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1. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author: Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, André-Jean, Augustin, Jürgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radosław, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horváth, László, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamás, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, Sutton, Mark A., Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), School of Communication, Charles Sturt University [Australia], Department of Environmental & Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Department of Physics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Agro-BioTech Gembloux, Université de Liège, Unité de bioclimatologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), INRES Bodenwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznan' University of Life Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences-Poznan University of Life Sciences, Climate and Global Change Research [Helsinki], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Environment Engineering and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Climate Research, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Abeilles, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Edinburgh Research Station, Earth System Science and Climate Change Group, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Agronomy Institute, Technical University of Lisbon, Atmospheric Composition Research [Helsinki], Division of Ecosystems Processes Lab. of Plants Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Inst Agroenvironm & Forest Biol, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Neftel Research Expertise, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Biosystems Division [Roskilde], Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change (ECOFUN), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Institute of Soil Sciences, Vienna, University of Vienna [Vienna], Bush Estate, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, GOCE-CT-2003-505572, Sixth Framework Programme, 282910, Seventh Framework Programme, European Project: 282910,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,ECLAIRE(2011), European Project: 28980,CARBOEUROPE-IP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)-Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), IT University of Copenhagen, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Jonchère, Laurent, Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems - ECLAIRE - - EC:FP7:ENV2011-10-01 - 2015-09-30 - 282910 - VALID, ASSESSMENT OF THE EUROPEAN TERRESTRIAL CARBON BALANCE - CARBOEUROPE-IP - 28980 - OLD, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, Evolution, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, TROPICAL FORESTS, Atmospheric Sciences, DRY DEPOSITION, Behavior and Systematics, QUALITY-CONTROL, greenhouse gases, ddc:550, BOREAL FORESTS, SDG 13 - Climate Action, LONG-TERM IMPACTSEDDY-COVARIANCEREACTIVE NITROGENDRY DEPOSITIONORGANIC NITROGENTROPICAL FORESTSQUALITY-CONTROLBOREAL FORESTSOXIDE FLUXESTREE GROWTH, REACTIVE NITROGEN, Biology, Earth-Surface Processes, ecosystem, TREE GROWTH, Ecology, Physics, LONG-TERM IMPACTS, European forest, EDDY-COVARIANCE, Chemistry, Earth sciences, ORGANIC NITROGEN, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, semi-natural vegetation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, carbon-nitrogen, OXIDE FLUXES
Abstract: The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC∕dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO−3 leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from −70 to 826 g C m−2 yr−1 at total wet + dry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m−2 yr−1 and from −4 to 361 g C m−2 yr−1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m−2 yr−1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially NO−3 were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of Ndep at sites with Ndep 3 g N m−2 yr−1. Such large levels of Nr loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with Nr deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m−2 yr−1, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP ∕ GPP ratio). At elevated Ndep levels (> 2.5 g N m−2 yr−1), where inorganic Nr losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate Ndep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between Ndep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC∕dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. Ndep. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by the European Commission through the two FP6 integrated projects CarboEurope Integrated Project (project no. GOCE-CT-2003-505572) and NitroEurope Integrated Project (project no. 017841), the FP7 ECLAIRE project (grant agreement no. 282910), and the ABBA COST Action ES0804. We are also thankful for funding from the French GIP-ECOFOR consortium under the F-ORE-T forest observation and experimentation network, as well as from the MDM-2017-0714 Spanish grant. Computer time for EMEP model runs was supported by the Research Council of Norway through the NOTUR project EMEP (NN2890K). Finalization of the paper was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UKSCAPE programme delivering national capability.
Published: 2020

2. Covariations between plant functional traits emerge from constraining parameterization of a terrestrial biosphere model

Author: Georg Wohlfahrt, Marc Peaucelle, Damiano Gianelle, Nicolas Delpierre, Dan Yakir, Philippe Ciais, Timo Vesala, Sylvain Kuppel, Eric Dufrêne, Mark A. Sutton, Thomas Kolb, Nicolas Vuichard, Cédric Bacour, Andreas Ibrom, Ladislav Šigut, Lutz Merbold, Sebastian Wolf, Leonardo Montagnani, Anders Lindroth, Nina Buchmann, Jiquan Chen, Carsten Gruening, Josep Peñuelas, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Tomomichi Kato, Stefano Minerbi, Andrej Varlagin, Beverly E. Law, Ivan Mammarella, Cristina Gimeno-Colera, Ankur R. Desai, Richard Joffre, Nicolas Viovy, Lukas Hörtnagl, Carole Helfter, Peter D. Blanken, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOVELTIS [Sté], ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Institute of Agricultural Sciences [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Sciences [Toledo USA], University of Toledo, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Madison], University of Wisconsin-Madison, Centro di Ecologia Alpina, Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Joint Research Centre, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano Servizi Forestali, Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Department of Physics [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Department of Physics, Institute of Ecology, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Kiel University, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, University of Innsbruck, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), VU University Amsterdam, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Hokkaido University, McGill University, A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, and Weizmann Institute of Science
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biosphere model, Optimization, Eddy covariance, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Terrestrial model, Data assimilation, FluxNet, Ecosystem model, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, ORCHIDEE, Plant functional traits, Ecosystem, Plant acclimatation, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, SDG 15 - Life on Land, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Biosphere, 15. Life on land, Assimilation, Trait, Environmental science, Plant acclimation
Abstract: Aim: The mechanisms of plant trait adaptation and acclimation are still poorly understood and, consequently, lack a consistent representation in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). Despite the increasing availability of geo-referenced trait observations, current databases are still insufficient to cover all vegetation types and environmental conditions. In parallel, the growing number of continuous eddy-covariance observations of energy and CO2 fluxes has enabled modellers to optimize TBMs with these data. Past attempts to optimize TBM parameters mostly focused on model performance, overlooking the ecological properties of ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the ecological consistency of optimized trait-related parameters while improving the model performances for gross primary productivity (GPP) at sites.Location: Worldwide. Time period: 1992–2012. Major taxa studied: Trees and C3 grasses. Methods: We optimized parameters of the ORCHIDEE model against 371 site-years of GPP estimates from the FLUXNET network, and we looked at global covariation among parameters and with climate. Results: The optimized parameter values were shown to be consistent with leaf-scale traits, in particular, with well-known trade-offs observed at the leaf level, echoing the leaf economic spectrum theory. Results showed a marked sensitivity of trait-related parameters to local bioclimatic variables and reproduced the observed relationships between traits and climate. Main conclusions: Our approach validates some biological processes implemented in the model and enables us to study ecological properties of vegetation at the canopy level, in addition to some traits that are difficult to observe experimentally. This study stresses the need for: (a) implementing explicit trade-offs and acclimation processes in TBMs; (b) improving the representation of processes to avoid model-specific parameterization; and (c) performing systematic measurements of traits at FLUXNET sites in order to gather information on plant ecophysiology and plant diversity, together with micro-meteorological conditions.
Published: 2019

3. Wide-band, low-frequency pulse profiles of 100 radio pulsars with LOFAR

Author: J. van Leeuwen, Matthias Steinmetz, T. E. Hassall, A. Nelles, E. de Geus, M. Pilia, B. W. Stappers, Heino Falcke, H. J. A. Röttgering, Annalisa Bonafede, Oleg Smirnov, Anna V. Bilous, Satyendra Thoudam, Evan Keane, Peter G. Jonker, W. Frieswijk, Rudy Wijnands, A. Noutsos, M. Pietka, John D. Swinbank, Richard Fallows, R. J. van Weeren, M. Pandey-Pommier, Olaf Wucknitz, A. Alexov, Rebecca McFadden, E. Juette, F. Breitling, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Aris Karastergiou, Benedetta Ciardi, H. Paas, Antonia Rowlinson, Dominik J. Schwarz, Michael Kramer, A. I. F. Stewart, Y. Tang, Ashish Asgekar, K. Zagkouris, James A. Anderson, Chiara Ferrari, S. Duscha, James Miller-Jones, Andrew Lyne, Stefan Oslowski, Adam T. Deller, A. de Jong, R. C. Vermeulen, Gianni Bernardi, I. M. Avruch, M. A. Garrett, M. C. Toribio, Jochen Eislöffel, Charlotte Sobey, A. J. van der Horst, Rene P. Breton, Cyril Tasse, Marcus Brüggen, J. W. Broderick, Gerard H. Kuper, S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, Rob Fender, P. Zarka, D. McKay-Bukowski, Martin Bell, A. Horneffer, M. Kuniyoshi, Patrick Weltevrede, M. Serylak, A. G. Polatidis, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Mark J. Bentum, Christian Vocks, Jean-Mathias Grießmeier, Sera Markoff, Jason W. T. Hessels, Stephane Corbel, Laura Birzan, J. P. Hamaker, Wolfgang Reich, Michel Tagger, P. Maat, V. I. Kondratiev, George Heald, Gottfried Mann, R. Pizzo, Astronomy, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre (VUMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford, School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], University of Southampton, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing [Swinburne] (CAS), Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne], Department of Physics [Oxford], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, University of Cape Town, Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Epidémiologie et Biostatistique [Bordeaux], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], University of Hamburg, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), University of Edinburgh, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Structural Dynamics and Acoustics, University of Twente, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Astrophysics [Oxford], Département de Géologie, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Department of Physical Sciences, University of Oulu, University of Oulu, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), University of Groningen [Groningen], Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (ING), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), SKA South Africa, Ska South Africa, Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam (AIP), Department of Physics [Dunedin], University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Princeton University, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Astrophysics [Nijmegen], Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR-09-JCJC-0001-01, ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), European Project: 337062,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-StG,DRAGNET(2014), European Project: 617199,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-CoG,ALERT(2014), European Project: 224838,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2007-4-3-IRG,PULSARS WITH LOFAR(2008), ROUCHON, Nathalie, Jeunes chercheuses et jeunes chercheurs - - OPALES2009 - ANR-09-JCJC-0001 - JCJC - VALID, DRAGNET: A high-speed, wide-angle camera for catching extreme astrophysical events - DRAGNET - - EC:FP7:ERC2014-01-01 - 2018-12-31 - 337062 - VALID, ALERT - The Apertif-LOFAR Exploration of the Radio Transient Sky - ALERT - - EC:FP7:ERC2014-12-01 - 2019-11-30 - 617199 - VALID, Radio pulsars with LOFAR: a study of extreme physics laboratories. - PULSARS WITH LOFAR - - EC:FP7:PEOPLE2008-05-01 - 2012-04-30 - 224838 - VALID, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), University of Oxford [Oxford], Radboud university [Nijmegen], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universität Bielefeld, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), University of Twente [Netherlands], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Pilia, M., Hessels, J.W.T., Stappers, B.W., Kondratiev, V.I., Kramer, M., Van Leeuwen, J., Weltevrede, P., Lyne, A.G., Zagkouris, K., Hassall, T.E., Bilous, A.V., Breton, R.P., Falcke, H., Grießmeier, J.-M., Keane, E., Karastergiou, A., Kuniyoshi, M., Noutsos, A., Osłowski, S., Serylak, M., Sobey, C., Ter Veen, S., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I.M., Bell, M.E., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Bîrzan, L., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J.W., Brüggen, M., Ciardi, B., Corbel, S., De Geus, E., De Jong, A., Deller, A., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Fallows, R.A., Fender, R., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Gunst, A.W., Hamaker, J.P., Heald, G., Horneffer, A., Jonker, P., Juette, E., Kuper, G., Maat, P., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Miller-Jones, J.C.A., Nelles, A., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pietka, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Rowlinson, A., Schwarz, D., Smirnov, O., Steinmetz, M., Stewart, A., Swinbank, J.D., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M.C., Van Der Horst, A.J., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Van Weeren, R.J., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Wijnands, R., Wijnholds, S.J., Wucknitz, O., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, METIS-321663, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Low frequency, 01 natural sciences, Radio spectrum, law.invention, Telescope, Radio telescope, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], stars: neutron, Pulsar, law, pulsars: general, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), IR-103184, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Interstellar medium, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Radio frequency, EWI-27451, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: LOFAR offers the unique capability of observing pulsars across the 10-240 MHz frequency range with a fractional bandwidth of roughly 50%. This spectral range is well-suited for studying the frequency evolution of pulse profile morphology caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic effects: such as changing emission altitude in the pulsar magnetosphere or scatter broadening by the interstellar medium, respectively. The magnitude of most of these effects increases rapidly towards low frequencies. LOFAR can thus address a number of open questions about the nature of radio pulsar emission and its propagation through the interstellar medium. We present the average pulse profiles of 100 pulsars observed in the two LOFAR frequency bands: High Band (120-167 MHz, 100 profiles) and Low Band (15-62 MHz, 26 profiles). We compare them with Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and Lovell Telescope observations at higher frequencies (350 and1400 MHz) in order to study the profile evolution. The profiles are aligned in absolute phase by folding with a new set of timing solutions from the Lovell Telescope, which we present along with precise dispersion measures obtained with LOFAR. We find that the profile evolution with decreasing radio frequency does not follow a specific trend but, depending on the geometry of the pulsar, new components can enter into, or be hidden from, view. Nonetheless, in general our observations confirm the widening of pulsar profiles at low frequencies, as expected from radius-to-frequency mapping or birefringence theories. We offer this catalog of low-frequency pulsar profiles in a user friendly way via the EPN Database of Pulsar Profiles (http://www.epta.eu.org/epndb/)., Comment: 38 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables, A&A in press, updated with editorial corrections
Published: 2016

4. Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

Author: Christopher J Marshall, Uwe Fritz, Jun-ichi Kojima, Peter Hovenkamp, Jurriaan M. de Vos, Abraham S.H. Breure, Jean Mariaux, Jorge Salazar-Bravo, Jason D. Williams, Sven O. Kullander, Luis M. P. Ceríaco, Emile Fiesler, Jefferson Prado, Anneke H. van Heteren, Dávid Murányi, Ricardo C. Benine, Neil Snow, Bente B. Klitgård, Michael Balke, Francisco Hita Garcia, David J. Patterson, Alfredo Vizzini, Zeehan Jaafar, Les Watling, Joseph F. Ammirati, Kipling Will, Alan Gray, Anthony C. Gill, Soowon Cho, René W. R. J. Dekker, Jader Marinho-Filho, Scott Thomson, Urmas Kõljalg, John P. Dumbacher, Jenő Kontschán, Norman F. Johnson, Guanyang Zhang, Guillermo D’Elía, Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Xiaolan He, Marcos Gonçalves Lhano, Csaba Csuzdi, Soili Stenroos, Alastair Culham, Frank-Thorsten Krell, Morgan D. Jackson, Kristofer M. Helgen, Wolfgang Wüster, Maria S. Vorontsova, Melissa B. Islam, Wei Song Hwang, Jaakko Hyvönen, Nora H. Oleas, Edward C. Dickinson, John S. Ascher, Leonardo Latella, Philipp Wagner, Pablo Teta, Ellinor Michel, Karen L. Wilson, Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz, Vitor F. O. Miranda, Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga, Antonio G. Valdecasas, Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra, Anders G. J. Rhodin, Pavel Štys, Dmitry A. Dmitriev, Barry G. Fordham, D. Christopher Rogers, Svetlana Nikolaeva, Michael E Ohl, Neal L. Evenhuis, Kevin C. Rowe, Jason F. Mate, Frederick W Schueler, Robert M. Timm, Thierry Bourgoin, Mark J. Costello, Lynne R. Parenti, Jesús Molinari, Peter Paul van Dijk, Scott Monks, Thomas M. Orrell, John S. Noyes, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, Tracy Lynn Audisio, F.W. Welter-Schultes, Takafumi Nakano, Jonathan A. Todd, John E. Randall, David K. Yeates, Cornelis J. Hazevoet, Margit Kollaricsné Horváth, Sara Rodríguez, George Sangster, James R. M. Bickerstaff, Molly M. McDonough, Hong-Zhang Zhou, Mikhail E. Daneliya, Joshua M. Copus, John E. Lattke, William J. Baker, John B. Iverson, Russell L. Barrett, Timothy A. Dickinson, Stephen D. Gaimari, Richard K. Rabeler, Felipe G. Grazziotin, Fabio de Oliveira Roque, Alan S. Weakley, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev, J. Pablo Jayat, Rodrigo B. Salvador, Abigail J. Moore, Shane T. Ahyong, James W. Byng, Ricardo Moratelli, Arnaud Faille, Mark S. Harvey, Péter Poczai, Valter M. Azevedo-Santos, István Cernák, Daniel Whitmore, Riaan Stals, Juan Francisco Araya, Stefan Schmidt, Leni Duistermaat, André V. L. Freitas, Viktor Papp, Guilherme S. T. Garbino, Penelope Greenslade, Chih-Han Chang, Michael A. Ivie, Hendrik Segers, Stephan Helfer, Maxwell V. L. Barclay, Carlos E. Sarmiento, Gwilym P. Lewis, Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber, Jose Fernandez-Triana, Bálint Dima, Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Natália Rizzo Friol, Nathan K. Lujan, Dagmar Triebel, András Cseh, Judith E. Winston, József Geml, Norbert Holstein, Hinrich Kaiser, Jolanda A. Luksenburg, Vicki A. Funk, Richard L. Pyle, Douglas Yanega, Thomas Pape, Roger Bour, Mark Fishbein, Pierfilippo Cerretti, Ronald H. Pine, Frank E. Rheindt, Nicholas Wilding, DC Thomas, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Barna Páll-Gergely, Igor Ya. Pavlinov, Divakaran Prathapan, Christopher B. Boyko, Patrice Bouchard, Dmitry Schigel, R. Douglas Stone, Nicolas Bailly, André R. S. Garraffoni, Charles F. Sturm, Brian J. Tindall, David Campbell, Valeria Lencioni, Pedro G. B. Souza-Dias, Dániel G. Knapp, Kai Hui Hu He, Luis A. Ruedas, Hussam Zaher, Torbjørn Ekrem, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Chelonian Research Institute, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, University of New South Wales, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), University of Washington, Universidad de Concepción, National University of Singapore, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), IRRI Campus, Kew, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Natural History Museum, CSIRO National Research Collections Australian Capital Territory, Research School of Biologyn National Universityn Capital Territory, Western Sydney University, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sorbonne Universités, American Museum of Natural History, Hofstra University, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Plant Gateway Ltd., Gardner-Webb University, Villanova University, University of Pannonia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland, Chungbuk National University, University of Hawai‘i, University of Auckland, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eszterházy Károly University, University of Reading, Universidad Austral de Chile, University of Helsinki, Ornithological Nomenclature Expert, Royal Ontario Museum, CITES Animals Committee, Turtle Conservancy, Global Wildlife Conservation, Eötvös Loránd University, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Illinois Natural History Survey, California Academy of Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Bioveyda Biodiversity Inventories and Research, Oklahoma State University, Research School of Earth Sciencesn National Universityn Capital Territory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, University of Copenhagen, National Museum of Natural History, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), University of Sydney, Edinburgh Research Station, Instituto Butantan, Federation University, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Smithsonian Institution, Western Australian Museum, Universidade de Lisboa, Kyoto University, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, University of Adelaide, Universität Bonn, Denver Botanic Gardens, Earlham College, Montana State University, University of Guelph, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, The Ohio State University, Victor Valley College, Ibaraki University, University of Tartu, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Universität Wien, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), MUSE-Museo delle Scienze di Trento, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, University of Toronto, George Mason University, Natural History Museum of Geneva, University of Geneva, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Oregon State University, Velilla de San Antonio, International Committee on Bionomenclature, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Universidad de Los Andes, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Oklahoma Biological Survey, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ehime University, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hiroshima University, Kazan Federal University, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Szent István University, Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University, University of Kansas, Instituto de Botânica, Kerala Agricultural University, University of Michigan Herbarium EEB, Chelonian Research Foundation, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Museums Victoria, Portland State University, Texas Tech University, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Fragile Inheritance Natural History, Pittsburg State University, Plant Protection Research Instituten National Collection of Insects, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Charles University, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, National Parks Board Botanic Gardens, Judicial Commission on Prokaryote Nomenclature, International Mycological Association, Università di Torino, CNR, University of Basel, Allwetterzoo Münster, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Universität Göttingen, Université de La Réunion, Berkeley, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Smithsonian Marine Station, Bangor University, University of California, Arizona State University, Landcare Research, and Chinese Academy of Sciences
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, QH301-705.5, media_common.quotation_subject, CONSERVATION, Legislation, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Endangered species, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, Credibility, Species delimitation, Conversation, Biology (General), purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Taxonomy, media_common, General Immunology and Microbiology, Conservation biology, General Neuroscience, Corporate governance, Assertion, Environmental ethics, Biodiversity, TAXONOMY, Controlled vocabularies, Conservation science, 030104 developmental biology, restrict, Damages, SYSTEMATIC, Otros Tópicos Biológicos, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Zoology, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-14 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Chelonian Research Institute Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Department of Marine Invertebratesn Museum School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Department of Biology University of Washington Universidad de Atacama Copiapó and Programa de Doctorado en Sistemática y Biodiversidad Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami District Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu FishBase Information and Research Group IRRI Campus Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Zoologische Staatssammlung München Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Australian National Herbarium Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research CSIRO National Research Collections Australian Capital Territory College of Medicine Biology and Environment Research School of Biologyn National Universityn Capital Territory Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Department of Biology Hofstra University Naturalis Biodiversity Center Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Plant Gateway Ltd. Department of Natural Sciences Gardner-Webb University Department of Biology Villanova University Potato Research Center Georgikon Faculty University of Pannonia Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia 'Charles Darwin' Sapienza Università di Roma Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland Department of Plant Medicine Chungbuk National University Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology University of Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Zoology Eszterházy Károly University Herbarium School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Ornithological Nomenclature Expert Green Plant Herbarium Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum Nomenclature Specialist CITES Animals Committee; Turtle Conservancy Global Wildlife Conservation Department of Plant Anatomy Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University Department of Biosciences (Plant Biology) Viikki Plant Science Centre Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability California Academy of Sciences Royal Botanic Gardens Kew NTNU University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology Institut de Biologia Evolutiva Universitat Pompeu Fabra Bioveyda Biodiversity Inventories and Research Department of Plant Biology Ecology & Evolution and Herbarium Oklahoma State University Research School of Earth Sciencesn National Universityn Capital Territory Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food and Agriculture PPG Zoologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Macleay Museum University of Sydney Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Research Station Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Environmental Management School of Applied and Biomedical Science Federation University PPG Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Department of Terrestrial Zoology Western Australian Museum Museu Nacional da História Natural e da Ciência Universidade de Lisboa The Kyoto University Museum Kyoto University Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany) University of Helsinki Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute University of Adelaide Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen Universität Bonn Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology University of Pannonia Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore Denver Botanic Gardens Department of Biology Earlham College Montana Entomology Collection Montana State University School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Instituto de Ambiente de Montaña y Regiones Áridas Universidad Nacional de Chilecito Martha N. and John C. Moser Chair in Arthropod Systematics and Biological Diversity The Ohio State University Department of Biology Victor Valley College Identification and Naming Department Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Natural History Laboratory Faculty of Science Ibaraki University Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden University of Tartu Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Zoology Denver Museum of Nature & Science Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Universität Wien FishBase Department of Zoology Swedish Museum of Natural History Department of Zoology Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Sezione di Zoologia degli Invertebrati e Idrobiologia MUSE-Museo delle Scienze di Trento Centro de Ciências Agrárias Ambientais e Biológicas Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Natural History Museum of Geneva Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State Arthropod Collection Oregon State University Henares 16 Velilla de San Antonio Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution International Committee on Bionomenclature Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Jaboticabal Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculty of Biology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași Departamento de Biología Universidad de Los Andes Laboratorio de Morfología Animal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo H.W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Robert Bebb Herbarium (OKL) University of Oklahoma Oklahoma Biological Survey Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology Fiocruz Mata Atlântica Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ehime University Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Department of Science Education Hiroshima University Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum Kazan Federal University Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica Integrated Taxonomic Information System National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Natural History Museum of Denmark Department of Botany Szent István University University of Sydney Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas CITES Scientific Authority Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany) University of Helsinki Instituto de Botânica Department of Entomology Kerala Agricultural University University of Michigan Herbarium EEB Chelonian Research Foundation Turtle Conservancy Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Kansas Biological Survey and the Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul Sciences Department Museums Victoria Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology Portland State University Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics Swedish Museum of Natural History Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Global Biodiversity Information Facility Fragile Inheritance Natural History National Focal Point to the Convention on Biological Diversity Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Department of Biology Pittsburg State University Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Agricultural Research Council Plant Protection Research Instituten National Collection of Insects Section of Mollusks Carnegie Museum of Natural History Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia National Parks Board Botanic Gardens Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Judicial Commission on Prokaryote Nomenclature Botanische Staatssammlung München and SNSB IT Center Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns Permanent ICN Nomenclature Committee for Fungi International Mycological Association Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Università di Torino Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante sez. di Torino CNR Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Allwetterzoo Münster Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Manoa UNC Herbarium (NCU) North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abteilung Morphologie und Systematik der Tiere und Zoologisches Museum Universität Göttingen Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioaggresseurs en Milieu Tropical Université de La Réunion Essig Museum of Entomology University of California Berkeley General Committee for Nomenclature [for algae fungi and plants] Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Smithsonian Marine Station Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Lab School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Department of Entomology Entomology Research Museum University of California Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australian Capital Territory School of Life Sciences Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center Hasbrouck Insect Collection Arizona State University Landcare Research School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Jaboticabal Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária
Published: 2018

5. Ammonia sources and sinks in an intensively managed grassland canopy

Author: Marie David, Mark A. Sutton, Romain Roche, Eiko Nemitz, Marie Mattsson, Jan K. Schjoerring, Benjamin Loubet, M. Riedo, Pierre Cellier, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institut fur Agrarokologie, Federal Research Agency for Agriculture (FAL), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: OILSEED RAPE, Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, chambre de mesure, facteur édaphique, 01 natural sciences, RELATION SOURCE-PUITS, RELATION PLANTE-ATMOSPHERE, AGRONOMIE, Grassland, Sink (geography), chemistry.chemical_compound, Grazing, EXCHANGE, azote, 2. Zero hunger, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, gaz trace, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, facteur climatique, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, ammoniac, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], micrométéorologie, dépôt, FLUXES, couvert végétal, pollution atmosphérique, WHEAT, PARAMETERS, Flux (metallurgy), lcsh:QH540-549.5, LEAVES, Ammonium, Relative humidity, PLANT, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Ekologi, geography, ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA, 15. Life on land, émission, échange gazeux, SOIL, lcsh:Geology, flux, Cuvette, lcsh:QH501-531, chemistry, Agronomy, expérimentation au champ, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, COMPENSATION POINT, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Grasslands represent canopies with a complex structure where sources and sinks of ammonia (NH3) may coexist at the plant level. Moreover, management practices such as mowing, hay production and grazing may change the composition of the sward and hence the source-sink relationship at the canopy level as well as the interaction with the atmosphere. There is therefore a need to understand the exchange of ammonia between grasslands and the atmosphere better, especially regarding the location and magnitude of sources and sinks. Fluxes of atmospheric NH3 within a grassland canopy were assessed in the field and under controlled conditions using a dynamic chamber technique (cuvette). These cuvette measurements were combined with extraction techniques to estimate the ammonium (NH4+) concentration and the pH of a given part of the plant or soil, leading to an estimated ammonia compensation point (Cp). The combination of the cuvette and the extraction techniques was used to identify the potential sources and sinks of NH3 within the different compartments of the grassland: the soil, the litter or senescent "litter leaves", and the functioning "green leaves". A set of six field experiments and six laboratory experiments were performed in which the different compartments were either added or removed from the cuvettes. The results show that the cuvette measurements agree with the extraction technique in ranking the strength of compartment sources. It suggests that in the studied grassland the green leaves were mostly a sink for NH3 with a compensation point around 0.1–0.4 μg m−3 and an NH3 flux of 6 to 7 ng m−2 s−1. Cutting of the grass did not increase the NH3 fluxes of the green leaves. The litter was found to be the largest source of NH3 in the canopy, with a Cp of up to 1000 μg m−3 NH3 and an NH3 flux up to 90 ng m−2 s−1. The litter was found to be a much smaller NH3 source when dried (Cp=160 μg m−3 and FNH3=35 ng m−2 s−1 NH3). Moreover emissions from the litter were found to vary with the relative humidity of the air. The soil was a strong source of NH3 in the period immediately after cutting (Cp=320 μg m−3 and FNH3=60 ng m−2 s−1), which was nevertheless always smaller than the litter source. The soil NH3 emissions lasted, however, for less than one day, and were not observed with sieved soil. They could not be solely explained by xylem sap flow extruding NH4+. These results indicate that future research on grassland-ammonia relationships should focus on the post-mowing period and the role of litter in interaction with meteorological conditions.
Published: 2009

6. Temporal variability in bioassays of the stomatal ammonia compensation point in relation to plant and soil nitrogen parameters in intensively managed grassland

Author: M. Riedo, Albrecht Neftel, Mark A. Sutton, Marie David, Mark R. Theobald, Benjamin Loubet, Marie Mattsson, Jan K. Schjoerring, Dan Bruhn, B. Herrmann, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Agroscope, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, fertilisation, RELATION PLANTE-ATMOSPHERE, CONCENTRATION FOLIAIRE, chemistry.chemical_compound, Human fertilization, Nitrate, FLEOLE DES PRES, phleum pratense, azote, 2. Zero hunger, apoplaste, RAY GRASS ANGLAIS, biology, pH, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, food and beverages, Plant litter, ECOPHYSIOLOGIE, Nitrogen, Grassland, lolium pérenne, ammoniac, Apoplast, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], ammonium, fertilisation azotée, dépôt, FETUQUE DES PRES, AGRONOMIE, EXPERIMENTATION GRAMINAE, feuille, inorganic chemicals, couvert végétal, chemistry.chemical_element, Lolium perenne, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Ammonium, point de compensation, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Ammonia exchange, pratique culturale, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, festuca pratensis, fungi, Botany, Botanik, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, échange gazeux, émission, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, chemistry, Agronomy, Litter, lcsh:Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The exchange of ammonia between crop canopies and the atmosphere depends on a range of plant parameters and climatic conditions. However, little is known about effects of management factors. We have here investigated the stomatal ammonia compensation point in response to cutting and fertilization of a grass sward dominated by Lolium perenne. Tall grass had a very low NH3 compensation point (around 1 nmol mol−1), reflecting the fact that leaf nitrogen (N) concentration was very low. During re-growth after cutting, leaf tissue concentrations of NO3−, NH4+, soluble N and total N increased along with apoplastic NH4+ concentrations. In contrast, apoplastic pH decreased resulting in largely unaltered NH3 compensation points. Nitrogen fertilization one week after cutting caused the apoplastic NH4+ concentration of the newly emerging leaves to increase dramatically. The NH3 compensation point peaked between 15 and 25 nmol mol−1 the day after the fertiliser was applied and thereafter decreased over the following 10 days until reaching the same level as before fertilisation. Ammonium concentrations in leaf apoplast, bulk tissue and litter were positively correlated (P=0.001) throughout the experimental period. Bulk tissue NH4+ concentrations, total plant N and soil NH4+ concentrations also showed a positive correlation. A very high potential for NH3 emission was shown by the plant litter.
Published: 2009

7. Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites

Author: Eric Ceschia, Zoltán Nagy, G. Kasper, Christophe Flechard, Claire Campbell, Vincent Allard, Giovanni Manca, C. Amman, Jürg Fuhrer, Albrecht Neftel, Robert M. Rees, Cécile Martin, P. Stefani, Kim Pilegaard, Antonio Raschi, R. Domingues, Michael P. Jones, Silvia Baronti, Zoltán Tuba, Riccardo Valentini, Per Ambus, Ute Skiba, John Clifton-Brown, Mark A. Sutton, Szilárd Czóbel, László Horváth, Arjan Hensen, Jean-François Soussana, UR 0874 Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Environnement et Agronomie (E.A.)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont (URAC), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Air Pollution/Climate Group, Agroscope, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Trinity College Dublin, Aberystwyth University, Szent István University, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Scottish Agricultural College, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Tuscia University, and ProdInra, Migration
Subjects: Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NITROUS OXIDE, net ecosystem exchange, Manca, Accounting, GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE, native tallgrass prairie, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Carbon sequestration, dioxide, primary productivity, METHANE, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, NITROGEN CYCLE, soil carbon, Primary productivity, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, business.industry, land management, LIVESTOCK, sequestration, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, nitrous-oxide emissions, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Nitrous oxide, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Net ecosystem exchange, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, agricultural soils, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Wageningen Livestock Research, respiration
Abstract: The full greenhouse gas balance of nine contrasted grassland sites covering a major climatic gradient over Europe was measured during two complete years. The sites include a wide range of management regimes (rotational grazing, continuous grazing and mowing), the three main types of managed grasslands across Europe (sown, intensive permanent and semi-natural grassland) and contrasted nitrogen fertilizer supplies. At all sites, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was assessed using the eddy covariance technique. N2O emissions were monitored using various techniques (GC-cuvette systems, automated chambers and tunable diode laser) and CH4 emissions resulting from enteric fermentation of the grazing cattle were measured in situ at four sites using the SF6 tracer method. Averaged over the two measurement years, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) results show that the nine grassland plots displayed a net sink for atmospheric CO2 of -240 +/- 70 g C m(-2) year(-1) (mean confidence interval at p > 0.95). Because of organic C exports (from cut and removed herbage) being usually greater than C imports (from manure spreading), the average C storage (net biome productivity, NBP) in the grassland plots was estimated at -104 +/- 73 g cm(-2) year(-1) that is 43% of the atmospheric CO2 sink. On average of the 2 years, the grassland plots displayed annual N2O and CH4 (from enteric fermentation by grazing cattle) emissions, in CO2-C equivalents, of 14 +/- 4.7 and 32 +/- 6.8 g CO2-C equiv. m(-2) year(-1), respectively. Hence, when expressed in CO2-C equivalents, emissions of N2O and CH4 resulted in a 19% offset of the NEE sink activity. An attributed GHG balance has been calculated by subtracting from the NBP: (i) N2O and CH4 emissions occurring within the grassland plot and (ii) off-site emissions of CO2 and CH4 as a result of the digestion and enteric fermentation by cattle of the cut herbage. On average of the nine sites, the attributed GHG balance was not significantly different from zero (-85 +/- 77 g CO2-C equiv. m(-2) year(-1)).
Published: 2007

8. The Welfare Quality project: from consumer expectations to welfare certifications in animal husbandry

Author: Mara Miele, Isabelle Veissier, Ronv Geers, Bryan Jones, Harrv Blokhuis, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Cardiff University, and ProdInra, Migration
Subjects: MAMMALIA, ASSURANCE-QUALITE, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Research groups, General Veterinary, Public economics, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, UNGULATA, [SDV.BA.MVSA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, BIEN-ETRE ANIMAL, Product (business), ARTIODACTYLA, Agriculture, comportement, attentes sociétales, stress, bien-être animal, Animal welfare, animal welfare, behaviour, societal expectations, Production (economics), Quality (business), business, Welfare, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, VERTEBRATA, media_common, Accreditation
Abstract: In 1999, AGRIBEA was set up to coordinate animal welfare research conducted by INRA (French Institute for Agronomy Research). Initially made up of some forty researchers, AGRIBEA expanded rapidly both within and outside INRA, to include 128 members, of which less than two thirds are from INRA, the other members coming from universities or technical institutes. AGRIBEA organizes scientific seminars every quarter, on topics of general interest focused around animal welfare : pain, emotions, ethics in human-animal relations, etc. AGRIBEA also stimulated new research avenues to address the question of mental states in animals. AGRIBEA improves the visibility of INRA work within the institution, as well as of all French research, thereby helping exchanges within large international research projects., En 1999, le réseau AGRIBEA était mis en place avec pour charge la coordination des recherches en matière de bien-être animal à l’INRA. Constitué au départ d’une quarantaine de chercheurs, AGRIBEA s’est rapidement élargi à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’INRA Il compte aujourd’hui 128 membres dont moins les deux tiers appartiennent à l’INRA, les autres étant des enseignants-chercheurs des universités ou grandes écoles ou des ingénieurs d’instituts techniques. AGRIBEA a mis en place une animation scientifique sous la forme de séminaires trimestriels sur des sujets d’intérêt général pour la compréhension du bien-être animal : douleur, émotions, éthique des relations homme-animal,... AGRIBEA a également incité des réorientations de recherches afin d’aborder la question des états mentaux des animaux. Dans le domaine du bien-être animal, AGRIBEA contribue à la lisibilité à la fois des équipes INRA auprès de leur direction générale et de l’ensemble des équipes de recherches françaises auprès de nos interlocuteurs étrangers, facilitant ainsi le montage et l’insertion dans des projets européens de large envergure., Veissier Isabelle, Blokhuis Harry, Geers Rony, Jones Bryan, Miele Mara. Le projet Welfare Quality : de l’attente des consommateurs à la mise en place de certifications bien-être en élevage. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 158 n°3, 2005. pp. 263-267.
Published: 2005

9. Assessment of nitrogen fluxes to air and water from site scale to continental scale: An overview

Author: Jan Willem Erisman, Mark A. Sutton, Pierre Cellier, Wim de Vries, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Nitrogen, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, chemistry.chemical_element, biosphere-atmosphere exchange, ECHELLE D'ETUDE, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, ammonia, Nutrient, greenhouse gases, parasitic diseases, Wageningen Environmental Research, soils, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, field-scale, model, Air, SS - Soil Chemistry and Nature, nutrient, grasslands, emissions, n2o, Water, CB - Bodemchemie en Natuur, General Medicine, Nitrogen Cycle, Pollution, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, Environmental science, geographic locations, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: no sp Assessment of Nitrogen Fluxes to Air and Water from Site Scale to Continental Scale; absent
Published: 2011

10. Semi-empirical modeling of abiotic and biotic factors controlling ecosystem respiration across eddy covariance sites

Author: Migliavacca, M., Reichstein, M., Richardson, A.D., Colombo, R., Sutton, M.A., Lasslop, E., Tomelleri, E., Wohlfahrt, G., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Mahecha, D., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Zaehle, S., Arain, A., Arneth, A., Black, T.A., Carrara, A., Dore, S., Gianelle, D., Helfter, C., Hollinger, D., Kutsch, W.L., Lafleur, P.M., Nouvellon, Y., Rebmann, C., Da Rocha, H.R., Rodeghiero, M., Roupsard, O., Sebastià, M.-T., Seufert, G., Soussana, J.-F., van der Molen, M.K., Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, DISAFRI, University of Tuscia, Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia (UBC), School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Centro di Ecologia Alpina, Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), NE Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Institut für Agrarrelevante Klimaforschung, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, College of Forestry [Corvallis], Oregon State University (OSU), 20- Department of Geography, Trent University, Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department Biogeochemical Processes [Jena], Micrometeorology Group [Bayreuth], Universität Bayreuth, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [São Paulo], University of São Paulo (USP), CATIE, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Agronomical Engineering School, Universitat de Lleida, Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Botany, Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), CarboEuropeIP, FAO-GTOS-TCO, iLEAPS, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, National Science Foundation, US Department of Energy, Model-Data Integration Group of the Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Migliavacca, M, Reichstein, M, Richardson, A, Colombo, R, Sutton, M, Lasslop, G, Tomelleri, E, Wohlfahrt, G, Carvalhais, N, Cescatti, A, Mahecha, M, Montagnani, L, Papale, D, Zaehle, S, Arain, A, Arneth, A, Black, T, Carrara, A, Dore, S, Gianelle, D, Helfter, C, Hollinger, D, Kutsch, W, Lafleur, P, Nouvellon, Y, Rebmann, C, Humberto, R, Rodeghiero, M, Roupsard, O, Sebastià, M, Seufert, G, Soussana, J, Michiel, K, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
Subjects: Ecosystem respiration, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], FLUXNET, Eddy covariance, Facteur climatique, Prairie, Productivité, Savane, Productivity, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Respiration, Indice de surface foliaire, 000 - Autres thèmes, Life Sciences, Leaf area index, Forêt, Écosystème, Zone tropicale, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Carbone, F40 - Écologie végétale, Matière organique du sol, Zone tempérée, Zone froide, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Modélisation environnementale, Changement climatique, technology, industry, and agriculture, Zone méditerranéenne, Inverse modeling, GEO/10 - GEOFISICA DELLA TERRA SOLIDA
Abstract: In this study we examined ecosystem respiration (RECO) data from 104 sites belonging to FLUXNET, the global network of eddy covariance flux measurements. The goal was to identify the main factors involved in the variability of RECO: temporally and between sites as affected by climate, vegetation structure and plant functional type (PFT) (evergreen needleleaf, grasslands, etc.). We demonstrated that a model using only climate drivers as predictors of RECO failed to describe part of the temporal variability in the data and that the dependency on gross primary production (GPP) needed to be included as an additional driver of RECO. The maximum seasonal leaf area index (LAIMAX) had an additional effect that explained the spatial variability of reference respiration (the respiration at reference temperature Tref=15°C, without stimulation introduced by photosynthetic activity and without water limitations), with a statistically significant linear relationship (r2=0.52, p70% of the variance for most vegetation types. Exceptions include tropical and Mediterranean broadleaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests. Part of the variability in respiration that could not be described by our model may be attributed to a series of factors, including phenology in deciduous broadleaf forests and management practices in grasslands and croplands., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate
Published: 2010

11. Vertical structure and diurnal variability of ammonia exchange potential within an intensively managed grass canopy

Author: B. Herrmann, Marie Mattsson, Jan K. Schjoerring, Stephanie K. Jones, Albrecht Neftel, Pierre Cellier, C. Milford, Mark A. Sutton, Agroscope, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Scottish Agricultural College, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)
Subjects: Canopy, 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, POINT DE COMPENSATION STOMATIQUE, 01 natural sciences, fertilisation, RELATION PLANTE-ATMOSPHERE, cycle de l'azote, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, Naturvetenskap, FLEOLE DES PRES, phleum pratense, azote, RAY GRASS ANGLAIS, ECOPHYSIOLOGIE, apoplaste, gaz trace, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant litter, Apoplast, lolium pérenne, ammoniac, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], ammonium, Deposition (aerosol physics), micrométéorologie, dépôt, Natural Sciences, feuille, couvert végétal, Ammonia exchange potential, sénescence, Grass species, Animal science, lcsh:QH540-549.5, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Diurnal temperature variation, 15. Life on land, émission, échange gazeux, lcsh:Geology, flux, lcsh:QH501-531, Agronomy, chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Spatial variability, lcsh:Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Stomatal ammonia compensation points (χs) of grass species on a mixed fertilized grassland were determined by measurements of apoplastic [NH4+] and [H>+] in the field. Calculated χs values were compared with in-canopy atmospheric NH3 concentration (χa) measurements. Leaf apoplastic [NH4+] increased by a factor of two from the lowest level in the canopy to the top level. Bulk leaf [NH4+] and especially [NO3−] slightly increased at the bottom of the canopy and these concentrations were very high in senescent plant litter. Calculated χs values were below atmospheric χs at all canopy levels measured, indicating that the grassland was characterized by NH3 deposition before cutting. This was confirmed by the χa profile, showing the lowest χa close to the ground (15 cm above soil surface) and an increase in χa with canopy height. Neither χs nor χa could be measured close to the soil surface, however, the [NH4+] in the litter material indicated a high potential for NH3 emission. A diurnal course in apoplastic [NH4+] was seen in the regrowing grass growing after cutting, with highest concentration around noon. Both apoplastic and tissue [NH4+] increased in young grass compared to tall grass. Following cutting, in-canopy gradients of atmospheric χa showed NH3 emission but since calculated χs values of the cut grass were still lower than atmospheric NH3 concentrations, the emissions could not entirely be explained by stomatal NH3 loss. High tissue [NH4+] in the senescent plant material indicated that this fraction constituted an NH3 source. After fertilization, [NH4+] increased both in apoplast and leaf tissue with the most pronounced increase in the former compared to the latter. The diurnal pattern in apoplastic [NH4+] was even more pronounced after fertilization and calculated χs values were generally higher, but remained below atmospheric [NH3].
Published: 2009

12. Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: synthesis of results and conclusions of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment

Author: Mark A. Sutton, J.W. Erisman, Eiko Nemitz, Róbert Mészáros, Jan K. Schjoerring, J. Burkhardt, Martin Gallagher, Claire Campbell, Arjan Hensen, Tamás Weidinger, C. Milford, M. Mattsson, Benjamin Loubet, Ulrich Dämmgen, B. Herrmann, B.E. Lehman, James Dorsey, Erwan Personne, Albrecht Neftel, Pierre Cellier, László Horváth, Christophe Flechard, Marie David, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), Department of Meteorology [Budapest], Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Institut fur Agrarökologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL-D), Agroscope, University of Bern, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST
Subjects: Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GRASSLAND, lcsh:Life, AMMONIA EXCHANGE, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Flux (metallurgy), lcsh:QH540-549.5, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Nitrogen cycle, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Plant litter, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], Aerosol, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Litter, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Improved data on biosphere-atmosphere exchange are fundamental to understanding the production and fate of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. The GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment combined novel measurement and modelling approaches to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the interactions to date. Major inter-comparisons of micrometeorological parameters and NH3 flux measurements using the aerodynamic gradient method and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) were conducted. These showed close agreement, though the REA systems proved insufficiently precise to investigate vertical flux divergence. Grassland management had a large effect on fluxes: emissions increased after grass cutting (−50 to 700 ng m−2 s−1 NH3) and after N-fertilization (0 to 3800 ng m−2 s−1) compared with before the cut (−60 to 40 ng m−2 s−1). Effects of advection and air chemistry were investigated using horizontal NH3 profiles, acid gas and particle flux measurements. Inverse modelling of NH3 emission from an experimental farm agreed closely with inventory estimates, while advection errors were used to correct measured grassland fluxes. Advection effects were caused both by the farm and by emissions from the field, with an inverse dispersion-deposition model providing a reliable new approach to estimate net NH3 fluxes. Effects of aerosol chemistry on net NH3 fluxes were small, while the measurements allowed NH3-induced particle growth rates to be calculated and aerosol fluxes to be corrected. Bioassays estimated the emission potential Γ = [NH4+]/[H+] for different plant pools, with the apoplast having the smallest values (30–1000). The main within-canopy sources of NH3 emission appeared to be leaf litter and the soil surface, with Γ up to 3 million and 300 000, respectively. Cuvette and within-canopy analyses confirmed the role of leaf litter NH3 emission, which, prior to cutting, was mostly recaptured within the canopy. Measured ammonia fluxes were compared with three models: an ecosystem model (PaSim), a soil vegetation atmosphere transfer model (SURFATM-NH3) and a dynamic leaf chemistry model (DCC model). The different models each reproduced the main temporal dynamics in the flux, highlighting the importance of canopy temperature dynamics (Surfatm-NH3), interactions with ecosystem nitrogen cycling (PaSim) and the role of leaf surface chemistry (DCC model). Overall, net above-canopy fluxes were mostly determined by stomatal and cuticular uptake (before the cut), leaf litter emissions (after the cut) and fertilizer and litter emissions (after fertilization). The dynamics of ammonia emission from leaf litter are identified as a priority for future research.
Published: 2009

13. Ammonia fluxes in relation to cutting and fertilization of an intensively managed grassland derived from an inter-comparison of gradient measurements

Author: Pierre Cellier, Mark R. Theobald, Arjan Hensen, László Horváth, Benjamin Loubet, K.J. Hargreaves, J. Raso, Albrecht Neftel, Eiko Nemitz, Ulrich Dämmgen, C. Milford, Stephanie K. Jones, Mark A. Sutton, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Budapest], Institut für Agrarökologie, Federal Research Agency for Agriculture (FAL), Agroscope, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: coupe, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, méthode de mesure, pollution atmosphérique, lcsh:Life, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, fertilisation, Ammonia, chemistry.chemical_compound, Flux (metallurgy), lcsh:QH540-549.5, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Diffusion (business), pratique culturale, Effluent, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, mesure physique, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Flux gradient, Advection, Chemistry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, Vegetation, émission, variation journalière, EXPERIMENTATION GRAMINAE, ammoniac, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], lcsh:Geology, flux, lcsh:QH501-531, fertilisation azotée, 13. Climate action, allemagne, micrométéorologie, lcsh:Ecology, europe, expérimentation
Abstract: Quantification of ammonia (NH3) land-atmosphere exchange is required for atmospheric modelling and assessment of nitrogen deposition, yet flux measurement methods remain highly uncertain. To address this issue, a major inter-comparison of ammonia fluxes over intensively managed grassland was conducted during the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment held in Braunschweig, Germany. In order to provide a robust dataset of ammonia exchange with the vegetation, four independent continuous flux gradient systems were operated. Three independently operated continuous wet denuders systems (AMANDA) were compared with a Wet Effluent Diffusion Denuder (mini-WEDD) system. Measurements were made at two distances from an adjacent livestock farm, allowing effects of advection to be quantified in a real landscape setting. Data treatment included filtering for instrument failure, disturbed wind sectors and unsuitable micrometeorological conditions, with corrections made for storage and advection errors. The inter-comparison demonstrated good agreement in measured ammonia concentrations and fluxes (relative standard error 3 m−2 s−1), b) larger diurnally-varying emissions following cutting (−49 to 703 ng NH3 m−2 s−1) and c) much larger emissions following fertilizer application (0 to 3820 ng NH3 m−2 s−1). The results are a salutary reminder of the uncertainty in unreplicated ammonia flux measurements, while the replication of the present study provides a uniquely robust dataset for the evaluation of ammonia exchange processes. It is clear that consistently reliable determination of ammonia concentrations remains the major measurement challenge.
Published: 2009

14. Advection of NH3 over a pasture field and its effect on gradient flux measurements

Author: Benjamin Loubet, Milford, C., Hensen, A., Daemmgen, U., Erisman, J. -W, Cellier, P., Sutton, M. A., Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Institute für Agrarökologie, Federal Research Agency for Agriculture (FAL), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: mesure physique, méthode de mesure, pâturage, couvert végétal, gaz trace, advection, pollution atmosphérique, prairie, modèle, émission, EXPERIMENTATION GRAMINAE, ammoniac, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], flux, fertilisation azotée, allemagne, expérimentation au champ, micrométéorologie, dispersion, dépôt, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], europe
Abstract: Deposition of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) to semi-natural ecosystems leads to serious adverse effects, such as acidification and eutrophication. A step in quantifying such effects is the measurement of NH3 fluxes over semi-natural and agricultural land. However, measurement of NH3 fluxes over vegetation in the vicinity of strong NH3 sources is challenging, since NH3 emissions are highly heterogeneous. Indeed, under such conditions, local advection errors may alter the measured fluxes. In this study, local advection errors (ΔFz,adv) were estimated over a 14 ha grassland field, which was successively cut and fertilised, as part of the GRAMINAE integrated Braunschweig experiment. The magnitude of ΔFz,adv was determined up to 810 m downwind from farm buildings emitting between 6.2 and 9.9 kg NH3 day−1. The GRAMINAE experiment provided a unique opportunity to compare two methods of estimating ΔFz,adv: one inference method based on measurements of horizontal concentration gradients, and one based on inverse dispersion modelling with a two-dimensional model. Two sources of local advection were clearly identified: the farm NH3 emissions leading to positive ΔFz,adv ("bias towards emissions") and field NH3 emissions, which led to a negative ΔFz,adv ("bias towards deposition"). The local advection flux from the farm was in the range 0 to 27 ng NH3 m−2 s−1 at 610 m from the farm, whereas ΔFz,adv due to field emission was proportional to the local flux, and ranged between −209 and 13 ng NH3 m−2 s−1. The local advection flux ΔFz,adv was either positive or negative depending on the magnitude of these two contributions. The modelled and inferred advection errors agreed well. The inferred advection errors, relative to the vertical flux at 1 m height, were 52% on average, before the field was cut, and less than 2.1% when the field was fertilised. The variability of the advection errors in response to changes in micrometeorological conditions is also studied. The limits of the 2-D modelling approach are discussed.
Published: 2009

15. European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

Author: Sonja Vidic, M. Ferm, Y.S. Tang, Ulrich Dämmgen, María José Sanz, P. Sanz, Marta Mitosinkova, Vesna Djuricic, T. H. Uggerud, Eiko Nemitz, Ivan Simmons, C. Di Marco, C. Perrino, Mark A. Sutton, D. Borovecki, Z. Gliha, Christophe Flechard, K. Gilke, N. van Dijk, J.-E. Hanssen, Y. Fauvel, J.V. Chorda, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institute of Agricultural Climate Research, Johann Heinrich von Thunen Institut, Research and Development Division, Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia, Department of Air Quality, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Parque Tecnológico, Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
Subjects: INFERENTIAL MODELLING, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Reactive nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], NITRIC ACID, Air pollution, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, ammonia, nitrogen, Atmosphere, DRY DEPOSITION, Flux (metallurgy), medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, azote, Ecology, settling, AEROSOL, DENUDER, Nitrogen, ammoniac, Aerosol, déposition, atmosphère, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Animal Science and Zoology, Spatial variability, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Cet article fait suite au 1. NitroEurope Open Science Conference on Reactive Nitrogen and the European Greenhouse Gas Balance (2008-02-20-2008-02-21), Ghent (BEL) / Conférence; A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH(3), NH(4)(+), HNO(3) and NO(3)(-), as well as SO(2), SO(4)(2-), HCl, Cl(-) and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH(3)) and regional (HNO(3), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+)) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH3, largely of agricultural origin, which was
Published: 2009

16. SURFATM-NH3 : a model combining the surface energy balance and bi-directional exchanges of ammonia applied at the field scale

Author: Jan K. Schjoerring, B. Herrmann, M. Mattsson, Mark A. Sutton, Erwan Personne, Eiko Nemitz, Pierre Cellier, Benjamin Loubet, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agroscope, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Energy balance, lcsh:Life, 010501 environmental sciences, modèle, 01 natural sciences, bilan énergétique, terrestrial ecosystem, Agricultural Sciences, gaz trace, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, Plant litter, Lantbruksvetenskaper, Energy budget, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], micrométéorologie, Terrestrial ecosystem, dépôt, field scale, europe, couvert végétal, pollution atmosphérique, Soil science, Atmosphere, Flux (metallurgy), lcsh:QH540-549.5, MODELE SURFATM-NH3, EXPERIMENTATION GRAMINAE, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Ammonia exchange, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, modélisation, Pollutant, model, Simulation modeling, 15. Life on land, émission, échange gazeux, lcsh:Geology, flux, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, allemagne, atmosphere, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: A new biophysical model SURFATM-NH3, simulating the ammonia (NH3) exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is presented. SURFATM-NH3 consists of two coupled models: (i) an energy budget model and (ii) a pollutant exchange model, which distinguish the soil and plant exchange processes. The model describes the exchanges in terms of adsorption to leaf cuticles and bi-directional transport through leaf stomata and soil. The results of the model are compared with the flux measurements over grassland during the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment at Braunschweig, Germany. The dataset of GRAMINAE allows the model to be tested in various meteorological and agronomic conditions: prior to cutting, after cutting and then after the application of mineral fertilizer. The whole comparison shows close agreement between model and measurements for energy budget and ammonia fluxes. The major controls on the ground and plant emission potential are the physicochemical parameters for liquid-gas exchanges which are integrated in the compensation points for live leaves, litter and the soil surface. Modelled fluxes are highly sensitive to soil and plant surface temperatures, highlighting the importance of accurate estimates of these terms. The model suggests that the net flux depends not only on the foliar (stomatal) compensation point but also that of leaf litter. SURFATM-NH3 represents a comprehensive approach to studying pollutant exchanges and its link with plant and soil functioning. It also provides a simplified generalised approach (SVAT model) applicable for atmospheric transport models.
Published: 2009

17. Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: strategy and implementation of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment

Author: Jan K. Schjoerring, B. Hermann, U. Daemmgen, Benjamin Loubet, Martin Gallagher, P. A. C. Jongejan, Tamás Weidinger, Kálmán Rajkai, Juergen Burkhardt, Arjan Hensen, Stephanie K. Jones, C. Milford, Pierre Cellier, Mark A. Sutton, Romain Roche, M. Mattsson, Albrecht Neftel, Eiko Nemitz, F.J. Löpmeier, Mark R. Theobald, László Horváth, J.W. Erisman, B.E. Lehman, James Dorsey, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, University of Manchester [Manchester], Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agroscope, University of Bern, Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), Department of Meteorology [Budapest], Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of Hungary (RISSAC), Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Agrometeorological Research Station of Deutscher Wetterdienst (DVD), Institute for Agro-ecology now the Von Thunen Institute, Federal Agricultural Research Centre, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, méthode de mesure, lcsh:Life, nitrate d'ammonium, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, chemistry.chemical_compound, 2. Zero hunger, geography.geographical_feature_category, gaz trace, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, Agricultural Science, Forestry and Fisheries, ammoniac, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], fertilisation azotée, AGRONOMIE, EXPERIMENTATION GRAMINAE, ECHANGE BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE, Atmospheric chemistry, Lantbruksvetenskap, skogsbruk och fiske, micrométéorologie, aérosol, couvert végétal, Ammonium nitrate, pollution atmosphérique, GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment, chimie atmosphérique, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Latent heat, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Ammonia exchange, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, Advection, polluant, 15. Life on land, émission, Aerosol, lcsh:Geology, flux, lcsh:QH501-531, chemistry, 13. Climate action, allemagne, Soil water, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: A major international experiment on ammonia (NH3) biosphere-atmosphere exchange was conducted over intensively managed grassland at Braunschweig, Germany. The experimental strategy was developed to allow an integrated analysis of different features of NH3 exchange including: a) quantification of nearby emissions and advection effects, b) estimation of net NH3 fluxes with the canopy by a range of micrometeorological measurements, c) analysis of the sources and sinks of NH3 within the plant canopy, including soils and bioassay measurements, d) comparison of the effects of grassland management options on NH3 fluxes and e) assessment of the interactions of NH3 fluxes with aerosol exchange processes. Additional technical objectives included the inter-comparison of different estimates of sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as continuous-gradient and Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) systems for NH3 fluxes. The prior analysis established the spatial and temporal design of the experiment, allowing significant synergy between these objectives. The measurements were made at 7 measurement locations, thereby quantifying horizontal and vertical profiles, and covered three phases: a) tall grass canopy prior to cutting (7 days), b) short grass after cutting (7 days) and c) re-growing sward following fertilization with ammonium nitrate (10 days). The sequential management treatments allowed comparison of sources-sinks, advection and aerosol interactions under a wide range of NH3 fluxes. This paper describes the experimental strategy and reports the grassland management history, soils, environmental conditions and air chemistry during the experiment, finally summarizing how the results are coordinated in the accompanying series of papers.
Published: 2008

18. Simulating the fluxes of CO2 and N2O in European grasslands with the Pasture Simulation Model(PaSim)

Author: Nicolas Viovy, Claire Campbell, Nicolas Vuichard, J. Fuhrer, P. Calanca, Jean-François Soussana, Anne Cozic, Air Pollution and Climate Group, Agroscope, Tuscia University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Environnement et Agronomie (E.A.)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont (URAC), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont (URAC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pasture, Grassland, chemistry.chemical_compound, ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION, DAILY AND ANNUAL CO2 AND N2O FLUXES, NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION, media_common.cataloged_instance, Ecosystem, Precipitation, European union, BACKGROUND N2O FLUX, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, Primary production, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, PEAK N2O EMISSION, chemistry, 13. Climate action, GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM MODELLING, Carbon dioxide, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, Ecosystem respiration, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; A mechanistic model of grassland dynamics is used to simulate fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in European grasslands. The simulations refer to five sites belonging to a monitoring network setup within the framework of the European Union project GREENGRASS. Simulated gross primary productivity ranges from 0.4 to 1.9 kg C m(-2) year(-1) depending on environmental conditions and management. Ecosystem respiration is calculated in the order of 0.7-1.5 kg C m(-2) year(-1), resulting in a net CO2 uptake of about 0.3 kg C m(-2) year(-1), in reasonable agreement with observations. Linear relationships between ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity, as well as between net primary productivity and annual precipitation are indicated by the simulations. Annual emissions of NO are predicted in the range of 1-5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), a factor of 2-10 higher than observed. This is caused by an overestimation of the background fluxes. On the other hand, the model fails to faithfully reproduce timing, duration and magnitude of peak emissions triggered by the application of mineral and organic fertilizers and by rain events.
Published: 2007

19. Effects of climate and management intensity on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland systems across Europe

Author: Peter Levy, Robert M. Rees, F. Berretti, Markus Jocher, Michael P. Jones, Jürg Fuhrer, Eric Ceschia, Bruce C. Ball, Ute Skiba, Arjan Hensen, G. Kasper, A. van del Pol-van Dasselaar, Pierre Cellier, Jean-François Soussana, T. Groot, John Clifton-Brown, C. Di Marco, Antonio Raschi, Per Ambus, Albrecht Neftel, Claire Campbell, Stephanie K. Jones, R. Domingues, M. Blom, B. Grosz, Christof Ammann, Florian Bizouard, W. C. M. van de Bulk, Christophe Flechard, László Horváth, Silvia Baronti, Vincent Allard, Catherine Hénault, K.J. Hargreaves, Eiko Nemitz, Patricia Laville, Jens Leifeld, Mohamed Abdalla, E. Thalman, Michael Williams, Kim Pilegaard, Pierluigi Calanca, A.R. van Amstel, Air Pollution and Climate Group, Agroscope, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Scottish Agricultural College, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Animal Sciences Group, UR 0874 Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Environnement et Agronomie (E.A.)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont (URAC), Trinity College Dublin, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER), IATAA, Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement (MSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] ( DTU ), Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands ( ECN ), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Environnement et Agronomie ( E.A. ) -Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques ( EFPA ) -Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont ( URAC ), Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research ( IGER ), Hungarian Meteorological Service ( OMSz ), Environnement et Grandes Cultures ( EGC ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement ( MSE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ), and Eötvös Loránd University ( ELTE )
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GRASSLAND, NITROUS OXIDE, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, n fertilizer, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography.geographical_feature_category, denitrification, GRAZING, Ecology, Moisture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, N2O FLUX, temperate grassland, Milieusysteemanalyse, Fertilizer, agricultural soils, Wageningen Livestock Research, Eddy covariance, fertilized grassland, n2o emissions, engineering.material, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Atmosphere, Precipitation, FERTILIZER, Praktijkonderzoek Veehouderij, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, WIMEK, ch4, variability, exchange, 15. Life on land, Environmental Systems Analysis, 13. Climate action, Soil water, atmosphere, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Spatial variability, EMISSION, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Soil/atmosphere exchange fluxes of nitrous oxide were monitored for a 3-year period at 10 grassland sites in eight European countries (Denmark, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom), spanning a wide range of climatic, environmental and soil conditions. Most study sites investigated the influence of one or several management practices on N2O exchange, such as nitrogen fertilization and grazing intensity. Fluxes were measured using non-steady state chambers at most sites, and alternative measurement techniques such as eddy covariance and fast-box using tunable diode laser spectroscopy were implemented at some sites. The overall uncertainty in annual flux estimates derived from chamber measurements may be as high as 50% due to the temporal and spatial variability in fluxes, which warrants the future use of continuous measurements, if possible at the field scale. Annual emission rates were higher from intensive than from extensive grasslands, by a factor 4 if grazed (1.77 versus 0.48 kg N2O-N ha(-1) year(-1)) and by a factor 3 if ungrazed (0.95 versus 0.32 kg N2O-N ha(-1) year(-1)). Annual emission factors for fertilized systems were highly variable, ranging from 0.01% to 3.56%. but the mean emission factor across all sites (0.75%) was substantially lower than the IPCC default value of 1.25%. Emission factors for individual fertilization events increased with soil temperature and were generally higher for water-filled pore space values in the range 60-90%, though precipitation onto dry soils was also shown to lead to high losses of N2O-N from applied fertilizer. An empirical, multiple regression model to predict N2O emission factors on the basis of soil temperature, moisture and rainfall is developed, explaining half of the variability in observed emission factors.
Published: 2007

20. Integration of animal welfare in the food quality chain: from public concern to improved welfare and transparent quality

Author: Blokhuis, Harry, Jones, Bryan, Miele, Mara, Spoolder, Hans, Veissier, Isabelle, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Cardiff University, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: FOOD, SAFETY, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], QUALITY, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], HEALTH, WELFARE, TRANSPARENT, BIEN-ETRE ANIMAL
Abstract: The primary objective of the Thematic Priority ‘Food Quality and Safety’ is to improve the health and well-being of European citizens through ensuring a higher quality of food. In a ‘fork to farm’ approach it is recognized that consumer’s perception of food quality is not only determined by overall nature and safety but also by the welfare status of the animal from which it was produced. Thus, animal welfare is part of an overall ‘food quality concept’. Furthermore, the fact that improving an animal’s welfare can positively affect numerous aspects of product quality (e.g. reducing the occurrence of: tough or watery meat, bruising, abnormal eggshells), pathology (alleviating fear reduces the potential development of pathological anxiety) and disease resistance (decreasing the immunosuppressive effect of chronic stress and the need for antibiotics) also has a direct bearing on food quality and safety. Within WELFARE QUALITY, leading European groups with the most appropriate specialist expertise are integrated to build on European research strengths and to realise important societal and policy objectives in this Priority Area. Our research program is designed to develop pan-European standards for on-farm welfare assessment and product information systems as well as practical strategies for improving animal welfare. Considerable effort is focused on analysing and addressing the perceptions and concerns of principal stakeholders (public, industry, government, academia) and providing appropriate feedback. Educational and media initiatives, web-based platforms etc. will further enhance societal involvement. Transparency of the product quality chain requires visibility of production processes and an understanding of how they affect welfare; the key is to link animal husbandry practices to informed animal product consumption. This demands reliable on-farm welfare monitoring systems enabling assessment of welfare status and the standardized conversion of welfare measures into accessible and understandable information, thereby addressing concerns and allowing clear marketing and profiling of products. Development of innovative, species-specific, practical strategies for improving animal welfare will minimize the occurrence of harmful behavioural and physiological states, improve human-animal relationships, and provide animals with safe and stimulating environments. Finally, implementation of the welfare monitoring and product information systems as well as the welfare improvement strategies identified here will support the development of husbandry systems and genotypes offering different facets of animal welfare, thus contributing to the diversification and societal sustainability of farm animal production in Europe.
Published: 2004

21. Modelling benzo(a)pyrene concentrations for different meteorological conditions - Analysis of lung cancer cases and associated economic costs.

Author: Porwisiak P, Werner M, Kryza M, Vieno M, Holland M, ApSimon H, Drzeniecka-Osiadacz A, Skotak K, Gawuc L, and Szymankiewicz K
Subjects: Humans, Benzo(a)pyrene analysis, Particulate Matter analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Lung Neoplasms epidemiology
Abstract: Air pollution originating from the household presents a significant burden to public health, especially during the wintertime in countries, such as Poland, where coal substantially contributes to the energy market. One of the most hazardous components of particulate matter is benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). This study focusses on the impact of different meteorological conditions on BaP concentrations in Poland and associated impacts on human health and economic burdens. For this study, we used the EMEP MSC-W atmospheric chemistry transport model with meteorological data from the Weather Research and Forecasting model to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of BaP over Central Europe. The model setup has two nested domains, with the inner domain at 4 km × 4 km over Poland, which is a hotspot for BaP concentrations. The outer domain covers countries surrounding Poland in coarser resolution (12 × 812 km), to ensure that transboundary pollution is properly characterized in the modelling. We investigated the sensitivity to variability in winter meteorological conditions on BaP levels and impacts using data from 3 years: 1) 2018, which represents average meteorological conditions during the winter season (BASE run), 2) 2010 with a cold winter (COLD), and 3) 2020 with a warm winter (WARM). The ALPHA-RiskPoll model was used to analyze the lung cancer cases and associated economic costs. The results show that the majority of Poland exceeds the target level of benzo(a)pyrene (1 ng m -3 ) mainly due to high concentrations during the cold months. High concentrations of BaP have serious health implications and the number of lung cancers in Poland due to BaP exposure varies from 57 to 77 cases for the WARM and COLD years, respectively. It is reflected in the economic costs, which ranged from 136, through 174 to 185 million euros/year for the WARM, BASE and COLD model runs, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2023
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22. Publisher Correction: Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands.

Author: Gu B, Zhang X, Lam SK, Yu Y, van Grinsven HJM, Zhang S, Wang X, Bodirsky BL, Wang S, Duan J, Ren C, Bouwman L, de Vries W, Xu J, Sutton MA, and Chen D
Published: 2023
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23. Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands.

Author: Gu B, Zhang X, Lam SK, Yu Y, van Grinsven HJM, Zhang S, Wang X, Bodirsky BL, Wang S, Duan J, Ren C, Bouwman L, de Vries W, Xu J, Sutton MA, and Chen D
Subjects: Humans, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Ecosystem, Fertilizers analysis, Crops, Agricultural, Nitrogen analysis, Soil chemistry, Environmental Pollution economics, Environmental Pollution prevention & control, Crop Production economics, Crop Production methods, Crop Production trends
Abstract: Cropland is a main source of global nitrogen pollution 1,2 . Mitigating nitrogen pollution from global croplands is a grand challenge because of the nature of non-point-source pollution from millions of farms and the constraints to implementing pollution-reduction measures, such as lack of financial resources and limited nitrogen-management knowledge of farmers 3 . Here we synthesize 1,521 field observations worldwide and identify 11 key measures that can reduce nitrogen losses from croplands to air and water by 30-70%, while increasing crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 10-30% and 10-80%, respectively. Overall, adoption of this package of measures on global croplands would allow the production of 17 ± 3 Tg (10 12 g) more crop nitrogen (20% increase) with 22 ± 4 Tg less nitrogen fertilizer used (21% reduction) and 26 ± 5 Tg less nitrogen pollution (32% reduction) to the environment for the considered base year of 2015. These changes could gain a global societal benefit of 476 ± 123 billion US dollars (USD) for food supply, human health, ecosystems and climate, with net mitigation costs of only 19 ± 5 billion USD, of which 15 ± 4 billion USD fertilizer saving offsets 44% of the gross mitigation cost. To mitigate nitrogen pollution from croplands in the future, innovative policies such as a nitrogen credit system (NCS) could be implemented to select, incentivize and, where necessary, subsidize the adoption of these measures., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
Published: 2023
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24. Particle toxicity's role in air pollution-Response.

Author: Gu B, Zhang L, Holland M, Vieno M, Van Grinsven HJM, Zhang S, Rao S, and Sutton MA
Subjects: Air Pollution adverse effects
Published: 2022
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25. Abating ammonia is more cost-effective than nitrogen oxides for mitigating PM 2.5 air pollution.

Author: Gu B, Zhang L, Van Dingenen R, Vieno M, Van Grinsven HJ, Zhang X, Zhang S, Chen Y, Wang S, Ren C, Rao S, Holland M, Winiwarter W, Chen D, Xu J, and Sutton MA
Abstract: Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 , particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers) in the atmosphere is associated with severe negative impacts on human health, and the gases sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia are the main PM 2.5 precursors. However, their contribution to global health impacts has not yet been analyzed. Here, we show that nitrogen accounted for 39% of global PM 2.5 exposure in 2013, increasing from 30% in 1990 with rising reactive nitrogen emissions and successful controls on sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen emissions to air caused an estimated 23.3 million years of life lost in 2013, corresponding to an annual welfare loss of 420 billion United States dollars for premature death. The marginal abatement cost of ammonia emission is only 10% that of nitrogen oxides emission globally, highlighting the priority for ammonia reduction.
Published: 2021
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26. Alkaline air: changing perspectives on nitrogen and air pollution in an ammonia-rich world.

Author: Sutton MA, van Dijk N, Levy PE, Jones MR, Leith ID, Sheppard LJ, Leeson S, Sim Tang Y, Stephens A, Braban CF, Dragosits U, Howard CM, Vieno M, Fowler D, Corbett P, Naikoo MI, Munzi S, Ellis CJ, Chatterjee S, Steadman CE, Móring A, and Wolseley PA
Abstract: Ammonia and ammonium have received less attention than other forms of air pollution, with limited progress in controlling emissions at UK, European and global scales. By contrast, these compounds have been of significant past interest to science and society, the recollection of which can inform future strategies. Sal ammoniac ( nūshādir , nao sha ) is found to have been extremely valuable in long-distance trade ( ca AD 600-1150) from Egypt and China, where 6-8 kg N could purchase a human life, while air pollution associated with nūshādir collection was attributed to this nitrogen form. Ammonia was one of the keys to alchemy-seen as an early experimental mesocosm to understand the world-and later became of interest as 'alkaline air' within the eighteenth century development of pneumatic chemistry. The same economic, chemical and environmental properties are found to make ammonia and ammonium of huge relevance today. Successful control of acidifying SO 2 and NO x emissions leaves atmospheric NH 3 in excess in many areas, contributing to particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) formation, while leading to a new significance of alkaline air, with adverse impacts on natural ecosystems. Investigations of epiphytic lichens and bog ecosystems show how the alkalinity effect of NH 3 may explain its having three to five times the adverse effect of ammonium and nitrate, respectively. It is concluded that future air pollution policy should no longer neglect ammonia. Progress is likely to be mobilized by emphasizing the lost economic value of global N emissions ($200 billion yr -1 ), as part of developing the circular economy for sustainable nitrogen management. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
Published: 2020
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27. Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus.

Author: Bortolus A, Adam P, Adams JB, Ainouche ML, Ayres D, Bertness MD, Bouma TJ, Bruno JF, Caçador I, Carlton JT, Castillo JM, Costa CSB, Davy AJ, Deegan L, Duarte B, Figueroa E, Gerwein J, Gray AJ, Grosholz ED, Hacker SD, Hughes AR, Mateos-Naranjo E, Mendelssohn IA, Morris JT, Muñoz-Rodríguez AF, Nieva FJJ, Levin LA, Li B, Liu W, Pennings SC, Pickart A, Redondo-Gómez S, Richardson DM, Salmon A, Schwindt E, Silliman BR, Sotka EE, Stace C, Sytsma M, Temmerman S, Turner RE, Valiela I, Weinstein MP, and Weis JS
Subjects: Phylogeny, Poaceae
Abstract: In 2014, a DNA-based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina., (© 2019 by the Ecological Society of America.)
Published: 2019
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28. Mapping Portuguese Natura 2000 sites in risk of biodiversity change caused by atmospheric nitrogen pollution.

Author: Pinho P, Dias T, Cordovil CMDS, Dragosits U, Dise NB, Sutton MA, and Branquinho C
Subjects: Portugal, Air Pollution, Atmosphere chemistry, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Nitrogen analysis
Abstract: In this paper, we assess and map the risk that atmospheric nitrogen (atN) pollution poses to biodiversity in Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal. We first review the ecological impacts of atN pollution on terrestrial ecosystems, focusing on the biodiversity of Natura 2000 sites. These nature protection sites, especially those located within the Mediterranean Basin, are under-characterized regarding the risk posed by atN pollution. We focus on ammonia (NH3) because this N form is mostly associated with agriculture, which co-occurs at or in the immediate vicinity of most areas of conservation interest in Portugal. We produce a risk map integrating NH3 emissions and the susceptibility of Natura 2000 sites to atN pollution, ranking habitat sensitivity to atN pollution using expert knowledge from a panel of Portuguese ecological and habitat experts. Peats, mires, bogs, and similar acidic and oligotrophic habitats within Natura 2000 sites (most located in the northern mountains) were assessed to have the highest relative risk of biodiversity change due to atN pollution, whereas Natura 2000 sites in the Atlantic and Mediterranean climate zone (coastal, tidal, and scrubland habitats) were deemed the least sensitive. Overall, results allowed us to rank all Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal in order of evaluated risk posed by atN pollution. The approach is of great relevance for stakeholders in different countries to help prioritize site protection and to define research priorities. This is especially relevant in countries with a lack of expertise to assess the impacts of nitrogen on biodiversity and can represent an important step up from current knowledge in such countries., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Published: 2018
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29. Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation.

Author: Thomson SA, Pyle RL, Ahyong ST, Alonso-Zarazaga M, Ammirati J, Araya JF, Ascher JS, Audisio TL, Azevedo-Santos VM, Bailly N, Baker WJ, Balke M, Barclay MVL, Barrett RL, Benine RC, Bickerstaff JRM, Bouchard P, Bour R, Bourgoin T, Boyko CB, Breure ASH, Brothers DJ, Byng JW, Campbell D, Ceríaco LMP, Cernák I, Cerretti P, Chang CH, Cho S, Copus JM, Costello MJ, Cseh A, Csuzdi C, Culham A, D'Elía G, d'Udekem d'Acoz C, Daneliya ME, Dekker R, Dickinson EC, Dickinson TA, van Dijk PP, Dijkstra KB, Dima B, Dmitriev DA, Duistermaat L, Dumbacher JP, Eiserhardt WL, Ekrem T, Evenhuis NL, Faille A, Fernández-Triana JL, Fiesler E, Fishbein M, Fordham BG, Freitas AVL, Friol NR, Fritz U, Frøslev T, Funk VA, Gaimari SD, Garbino GST, Garraffoni ARS, Geml J, Gill AC, Gray A, Grazziotin FG, Greenslade P, Gutiérrez EE, Harvey MS, Hazevoet CJ, He K, He X, Helfer S, Helgen KM, van Heteren AH, Hita Garcia F, Holstein N, Horváth MK, Hovenkamp PH, Hwang WS, Hyvönen J, Islam MB, Iverson JB, Ivie MA, Jaafar Z, Jackson MD, Jayat JP, Johnson NF, Kaiser H, Klitgård BB, Knapp DG, Kojima JI, Kõljalg U, Kontschán J, Krell FT, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Kullander S, Latella L, Lattke JE, Lencioni V, Lewis GP, Lhano MG, Lujan NK, Luksenburg JA, Mariaux J, Marinho-Filho J, Marshall CJ, Mate JF, McDonough MM, Michel E, Miranda VFO, Mitroiu MD, Molinari J, Monks S, Moore AJ, Moratelli R, Murányi D, Nakano T, Nikolaeva S, Noyes J, Ohl M, Oleas NH, Orrell T, Páll-Gergely B, Pape T, Papp V, Parenti LR, Patterson D, Pavlinov IY, Pine RH, Poczai P, Prado J, Prathapan D, Rabeler RK, Randall JE, Rheindt FE, Rhodin AGJ, Rodríguez SM, Rogers DC, Roque FO, Rowe KC, Ruedas LA, Salazar-Bravo J, Salvador RB, Sangster G, Sarmiento CE, Schigel DS, Schmidt S, Schueler FW, Segers H, Snow N, Souza-Dias PGB, Stals R, Stenroos S, Stone RD, Sturm CF, Štys P, Teta P, Thomas DC, Timm RM, Tindall BJ, Todd JA, Triebel D, Valdecasas AG, Vizzini A, Vorontsova MS, de Vos JM, Wagner P, Watling L, Weakley A, Welter-Schultes F, Whitmore D, Wilding N, Will K, Williams J, Wilson K, Winston JE, Wüster W, Yanega D, Yeates DK, Zaher H, Zhang G, Zhang ZQ, and Zhou HZ
Subjects: Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources
Published: 2018
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30. Ammonia emissions from an anaerobic digestion plant estimated using atmospheric measurements and dispersion modelling.

Author: Bell MW, Tang YS, Dragosits U, Flechard CR, Ward P, and Braban CF
Subjects: Anaerobiosis, Scotland, Solid Waste analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Garbage, Models, Theoretical, Waste Management
Abstract: Anaerobic digestion (AD) is becoming increasingly implemented within organic waste treatment operations. The storage and processing of large volumes of organic wastes through AD has been identified as a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions, however the totality of ammonia emissions from an AD plant have not been previously quantified. The emissions from an AD plant processing food waste were estimated through integrating ambient NH3 concentration measurements, atmospheric dispersion modelling, and comparison with published emission factors (EFs). Two dispersion models (ADMS and a backwards Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) model) were applied to calculate emission estimates. The bLS model (WindTrax) was used to back-calculate a total (top-down) emission rate for the AD plant from a point of continuous NH3 measurement downwind from the plant. The back-calculated emission rates were then input to the ADMS forward dispersion model to make predictions of air NH3 concentrations around the site, and evaluated against weekly passive sampler NH3 measurements. As an alternative approach emission rates from individual sources within the plant were initially estimated by applying literature EFs to the available site parameters concerning the chemical composition of waste materials, room air concentrations, ventilation rates, etc. The individual emission rates were input to ADMS and later tuned by fitting the simulated ambient concentrations to the observed (passive sampler) concentration field, which gave an excellent match to measurements after an iterative process. The total emission from the AD plant thus estimated by a bottom-up approach was 16.8±1.8mgs(-1), which was significantly higher than the back-calculated top-down estimate (7.4±0.78mgs(-1)). The bottom-up approach offered a more realistic treatment of the source distribution within the plant area, while the complexity of the site was not ideally suited to the bLS method, thus the bottom-up method is believed to give a better estimate of emissions. The storage of solid digestate and the aerobic treatment of liquid effluents at the site were the greatest sources of NH3 emissions., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2016
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31. Reducing the health effect of particles from agriculture.

Author: Brunekreef B, Harrison RM, Künzli N, Querol X, Sutton MA, Heederik DJ, and Sigsgaard T
Subjects: Aerosols toxicity, Air Pollution legislation & jurisprudence, Europe, European Union, Humans, Agriculture, Air Pollution adverse effects, Particulate Matter toxicity
Published: 2015
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32. Response of phosphomonoesterase activity in the lichen Cladonia portentosa to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment in a field manipulation experiment.

Author: Hogan EJ, Minnullina G, Sheppard LJ, Leith ID, and Crittenden PD
Subjects: Analysis of Variance, Plant Leaves metabolism, Lichens enzymology, Nitrogen metabolism, Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases metabolism, Phosphorus metabolism
Abstract: *Effects of nitrogen (N) enrichment on the heathland lichen Cladonia portentosa were quantified to test the hypothesis that modified N : phosphorus (P) relationships observed in this species in N-polluted natural environments are a direct effect of increased N deposition, and to evaluate potential confounding effects of N form and P availability. *Cladonia portentosa was harvested from experimental plots in lichen-rich peatland vegetation (background total N deposition of 8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) treated for 4 yr with additional wet N deposition at 0, 8, 24 and 56 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) as either NH(4)(+) or NO(3)(-), and with or without P added at either 0.6 or 4 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1). *Nitrogen enrichment increased thallus N concentration, N : P mass ratio and phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity by factors of up to 1.3, 1.4 and 1.7, respectively, effects being independent of N form. Phosphomonoesterase activity was tightly related to thallus N : P ratio with additions of P at 4 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) depressing PME activity by a factor of 0.4. *Nitrogen enrichment induces P-limitation in C. portentosa with attendant changes in chemical and physiological characteristics that could be used as sensitive biomarkers with which to detect low levels of N pollution.
Published: 2010
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33. Effects of nitrogen enrichment on phosphatase activity and nitrogen : phosphorus relationships in Cladonia portentosa.

Author: Hogan EJ, Minnullina G, Smith RI, and Crittenden PD
Subjects: Biomass, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lichens cytology, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Models, Biological, Plant Leaves metabolism, Substrate Specificity, United Kingdom, Lichens enzymology, Nitrogen metabolism, Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases metabolism, Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases metabolism, Phosphorus metabolism
Abstract: *Relationships between nitrogen deposition in the UK and phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in Cladonia portentosa were quantified to understand factors limiting lichen growth and to further develop biomarkers for N pollution. *Lichen was collected from sites differing either in rates of wet N (NH(4)(+) + NO(3)(-)) deposition or in annual mean N concentration in rainfall based on both measured and modelled data sets. The PME activity, and total N and P concentrations were measured in specific horizontal strata in lichen mats and PME activity in the thallus was located using an enzyme-labelled fluorescent phosphatase substrate. *With an increase in modelled N deposition from 4.1 to 32.8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), PME activity, thallus N and N : P ratio increased by factors of 2.3, 1.4 and 1.8, respectively. Correlations with modelled data were generally stronger than with measured data and those with N deposition were stronger than those with N concentration in rainfall. The PME activity was located solely in the lichen fungus in outer regions of the thallus. *Nitrogen enrichment changes lichen N : P ratios from values typical of N limitation (for example, 10) to those indicative of P limitation (for example, 26) driving upregulation of PME activity.
Published: 2010
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34. Evidence for changing the critical level for ammonia.

Author: Cape JN, van der Eerden LJ, Sheppard LJ, Leith ID, and Sutton MA
Subjects: Bryophyta, Ecology methods, Ecology standards, Europe, Lichens, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Plants, Trees, Air Pollutants toxicity, Ammonia toxicity, Ecosystem
Abstract: The current critical level for ammonia (CLE(NH3)) in Europe is set at 8mug NH(3) m(-3) as an annual average concentration. Recent evidence has shown specific effects of ammonia (NH(3)) on plant community composition (a true ecological effect) at much smaller concentrations. The methods used in setting a CLE(NH3) are reviewed, and the available evidence collated, in proposing a new CLE(NH3) for different types of vegetation. For lichens and bryophytes, we propose a new CLE(NH3) of 1 microg NH(3) m(-3) as a long-term (several year) average concentration; for higher plants, there is less evidence, but we propose a CLE(NH3) of 3+/-1 microg NH(3) m(-3) for herbaceous species. There is insufficient evidence to provide a separate CLE(NH3) for forest trees, but the value of 3+/-1 microg NH(3) m(-3) is likely to exceed the empirical critical load for N deposition for most forest ecosystems.
Published: 2009
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35. An automated analyzer to measure surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of water soluble inorganic aerosol compounds and reactive trace gases.

Author: Thomas RM, Trebs I, Otjes R, Jongejan PA, Ten Brink H, Phillips G, Kortner M, Meixner FX, and Nemitz E
Subjects: Ammonia analysis, Gravitation, Nitrates analysis, Reference Standards, Solubility, Solutions, Surface Properties, Wind, Aerosols analysis, Atmosphere chemistry, Automation instrumentation, Chemistry, Inorganic instrumentation, Gases analysis, Inorganic Chemicals analysis, Water chemistry
Abstract: Here, we present a new automated instrument for semicontinuous gradient measurements of water-soluble reactive trace gas species (NH3, HNO3, HONO, HCl, and SO2) and their related aerosol compounds (NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, SO4(2-)). Gas and aerosol samples are collected simultaneously at two heights using rotating wet-annular denuders and steam-jet aerosol collectors, respectively. Online (real-time) analysis using ion chromatography (IC) for anions and flow injection analysis (FIA) for NH4+ and NH3 provide a half-hourly averaged gas and aerosol gradients within each hour. Through the use of syringe pumps, IC preconcentration columns, and high-quality purified water, the system achieves detection limits (3sigma-definition) under field conditions of typically: 136/207,135/114, 29/ 22,119/92, and 189/159 ng m(-3) for NH3/NH4+, HNO3/NO3-, HONO/ NO2-, HCl/Cl- and SO2/SO4(2-), respectively. The instrument demonstrates very good linearity and accuracy for liquid and selected gas phase calibrations over typical ambient concentration ranges. As shown by examples from field experiments, the instrument provides sufficient precision (3-9%), even at low ambient concentrations, to resolve vertical gradients and calculate surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes undertypical meteorological conditions of the atmospheric surface layer using the aerodynamic gradient technique.
Published: 2009
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36. Ammonia in the environment: from ancient times to the present.

Author: Sutton MA, Erisman JW, Dentener F, and Möller D
Subjects: History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Environmental Pollution history
Abstract: Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context. It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few measurements, which should be a future priority.
Published: 2008
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37. Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species.

Author: Sutton MA, Nemitz E, Erisman JW, Beier C, Bahl KB, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F, Skiba U, Di Marco C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana JF, Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher MW, Neftel A, Flechard CR, Herrmann B, Calanca PL, Schjoerring JK, Daemmgen U, Horvath L, Tang YS, Emmett BA, Tietema A, Peñuelas J, Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T, Campbell CL, Olesen JE, Dragosits U, Theobald MR, Levy P, Mobbs DC, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N, Smith JU, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, and Reis S
Subjects: Air Pollutants analysis, Atmosphere, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring methods, Europe, Nitrogen Compounds analysis, Air Pollutants chemistry, Greenhouse Effect, Models, Chemical, Nitrogen Compounds chemistry
Abstract: Recent research in nitrogen exchange with the atmosphere has separated research communities according to N form. The integrated perspective needed to quantify the net effect of N on greenhouse-gas balance is being addressed by the NitroEurope Integrated Project (NEU). Recent advances have depended on improved methodologies, while ongoing challenges include gas-aerosol interactions, organic nitrogen and N(2) fluxes. The NEU strategy applies a 3-tier Flux Network together with a Manipulation Network of global-change experiments, linked by common protocols to facilitate model application. Substantial progress has been made in modelling N fluxes, especially for N(2)O, NO and bi-directional NH(3) exchange. Landscape analysis represents an emerging challenge to address the spatial interactions between farms, fields, ecosystems, catchments and air dispersion/deposition. European up-scaling of N fluxes is highly uncertain and a key priority is for better data on agricultural practices. Finally, attention is needed to develop N flux verification procedures to assess compliance with international protocols.
Published: 2007
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38. Genetic differentiation in Scottish populations of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Author: Lowe AJ, Hicks BJ, Worley K, Ennos RA, Morman JD, Stone G, and Watt AD
Subjects: Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Gene Flow, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Moths enzymology, Phylogeny, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Scotland, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Moths genetics, Pinus parasitology, Pinus sylvestris parasitology
Abstract: Pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller), is a recent but persistent pest of lodgepole pine plantations in Scotland, but exists naturally at low levels within remnants and plantations of Scots pine. To test whether separate host races occur in lodgepole and Scots pine stands and to examine colonization dynamics, allozyme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial variation were screened within a range of Scottish samples. RAPD analysis indicated limited long distance dispersal (FST=0.099), and significant isolation by distance (P<0.05); but that colonization between more proximate populations was often variable, from extensive to limited exchange. When compared with material from Germany, Scottish samples were found to be more diverse and significantly differentiated for all markers. For mtDNA, two highly divergent groups of haplotypes were evident, one group contained both German and Scottish samples and the other was predominantly Scottish. No genetic differentiation was evident between P. flammea populations sampled from different hosts, and no diversity bottleneck was observed in the lodgepole group. Indeed, lodgepole stands appear to have been colonized on multiple occasions from Scots pine sources and neighbouring populations on different hosts are close to panmixia.
Published: 2005
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39. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition.

Author: Cape JN, Tang YS, van Dijk N, Love L, Sutton MA, and Palmer SC
Subjects: Eutrophication, Motor Vehicles, Nitrous Acid analysis, Scotland, Seasons, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Nitrogen Dioxide analysis, Vehicle Emissions analysis
Abstract: Bimonthly integrated measurements of NO2 and NH3 have been made over one year at distances up to 10 m away from the edges of roads across Scotland, using a stratified sampling scheme in terms of road traffic density and background N deposition. The rate of decrease in gas concentrations away from the edge of the roads was rapid, with concentrations falling by 90% within the first 10 m for NH3 and the first 15 m for NO2. The longer transport distance for NO2 reflects the production of secondary NO2 from reaction of emitted NO and O3. Concentrations above the background, estimated at the edge of the traffic lane, were linearly proportional to traffic density for NH3 (microg NH3 m(-3) = 1 x 10(-4) x numbers of cars per day), reflecting emissions from three-way catalysts. For NO2, where emissions depend strongly on vehicle type and fuel, traffic density was calculated in terms of 'car equivalents'; NO2 concentrations at the edge of the traffic lane were proportional to the number of car equivalents (microg NO2 m(-3) = 1 x 10(-4) x numbers of car equivalents per day). Although absolute concentrations (microg m(-3)) of NH3 were five times smaller than for NO2, the greater deposition velocity for NH3 to vegetation means that approximately equivalent amounts of dry N deposition to road side vegetation from vehicle emissions comes from NH3 and NO2. Depending on traffic density, the additional N deposition attributable to vehicle exhaust gases is between 1 and 15 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) at the edge of the vehicle lane, falling to 0.2-10 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) at 10 m from the edge of the road.
Published: 2004
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40. Ammonia emission and deposition in Scotland and its potential environmental impacts.

Author: Sutton MA, Dragosits U, Hellsten S, Place CJ, Dore AJ, Tang YS, van Dijk N, Love L, Fournier N, Vieno M, Weston KJ, Smith RI, Coyle M, Roy D, Hall J, and Fowler D
Subjects: Animals, Animals, Domestic metabolism, Humans, Nitrogen metabolism, Scotland, Ammonia metabolism, Environment
Abstract: The main source of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) in Scotland is livestock agriculture, which accounts for 85% of emissions. The local magnitude of emissions therefore depends on livestock density, type, and management, with major differences occurring in various parts of Scotland. Local differences in agricultural activities therefore result in a wide range of NH3 emissions, ranging from less than 0.2 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) in remote areas of the Scottish Highlands to over 100 kg N ha(-1) year-1 in areas with intensive poultry farming. Scotland can be divided loosely into upland and lowland areas, with NH3 emission being less than and more than 5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), respectively. Many semi-natural ecosystems in Scotland are vulnerable to nitrogen deposition, including bogs, moorlands, and the woodland ground flora. Because NH3 emissions occur in the rural environment, the local deposition to sensitive ecosystems may be large, making it essential to assess the spatial distribution of NH3 emissions and deposition. A spatial model is applied here to map NH3 emissions and these estimates are applied in atmospheric dispersion and deposition models to estimate atmospheric concentrations of NH3 and NH4+, dry deposition of NH3, and wet deposition of NHx. Although there is a high level of local variability, modelled NH3 concentrations show good agreement with the National Ammonia Monitoring Network, while wet deposition is largest at high altitude sites in the south and west of Scotland. Comparison of the modelled NHx deposition fields with estimated thresholds for environmental effects ("critical loads") shows that thresholds are exceeded across most of lowland Scotland and the Southern Uplands. Only in the cleanest parts of the north and west is nitrogen deposition not a cause for concern. Given that the most intense effects occur within a few kilometres of sources, it is suggested that local spatial abatement policies would be a useful complement to traditional policies that mitigate environmental effects based on emission reduction technologies.
Published: 2004
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41. Ecological effects of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and minor air pollutants: recent trends and research needs.

Author: Cape JN, Fowler D, and Davison A
Subjects: Free Radicals, Photochemistry, Research trends, Water chemistry, Air Pollutants adverse effects, Fluorides adverse effects, Models, Theoretical, Sulfur Dioxide adverse effects
Abstract: The regulation of the emissions of 'traditional' primary air pollutants (fluorides, sulfur dioxide) has changed the pattern of exposure of ecological systems, with greatly reduced exposure close to sources, but with a smaller effect in some remote areas. Measurements show that recovery is occurring at some sites, in fresh water chemistry (reduced acidity) and in sensitive biota (sustainable fish populations). However, the pattern of change in exposure has not always been simply related to emission reductions. An understanding of responses to recent changes will improve our predictions of the response to future emission changes, both locally and globally. As exposure to 'traditional' pollutants is reduced, the potential for other pollutants to have effects becomes more evident. In the aqueous phase, we need to understand the role of soluble and suspended organics, but this also means explicit recognition of the possibility of phase exchange, and the role of photolytic reactions on plant, soil, and water surfaces. Do highly reactive free radicals in the atmosphere, formed by the action of sunlight on volatile organic compounds, have direct effects on plants? Organic compounds and heavy metals may be bioactive as gases and particles, but for many potentially toxic compounds, the experimental evidence for biotic response is very limited. To evaluate the potential effects of pollutants, we need to understand the pathways by which airborne pollutants enter and react within ecosystems. For vegetation, we have to consider bidirectional fluxes, and distinguish among uptake through stomata, through leaf surfaces, or through roots. There are several challenges for the future. (1) Can we devise experiments that permit exposure of vegetation to gases, particles, and/or aqueous pollutants at 'realistic' concentrations? (2) Can we include the potential interactions with photolytically derived free radicals, and the dynamics of exchange? (3) How do we allow for responses to pollutant mixtures, or the simultaneous exposure to pollutants in gas, particle, and aqueous phases? The recognition of the importance of the dynamic exchange of pollutants between phases will be the key to the development of effective experimental approaches to evaluating cause-effect relationships between pollutant mixtures and ecosystem responses.
Published: 2003
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42. Establishing the link between ammonia emission control and measurements of reduced nitrogen concentrations and deposition.

Author: Sutton MA, Asman WA, Ellermann T, Van Jaarsveld JA, Acker K, Aneja V, Duyzer J, Horvath L, Paramonov S, Mitosinkova M, Tang YS, Achermann B, Gauger T, Bartniki J, Neftel A, and Erisman JW
Subjects: Aerosols, Air Pollution legislation & jurisprudence, Ammonia analysis, Environmental Monitoring standards, International Cooperation, Netherlands, Nitrogen analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution prevention & control, Ammonia chemistry, Guideline Adherence, Nitrogen chemistry
Abstract: In the context of international efforts to reduce the impacts of atmospheric NH3 and NH4+ (collectively, NHx). it is important to establish the link between NH3 emissions and monitoring of NHx concentrations and deposition. This is equally relevant to situations where NH3 emissions changes are certain (e.g. due to changed source sector activity), as to cases where NH3 abatement technologies have been implemented. Correct interpretation of adequate atmospheric measurements is essential, since monitoring data provide the only means to evaluate trends in regional NH3 emissions. These issues have been reviewed using available measurements and modelling from nine countries. In addition to historic datasets, the analysis here considers countries where NH3 source sector activity changed (both increases and decreases) and countries where NH3 abatement policies have been implemented. In The Netherlands an 'ammonia gap' was identified between the expected reduction and results of monitoring, and was attributed initially to ineffectiveness of the abatement measures. The analysis here for a range of countries shows that atmospheric interactions complicate the expected changes, particularly since SO2 emissions have decreased at the same time, while at many sites the few years of available data show substantial inter-annual variation. It is concluded that networks need to be established that speciate between NH3 and aerosol NH4+, in addition to providing wet deposition, and sample at sufficient sites for robust regional estimates to be established. Such measurements will be essential to monitor compliance of the international agreements on NH3 emission abatement.
Published: 2003
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43. Gaia as a complex adaptive system.

Author: Lenton TM and van Oijen M
Subjects: Environment, Earth, Planet, Ecosystem, Evolution, Planetary, Models, Theoretical
Abstract: We define the Gaia system of life and its environment on Earth, review the status of the Gaia theory, introduce potentially relevant concepts from complexity theory, then try to apply them to Gaia. We consider whether Gaia is a complex adaptive system (CAS) in terms of its behaviour and suggest that the system is self-organizing but does not reside in a critical state. Gaia has supported abundant life for most of the last 3.8 Gyr. Large perturbations have occasionally suppressed life but the system has always recovered without losing the capacity for large-scale free energy capture and recycling of essential elements. To illustrate how complexity theory can help us understand the emergence of planetary-scale order, we present a simple cellular automata (CA) model of the imaginary planet Daisyworld. This exhibits emergent self-regulation as a consequence of feedback coupling between life and its environment. Local spatial interaction, which was absent from the original model, can destabilize the system by generating bifurcation regimes. Variation and natural selection tend to remove this instability. With mutation in the model system, it exhibits self-organizing adaptive behaviour in its response to forcing. We close by suggesting how artificial life ('Alife') techniques may enable more comprehensive feasibility tests of Gaia.
Published: 2002
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44. A spatial analysis of atmospheric ammonia and ammonium in the U.K.

Author: Sutton MA, Tang YS, Dragosits U, Fournier N, Dore AJ, Smith RI, Weston KJ, and Fowler D
Subjects: Gases analysis, Internationality, Models, Theoretical, United Kingdom, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Atmosphere chemistry, Environmental Monitoring methods, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds analysis
Abstract: As measures are implemented internationally to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions, attention is falling on the contribution of NH3 emissions to acidification, nitrogen eutrophication, and aerosol formation. In the U.K., a monitoring network has been established to measure the spatial distribution and long-term trends in atmospheric gaseous NH3 and aerosol NH4+. At the same time, an atmospheric chemistry and transport model, FRAME, has been developed with a focus on reduced nitrogen (NHx). The monitoring data are important to evaluate the model, while the model is essential for a more detailed spatial assessment. The national network is established with over 80 sampling locations. Measurements of NH3 and NH4+ (at up to 50 sites) have been made using a new low-cost denuder-filterpack system. Additionally, improved passive sampling methods for NH3 have been applied to explore local variability. The measurements confirm the high spatial variability of NH3 (annual means 0.06 to 11 microg NH3 m(-3)), consistent with its nature as a primary pollutant emitted from ground-level sources, while NH4+, being a slowly formed secondary product, shows much less spatial variability (0.14 to 2.4 mg NH4+ m(-3)). These features are reproduced in the FRAME model, which provides estimates at a 5-km level. Analysis of the underlying NH3 emission inventory shows that sheep emissions may have been underestimated and nonagricultural sources overestimated relative to emissions from cattle. The combination of model and measurements is applied to estimate spatial patterns of dry deposition to different vegetation types. The combined approach provides the basis to assess NHx responses across the U.K. to international emission controls.
Published: 2001
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45. Development and types of passive samplers for monitoring atmospheric NO2 and NH3 concentrations.

Author: Tang YS, Cape JN, and Sutton MA
Subjects: Air Movements, Diffusion, Equipment Design, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, United Kingdom, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Environmental Monitoring instrumentation, Nitrogen Dioxide analysis
Abstract: Numerous passive samplers based on the "Palmes-tube" have been developed for ambient air monitoring. In each case, the diffusion path length and/or cross-sectional area are modified to achieve the desired sampling rate. "Tube-type" samplers are low sensitivity samplers suitable for long-term monitoring, whereas the "badge-type" samplers have faster sampling rates suited to short-term monitoring. In the U.K., diffusion tubes are widely used for monitoring nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3). The open-ended diffusion tubes are prone to positive bias caused by incursion of wind eddies, leading to a shortening of the diffusion path. By using a porous membrane at the inlet, wind incursion is prevented, but an additional diffusion resistance is imposed and it is necessary to calibrate the tubes against a reference method to obtain an effective sampling rate. For NO2 sampling, positive bias also arises from the reaction of NO with O3 within the sampler. The interference from the chemical reaction is severe close to NO sources, with errors up to 30% for curbside locations when using the "tube-type" sampler. In rural areas, where NO concentrations are small relative to NO2, these errors are small. In some implementations, there is also a negative bias over long sampling periods caused by the degradation of trapped NO2. The low sampling rates of diffusion tubes make them too uncertain for use at background NH3 concentrations (<1 microg NH3 m(-3)) where they significantly overestimate concentrations. Badge-type samplers such as the "Willems badge" samplers permit accurate sampling at low ambient NH3 concentrations, but suffer from saturation at high concentrations and sensitivity to wind speed. A passive sampler optimised for monthly measurements of NH3 is reported here, together with its application in the U.K. National Ammonia Monitoring Network.
Published: 2001
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46. Comparison of low cost measurement techniques for long-term monitoring of atmospheric ammonia.

Author: Sutton MA, Miners B, Tang YS, Milford C, Wyers GP, Duyzer JH, and Fowler D
Subjects: Cost Control, Diffusion, Membranes, Artificial, Specimen Handling, Air Pollutants analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds analysis
Abstract: An inter-comparison of techniques for long-term sampling of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) was conducted with a view to establishing a national network with > 50 sites. Key requirements were for: a low cost system, simplicity and durability to enable a postal exchange with local site operators, a precision of < +/- 20% for monthly sampling at expected NH3 concentrations of 1-2 micrograms m-3, a detection limit sufficient to resolve the small NH3 concentrations (< 0.2 microgram m-3) expected in remote parts of the UK, and a quantitative means to establish quality control. Five sampling methods were compared: A, a commercially available membrane diffusion tube (exposed in triplicate), with membranes removed immediately after sampling; B, the above method, with the membranes left in place until analysis; C, open-ended diffusion tubes (exposed with 4 replicates); D, a new active sampling diffusion denuder system; and E, an active sampling bubbler system. Method D consisted of two 0.1 m acid coated glass denuders in series with sampling at approximately 0.3 l min-1. These methods were deployed at 6 locations in the UK and the Netherlands and compared against reference estimates. Method D was the most precise and sensitive of the techniques compared, with a detection limit of < 0.1 microgram m-3. The bubbler provided a less precise estimate of NH3 concentration, and also suffered several practical drawbacks. The diffusion tubes were found to correlate with the reference at high concentrations (> 3 micrograms m-3), but were less precise and overestimated NH3 at smaller concentrations. Of the passive methods, A was the most precise and C the least precise. On the basis of the results, method D has been implemented in the national network, together with application of method A to explore spatial variability in regions with expected high NH3 concentrations.
Published: 2001
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47. Air pollution statistics in policy applications.

Author: Smith RI
Subjects: Environmental Monitoring standards, Health Policy trends, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Statistical, Air Pollution legislation & jurisprudence, Air Pollution statistics & numerical data, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence
Abstract: This review of the role of air pollution statistics in environmental policy sets the UK current controls of sulfur emissions for health and environmental effects in a historical context. The use of critical loads and levels is discussed. The role of air pollution monitoring data in assessing achievement of a health effects air quality standard or predicting exceedance of a critical level or critical load on a national basis is reviewed with the level of monitoring and the interpolation of concentration data identified as important issues. The problems of spatial scale, the scarcity of data for model validation and the use of trends to identify model inadequacy are illustrated. The current statistical challenges in understanding air pollution processes and defining appropriate policies include quantification of uncertainty within complex models, problems of spatial scale and model validation, and development of monitoring strategies which balance the spatial (more sites) and temporal (better process understanding) aspects of the science alongside the balance between policy desire and monitoring practicality. An appropriate statistical goal is development of methodology to ensure appropriate derived data with sufficient accuracy are used for measuring policy achievement.
Published: 1999

48. Modelling photochemical oxidant formation, transport, deposition and exposure of terrestrial ecosystems.

Author: Fowler D, Cape JN, Coyle M, Smith RI, Hjellbrekke AG, Simpson D, Derwent RG, and Johnson CE
Abstract: The chemical processes responsible for production of photochemical oxidants within the troposphere have been the subject of laboratory and field study throughout the last three decades. During the same period, models to simulate the atmospheric chemistry, transport and deposition of ozone (O(3)) from individual urban sources and from regions have been developed. The models differ greatly in the complexity of chemical schemes, in the underlying meteorology and in spatial and temporal resolution. Input information from land use, spatial and temporally disaggregated emission inventories and meteorology have all improved considerably in recent years and are not fully implemented in current models. The development of control strategies in both North America and Europe to close the gaps between current exceedances of environmental limits, guide values, critical levels or loads and full compliance with these limits provides the focus for policy makers and the support agencies for the research. The models represent the only method of testing a range of control options in advance of implementation. This paper describes currently applied models of photochemical oxidant production and transport at global and regional scales and their ability to simulate individual episodes as well as photochemical oxidant climatology. The success of current models in quantifying the exposure of terrestrial surfaces and the population to potentially damaging O(3) concentrations (and dose) is examined. The analysis shows the degree to which the underlying processes and their application within the models limit the quality of the model products.
Published: 1999
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49. Probability of random sire exclusion using microsatellite markers for parentage verification.

Author: Usha AP, Simpson SP, and Williams JL
Subjects: Animals, Base Sequence, Breeding, Chromosome Mapping veterinary, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Cattle genetics, DNA, Satellite genetics, Genetic Markers
Abstract: Many microsatellite sequences have been described in the bovine genome. Being highly polymorphic these have been suggested as markers for parentage verification and individual identification in cattle. We have evaluated the use of five highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for parentage verification in 14 breeds of cattle in the UK. Three of the microsatellite loci occur within introns in genes: BoLA DRB3, steroid 21-hydroxylase, and the beta subunit of the follicle-stimulating hormone. The other two are anonymous sites ETH131 and HEL6. Results were analysed by a statistical approach that takes in to account deviations from Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium for multiple loci. The method of determining the probability of random sire exclusion uses observed genotype frequencies instead of allele frequencies. Independently, the markers used have a probability of between 0.72 and 0.62 of identifying a parentage error, while used together the five markers give, on average across breeds, a probability of 0.99 of excluding an incorrect sire.
Published: 1995
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50. Effects of acid mist on needles from mature Sitka spruce grafts. Part II. Influence of developmental stage, age and needle morphology on visible damage.

Author: Leith ID, Sheppard LJ, and Cape JN
Abstract: Mature grafts of five Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) clones were exposed to simulated acid mist comprising an equimolar mixture of H(2)SO(4) and NH(4)NO(3) (1.6 and 0.01 mol m(-3)) at pH 2.5 and 5.0. Mist was applied to potted plants growing in open-top chambers on consecutive days, four times a week, at a precipitation equivalent of 1 mm per day. The total exposure to polluted mist was equivalent to three times that measured at an upland forest in SE Scotland. The aim of the experiment was to characterize the response of juvenile foliage produced by physiologically mature grafts (on seedling root stock) and compare it with the behaviour of juvenile foliage on seedlings. Development of visible foliar damage was followed through the growing season. Measurements of needle length, diameter, weight, surface area, surface was weight and wettability were made on current year needles to determine whether particular foliar characteristics increased susceptibility to injury. Significant amounts (> 10%) of visible needle damage was observed on only one of the five clones. Damage was most severe on the clone with the most horizontal branch and needle habit, but over the five clones there was no relationship between angle of branch display and damage. Likewise no combination of needle characteristics (length, width, area, amount of wax) was indicative of potential susceptibility. A comparison with previous acid misting experiments using seedlings suggests that juvenile foliage on physiologically mature trees is equally susceptible to visible injury as juvenile seedling foliage. Data of budburst differed among clones, and in this experiment exerted the over-riding influence on development of injury symptoms. Foliage exposed to a combination of strong acidity and high sulphate concentrations over the few weeks immediately following budburst suffered most visible injury. The absence of significant amounts of visible damage in UK forests probably reflects the general low susceptibility to visible injury of Sitka spruce exposed to acid mist.
Published: 1995
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