit area is dominantly occupied by vapour, with a peak liquid volume fraction of 13%., Conclusion: Vapour generation in pMDIs occurs upstream of the sump, and the dominant volume component in the nozzle exit orifice is vapour at all times in the injection. The flow in ethanol-containing pMDIs has a bubbly structure resulting in a comparatively stable discharge, whereas the binary structure of propellant-only flows results in unsteady discharge and the production of unrespirable liquid masses.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Legumain is activated in macrophages during pancreatitis.
- Author
-
Edgington-Mitchell LE, Wartmann T, Fleming AK, Gocheva V, van der Linden WA, Withana NP, Verdoes M, Aurelio L, Edgington-Mitchell D, Lieu T, Parker BS, Graham B, Reinheckel T, Furness JB, Joyce JA, Storz P, Halangk W, Bogyo M, and Bunnett NW
- Subjects
- Animals, Ceruletide toxicity, Cysteine Endopeptidases genetics, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Macrophages metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Pancreatitis chemically induced, Cysteine Endopeptidases metabolism, Macrophages enzymology, Pancreatitis enzymology
- Abstract
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by dysregulated activity of digestive enzymes, necrosis, immune infiltration, and pain. Repeated incidence of pancreatitis is an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Legumain, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been linked to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Until now, legumain activation has not been studied during pancreatitis. We used a fluorescently quenched activity-based probe to assess legumain activation during caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. We detected activated legumain by ex vivo imaging, confocal microscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Compared with healthy controls, legumain activity in the pancreas of caerulein-treated mice was increased in a time-dependent manner. Legumain was localized to CD68(+) macrophages and was not active in pancreatic acinar cells. Using a small-molecule inhibitor of legumain, we found that this protease is not essential for the initiation of pancreatitis. However, it may serve as a biomarker of disease, since patients with chronic pancreatitis show strongly increased legumain expression in macrophages. Moreover, the occurrence of legumain-expressing macrophages in regions of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia suggests that this protease may influence reprogramming events that lead to inflammation-induced pancreatic cancer., (Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Insights into Spray Development from Metered-Dose Inhalers Through Quantitative X-ray Radiography.
- Author
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Mason-Smith N, Duke DJ, Kastengren AL, Stewart PJ, Traini D, Young PM, Chen Y, Lewis DA, Soria J, Edgington-Mitchell D, and Honnery D
- Subjects
- Equipment Design, Volatilization, X-Rays, Aerosol Propellants chemistry, Bronchodilator Agents administration & dosage, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated chemistry, Ipratropium administration & dosage, Metered Dose Inhalers
- Abstract
Purpose: Typical methods to study pMDI sprays employ particle sizing or visible light diagnostics, which suffer in regions of high spray density. X-ray techniques can be applied to pharmaceutical sprays to obtain information unattainable by conventional particle sizing and light-based techniques., Methods: We present a technique for obtaining quantitative measurements of spray density in pMDI sprays. A monochromatic focused X-ray beam was used to perform quantitative radiography measurements in the near-nozzle region and plume of HFA-propelled sprays., Results: Measurements were obtained with a temporal resolution of 0.184 ms and spatial resolution of 5 μm. Steady flow conditions were reached after around 30 ms for the formulations examined with the spray device used. Spray evolution was affected by the inclusion of ethanol in the formulation and unaffected by the inclusion of 0.1% drug by weight. Estimation of the nozzle exit density showed that vapour is likely to dominate the flow leaving the inhaler nozzle during steady flow., Conclusions: Quantitative measurements in pMDI sprays allow the determination of nozzle exit conditions that are difficult to obtain experimentally by other means. Measurements of these nozzle exit conditions can improve understanding of the atomization mechanisms responsible for pMDI spray droplet and particle formation.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Temporally and Spatially Resolved x-ray Fluorescence Measurements of in-situ Drug Concentration in Metered-Dose Inhaler Sprays.
- Author
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Duke DJ, Kastengren AL, Mason-Smith N, Chen Y, Young PM, Traini D, Lewis D, Edgington-Mitchell D, and Honnery D
- Subjects
- Aerosol Propellants chemistry, Bromine chemistry, Equipment Design, Ethanol chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated chemistry, Solvents chemistry, Metered Dose Inhalers, Pharmaceutical Preparations analysis, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods
- Abstract
Purpose: Drug concentration measurements in MDI sprays are typically performed using particle filtration or laser scattering. These techniques are ineffective in proximity to the nozzle, making it difficult to determine how factors such as nozzle design will affect the precipitation of co-solvent droplets in solution-based MDIs, and the final particle distribution., Methods: In optical measurements, scattering from the constituents is difficult to separate. We present a novel technique to directly measure drug distribution. A focused x-ray beam was used to stimulate x-ray fluorescence from the bromine in a solution containing 85% HFA, 15% ethanol co-solvent, and 1 [Formula: see text] / [Formula: see text] IPBr., Results: Instantaneous concentration measurements were obtained with 1 ms temporal resolution and 5 [Formula: see text] spatial resolution, providing information in a region that is inaccessible to many other diagnostics. The drug remains homogeneously mixed over time, but was found to be higher at the centerline than at the periphery. This may have implications for oropharyngeal deposition in vivo., Conclusions: Measurements in the dynamic, turbulent region of MDIs allow us to understand the physical links between formulation, inspiration, and geometry on final particle size and distribution. This will ultimately lead to a better understanding of how MDI design can be improved to enhance respirable fraction.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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