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Glucocorticoids prevent or suppress the full inflammatory response to the infectious, immunological or physical agents by inhibiting early inflammatory events such as edema or cell exudation. The main effect of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory process is the inhibition or recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. In this study, the effect of the glucocorticoid betamethasone on the hematological parameters of rats of the species Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout 1769 was examined in vivo. Betamethasone has been shown to affect the values of hematological parameters four hours after application and leads to a significant decrease in the prevalence of lymphocytes and monocytes, but also leads to a statistically significant increase in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values.

Thiamazole inhibits the thyroid hormone synthesis and does not inactivate the existing thyroxine and triiodothyronine that circulate in the blood. In this paper Thiamazole electrochemical behavior was monitored by cyclic voltammetry on glassy carbon (GC) electrode in the absence and presence of sodium pertechnetate (99mTc). The influence of different Thiamazole concentrations without and in the presence of radiopharmaceutical 99mTc, the effect of the number of scan cycles, and the effect of 99mTc activity on the appearance of cyclic voltammograms were examined. The results show that there is an observed increase in the reduction peak current with an increase of Thiamazole concentration. It was found that the concentration of the tested drug had a significant effect on its redox characteristics. The results obtained show that the application of different concentrations of sodium pertechnetate exhibits the inhibitory properties of the used radiopharmaceutical on the drug in the treatment of thyroid gland disease.

Defining the physiological feature provides an understanding of functional adaptation of species to its ecological niche as well as the various forms of stress factors. This paper gives an overview of changes in certain forms of leukocytes (WBC differential) under the influence of thermal stress (increased temperature). In our experiment, we used 46 specimens of tench (Tinca tinca) fished in the Jablanica Lake reservoir. Specimens had previously been adapted in specially prepared tanks for 20 days. The control group of animals (16) was exposed to constant water temperature of 10 0C, while in the treated groups (30), the water temperature was gradually risen to 28 0C and, as such, held for 30 minutes. All specimens were aged 2+ and 3+.It was found that the thermal regime change causes adaptive response of tench specimens by increasing the number of neutrophils and pseudoeosinophils but reduction in the number of lymphocytes. Observed were statistically significant differences in the number of segmented granulocytes, pseudoeosinophils and lymphocytes between the control and the experimental group. However, a significantly higher number of segmented granulocytes and pseudoeosinophils was at the experimental group, while in the control group a number of lymphocytes was significantly higher compared with the experimental group. Neither form of leukocytes showed any significant difference between males and females of the experimental group. It is interesting to note that among individuals from both the control and experimental group, eosinophils and monocytes were rarely noticed, while basophils were not found at all. Key words: thermal stress, tench, Tinca tinca, pseudoeosinophils

Glucose level (UV enzymatic method) and total protein level (Biuret method) were measured in the blood samples of the rats exposed to short-term starvation. We found a statistically significant increase in the glucose level in experimental animals during starvation, which is also evident in males and females in the experimental group (p Key words: glucose, total protein, serum, Rattus

We investigated the impact of short-term experimental hyperthermia on differential blood cell count in rats Rattus norvegicus (male and female Wistar strain). The blood used for the analysis was obtained by the method of direct puncture of the heart. We analyzed the forms of leukocytes (granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes). The effect of short-term hyperthermia is statistically significant increase in lymphocyte count, and decrease in monocyte count. The changes in other leukocyte count are not statistically significant.Key words: hyperthermia, differential blood cell count

We investigated the activity of enzymes (AST, ALT, CK, LDH, ALP and GGT) in serum of the bosnian mountain horse Equus caballus L. during spring and autumn. Enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Based on the results, have been identified a significant changes of the investigated enzymes. In the autumn period, there was a statistically significant increase in enzyme activity (p Key words: enzyme activity, seasonal changes, Bosnian mountain horse

We analyzed the blood serum of the rainbow trout in relation to various physico-chemical properties of water and diet composition. Fish were reared in two ponds that were supplied by water from different sources. The identified differences in the biochemical parameters are caused by different environmental factors in ponds and different feed composition. Low oxygen values caused by different temperatures is a key stress factor of the noted differences. Statistically significant differences are noted for AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), triglycerides, urea and iron (0.00). Evident were also different mineral concentrations of Ca and P (0.05) as well as glucose and cholesterol (0.05).

We investigated erythrogram and leukogram in the rats Rattus norvegicus (Wistar strain) during the short-term hypothermia under the laboratory controlled conditions. Control group of animals was anesthetized using diethylether and then heart punction was performed. Experimental group of animals was exposed to short-term hypothermia by "a'frigore" method. Once the body temperature of experimental animals decreased (rectal temperature was 15 °C), we performed punction of the heart. Hematological status was determined by the following parameters: erythrogram (red blood cell count, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), MCV, MCH and MCHC) and leukogram (leukocytes, segmented and non-segmented neutrophils, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes). Under hypothermic conditions, a significant decrease in neutrophilic granulocytes and increase in lymphocytes were noted. The red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentrations were significantly increased while the values of MCV and MCH decreased in hypothermia. Key words: hypothermia, erythrogram, leukogram

In this study, the impact of glucocorticoid, betamethasone dipropionate on enzyme activity in vitro and its effects on hematological parameters in vivo was investigated. The immobilized catalase, crucial for cell oxidative stress response via hydrogen peroxide reduction, exhibited a robust electrocatalytic response, maintaining its biological activity. The in vitro inhibition kinetics of catalase, as determined by electrocatalytic methods and expressed using Lineweaver-Burke diagrams, revealed an uncompetitive type of inhibition with altered Imax and Km in the presence of a range of betamethasone dipropionate concentrations. The in vivo experiments conducted on Rattus norvegicus demonstrated significant alterations in hematological parameters following betamethasone dipropionate administration. These changes included a decrease in erythrocyte count, an increase in hemoglobin, a reduction in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and an elevation in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Notably, the leukocyte counts substantially increased. The observed hematological shifts suggest an impact of betamethasone dipropionate on the hematopoietic system, reinforcing the need for cautious corticosteroid administration. The findings underline the necessity for judicious corticosteroid treatment, acknowledging both enzymatic and systemic repercussions.

We investigated the impact of short-term experimental hyperthermia on glucose and haemogram in rats Rattus norvegicus (Wistar strain). The blood used for the analysis was obtained by the method of direct puncture of the heart. We analyzed the biochemical (glucose) and haematological parameters (RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and haematological indices). The effect of short-term hyperthermia leads to a statistically significant increase of the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and glucose concentration, whereas statistically significant reduction in hemoglobin concentration and hematological indices is evident. Key words: hyperthermia, haemogram, glucose concentration

Summary Shortly after the first publication on the new disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), studies on the causal consequences of this disease began to emerge, initially focusing only on transmission methods, and later on its consequences analyzed in terms of gender, age, and the presence of comorbidities. The aim of our research is to determine which comorbidities have the greatest negative impact on the worsening of the disease, namely which comorbidities indicate a predisposition to severe Covid-19, and to understand the gender and age representation of participants and comorbidities. The results of our study show that the dominant gender is male at 54.4% and the age of 65 and older. The most common comorbidities are arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. The dominant group is recovered participants aged 65 and older, with comorbidities most frequently present in this group. The highest correlation between patients with different severity of the disease was found with cardiovascular diseases, while the coefficient is slightly lower for the relationship between patients with different disease severity and urinary system diseases and hypertension. According to the regression analysis results, we showed that urinary system diseases have the greatest negative impact on the worsening of Covid-19, with the tested coefficient b being statistically significant as it is 0.030 0.05. The same applies to diabetes mellitus, which also has a small impact on the worsening of Covid-19, but its tested coefficient b is not statistically significant as it is 0.336 > 0.05. Our study has shown that comorbidities such as urinary system diseases and cardiovascular diseases tend to have a negative impact on Covid-19, leading to a poor outcome resulting in death, while diabetes mellitus and hypertension have an impact but without statistical significance.

Introduction: As a result of research conducted globally, experts continue to extensively study the long-term consequences that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can have on patients, as well as the factors contributing to severe outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the values of basic biochemical and hematological parameters in patients with fatal outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to determine the combination of hematological and biochemical parameters that contribute to the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The examined parameters were correlated with the age and gender distribution of patients with fatal outcomes from the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: The study represents a retrospective study of patients hospitalized at the Cantonal Hospital Zenica from February to April 2021, focusing on the biochemical and hematological parameters of subjects with confirmed presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods who were hospitalized at the Cantonal Hospital Zenica. Results: Of the 250 deceased subjects in the sample, females comprised the relative majority at 53.6%. Among the examined parameters, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH were significantly lower in females compared to males, while males had significantly higher values of urea, creatinine, and troponin. The average age of the patients was 74 years, and with aging, the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and troponin increased. Troponin showed a statistically significant positive correlation with age, as well as with urea and creatinine. Conclusion: We can conclude that hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, and troponin are parameters that can be considered to contribute to the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These parameters can be useful for assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Introduction: Menopause is the absence of menses in the period longer that one year. It is widely accepted that menopause leads to changes in hormonal status, metabolism and lipid profi le. The aim of this study wasto analyze the infl uence of menopause on the concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins and also the influence of body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) on lipid profi le in post-menopausal women.Methods: Sixty post-menopausal women of average age of 52.82 years were compared to a group of 34 pre-menopausal women average age of 47.92 years.Results: Post-menopausal women had higher, but non signifi cant (p>0.05) concentrations of total cholesterol, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides than pre-menopausal women. The concentration of high density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly lower in post-menopausal women than pre-menopausal (pbut without signifi cance (p>0.05). There was no difference between body mass index (BMI) and waste-hip ratio (WHR), but the WHR has shown as a signifi cant predictor of the LDL and cholesterol concentrations inpost-menopausal women.Conclusion: We can conclude that menopause leads to changes in lipid profi le by lowering of HDL and increasing the levels of apolipoprotein B, that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. The WHR is thesignifi cant predictor of cardiovascular risk in post-menopausal women.