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1. Identification and characterisation of Gamma-herpesviruses in zoo artiodactyla

Author

Laura Bianchessi, Edmund Flach, Giulia Monacchia, Mark Dagleish, Madeleine Maley, Lauretta Turin, and Mara Silvia Rocchi

Subjects
Herpesvirus, Malignant catarrhal fever, Artiodactyla, DNA polymeras, Pan-herpes consensus PCR, Virus surveillance, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Viruses within the γ-herpesviruses subfamily include the causative agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in several species of the order Artiodactyla. MCF is a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting non-adapted host species. In adapted host species these viruses become latent and recrudesce and transmit during times of stress or immunosuppression. The undetected presence of MCF-causing viruses (MCFVs) is a risk to non-adapted hosts, especially within non-sympatric zoological collections. This study investigated the presence of MCFVs in six different zoological collections in the UK, to evaluate the presence of subclinical/latent MCFVs in carrier animals. Methods One-hundred and thirty eight samples belonging to 54 different species of Artiodactyla were tested by Consensus Pan-herpes PCR. The positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses to understand their own evolutionary relationships and those with their hosts. Results Twenty-five samples from 18 different species tested positive. All viruses but one clustered in the γ-herpesvirus family and within the Macavirus as well as the non-Macavirus groups (caprinae and alcelaphinae/hippotraginae clusters, respectively). A strong association between virus and host species was evident in the Macavirus group and clustering within the caprinae group indicated potential pathogenicity. Conclusion This study shows the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic MCFVs, as well as other γ-herpesviruses, in Artiodactyla species of conservation importance and allowed the identification of new herpesviruses in some non-adapted species.

Published
2024
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2. Longitudinal connections and the organization of the temporal cortex in macaques, great apes, and humans.

Author

Lea Roumazeilles, Nicole Eichert, Katherine L Bryant, Davide Folloni, Jerome Sallet, Suhas Vijayakumar, Sean Foxley, Benjamin C Tendler, Saad Jbabdi, Colin Reveley, Lennart Verhagen, Lori B Dershowitz, Martin Guthrie, Edmund Flach, Karla L Miller, and Rogier B Mars

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

The temporal association cortex is considered a primate specialization and is involved in complex behaviors, with some, such as language, particularly characteristic of humans. The emergence of these behaviors has been linked to major differences in temporal lobe white matter in humans compared with monkeys. It is unknown, however, how the organization of the temporal lobe differs across several anthropoid primates. Therefore, we systematically compared the organization of the major temporal lobe white matter tracts in the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee great apes and in the macaque monkey. We show that humans and great apes, in particular the chimpanzee, exhibit an expanded and more complex occipital-temporal white matter system; additionally, in humans, the invasion of dorsal tracts into the temporal lobe provides a further specialization. We demonstrate the reorganization of different tracts along the primate evolutionary tree, including distinctive connectivity of human temporal gray matter.

Published
2020
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3. A novel investigation of a blister-like syndrome in aquarium Echinopora lamellosa.

Author

David Smith, Peter Leary, Mark Bendall, Edmund Flach, Rachel Jones, and Michael Sweet

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

This study investigates potential causes of a novel blister-like syndrome in the plating coral Echinopora lamellosa. Visual inspections of this novel coral syndrome showed no obvious signs of macroparasites and the blisters themselves manifested as fluid-filled sacs on the surface of the coral, which rose from the coenosarc between the coral polyps. Histological analysis of the blisters showed that there was no associated necrosis with the epidermal or gastrodermal tissues. The only difference between blistered areas and apparently healthy tissues was the presence of proliferated growth (possible mucosal cell hyperplasia) directly at the blister interface (area between where the edge of the blister joined apparently healthy tissue). No bacterial aggregates were identified in any histological samples, nor any sign of tissue necrosis identified. We conclude, that the blister formations are not apparently caused by a specific microbial infection, but instead may be the result of irritation following growth anomalies of the epidermis. However, future work should be conducted to search for other potential casual agents, including viruses.

Published
2014
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4. Somatic mutation rates scale with lifespan across mammals

Author

Alex Cagan, Adrian Baez-Ortega, Natalia Brzozowska, Federico Abascal, Tim H. H. Coorens, Mathijs A. Sanders, Andrew R. J. Lawson, Luke M. R. Harvey, Shriram Bhosle, David Jones, Raul E. Alcantara, Timothy M. Butler, Yvette Hooks, Kirsty Roberts, Elizabeth Anderson, Sharna Lunn, Edmund Flach, Simon Spiro, Inez Januszczak, Ethan Wrigglesworth, Hannah Jenkins, Tilly Dallas, Nic Masters, Matthew W. Perkins, Robert Deaville, Megan Druce, Ruzhica Bogeska, Michael D. Milsom, Björn Neumann, Frank Gorman, Fernando Constantino-Casas, Laura Peachey, Diana Bochynska, Ewan St. John Smith, Moritz Gerstung, Peter J. Campbell, Elizabeth P. Murchison, Michael R. Stratton, Iñigo Martincorena, Cagan, Alex [0000-0002-7857-4771], Abascal, Federico [0000-0002-6201-1587], Coorens, Tim H. H. [0000-0002-5826-3554], Lawson, Andrew R. J. [0000-0003-3592-1005], Bhosle, Shriram [0000-0002-7638-2899], Jones, David [0000-0002-0407-0386], Butler, Timothy M. [0000-0001-5803-1035], Spiro, Simon [0000-0002-9621-2192], Milsom, Michael D. [0000-0002-3567-254X], Bochynska, Diana [0000-0003-0219-8818], Smith, Ewan St. John [0000-0002-2699-1979], Gerstung, Moritz [0000-0001-6709-963X], Campbell, Peter J. [0000-0002-3921-0510], Murchison, Elizabeth P. [0000-0001-7462-8907], Stratton, Michael R. [0000-0001-6035-153X], Martincorena, Iñigo [0000-0003-1122-4416], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Hematology, Coorens, Tim HH [0000-0002-5826-3554], Lawson, Andrew RJ [0000-0003-3592-1005], Butler, Timothy M [0000-0001-5803-1035], Milsom, Michael D [0000-0002-3567-254X], Smith, Ewan St John [0000-0002-2699-1979], Campbell, Peter J [0000-0002-3921-0510], Murchison, Elizabeth P [0000-0001-7462-8907], Stratton, Michael R [0000-0001-6035-153X], Smith, Ewan [0000-0002-2699-1979], and Murchison, Elizabeth [0000-0001-7462-8907]

Subjects
Scale (anatomy), Somatic cell, Longevity, Normal tissue, 45/23, 631/67/69, Biology, 13, 14, Oxidative damage, Germline mutation, Mutation Rate, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Animals, Humans, 631/208/212/748, Mammals, Multidisciplinary, 45, Mutagenesis, 631/443/7, article, 45/77, Ageing, Evolutionary biology, Mutation, 631/208/212, 14/63, Trait
Abstract

The rates and patterns of somatic mutation in normal tissues are largely unknown outside of humans1–7. Comparative analyses can shed light on the diversity of mutagenesis across species, and on long-standing hypotheses about the evolution of somatic mutation rates and their role in cancer and ageing. Here we performed whole-genome sequencing of 208 intestinal crypts from 56 individuals to study the landscape of somatic mutation across 16 mammalian species. We found that somatic mutagenesis was dominated by seemingly endogenous mutational processes in all species, including 5-methylcytosine deamination and oxidative damage. With some differences, mutational signatures in other species resembled those described in humans8, although the relative contribution of each signature varied across species. Notably, the somatic mutation rate per year varied greatly across species and exhibited a strong inverse relationship with species lifespan, with no other life-history trait studied showing a comparable association. Despite widely different life histories among the species we examined—including variation of around 30-fold in lifespan and around 40,000-fold in body mass—the somatic mutation burden at the end of lifespan varied only by a factor of around 3. These data unveil common mutational processes across mammals, and suggest that somatic mutation rates are evolutionarily constrained and may be a contributing factor in ageing.

Published
2022

6. Contributors

Author

Mary Agnew, Roberto F. Aguilar, Jack L. Allen, Cheryl Asa, Kay A. Backues, Eric J. Baitchman, Ray L. Ball, Katrin Baumgautner, Hugues Beaufrère, R. Avery Bennett, Mads F. Bertelsen, Tiffany Blackett, Rosemary J. Booth, Debra Bourne, P. Walter Bravo, Elizabeth L. Buckles, Peter E. Buss, Paul P. Calle, Norin Chai, Jason Shih-Chien Chin, Leigh Ann Clayton, Darin M. Collins, Juan Cornejo, Jennifer D'Agostino, Martine de Wit, Sharon L. Deem, Gregory M. Dennis, Ryan S. DeVoe, Christopher Dold, Genevieve Dumonceaux, Mary Duncan, Jesus Fernandez-Moran, Edmund Flach, Joseph P. Flanagan, Gregory J. Fleming, Deidre K. Fontenot, Kathryn C. Gamble, Hanno Gerritsmann, Jennifer E. Graham, Zoltan S. Gyimesi, J. Jill Heatley, Timothy A. Herman, Sonia Hernandez, Thomas Bernd Hildebrandt, Clayton D. Hilton, Peter Holz, Richard M. Jakob-Hoff, Donald L. Janssen, Janis Ott Joslin, Jacques Kaandorp, Cornelia J. Ketz-Riley, George V. Kollias, Maya S. Kummrow, Claude Lacasse, Nadine Lamberski, Alex Lecu, Brad A. Lock, Linda J. Lowenstine, Robert A. MacLean, Mariano Makara, Nicholas J. Masters, Stephanie McCain, Tracey McNamara, Thomas P. Meehan, Leith C.R. Meyer, David S. Miller, Michele A. Miller, R. Eric Miller, Teresa Y. Morishita, Haylee Westin Murphy, Natalie D. Mylniczenko, Julia E. Napier, Donald L. Neiffer, Terry M. Norton, Luis R. Padilla, Romain Pizzi, Julia B. Ponder, Edward Ramsay, Sharon Redrobe, Carlos R. Sanchez, Joseph Saragusty, Joseph A. Smith, Gabrielle Stalder, Iga M. Stasiak, Hanspeter W. Steinmetz, William Kirk Suedmeyer, Mariella Superina, Meg Sutherland-Smith, John M. Sykes, J. Andrew Teare, Maryanne E. Tocidlowski, Eric Hsienshao Tsao, William George Van Bonn, Larry Vogelnest, Roberta S. Wallace, Michael T. Walsh, Chris Walzer, Martha A. Weber, Jim Wellehan, Christian J. Wenker, Douglas P. Whiteside, Ellen Wiedner, Michelle M. Willette, Cathy V. Williams, Barbara A. Wolfe, Fabia S. Wyss, Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo, and Dawn M. Zimmerman

Published
2015
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7. Secundum atrial septal defect in a Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)

Author

Romain Pizzi, Edmund Flach, Y. Feltner Rambaud, Andrew Routh, Taina Strike, Y. Martinez Pereira, and M. Rendle

Subjects
Male, General Veterinary, biology, Lizard, Septum secundum, Endangered species, Zoology, Lizards, General Medicine, Anatomy, Heart Septal Defects, Atrial, Fatal Outcome, biology.animal, Komodo dragon, Animals
Abstract

KOMODO dragons ( Varanus komodoensis ), the largest living lizard species, are relatively uncommon in zoological collections worldwide ([Walsh and others 2002][1]). They are found only on a few Indonesian islands in the wild, and are listed as an endangered species by the International Union for the

Published
2009

9. Defining 'exotic animals'

Author

Michael Fielding, Sharon Redrobe, Edmund Flach, Romain Pizzi, Simon Girling, Allison German, Derek Lyons, and Anna Meredith

Subjects
Disappointment, General Veterinary, Zoology, Environmental ethics, General Medicine, Exotic Animals, Biology, United Kingdom, Animals, Domestic, Terminology as Topic, medicine, Animals, Rabbits, medicine.symptom, Societies, Schools, Veterinary
Abstract

SIR, – It is with disappointment that we note that the RCVS has again decided to use its unusual definition of exotic animals in its latest manpower survey. In question 36, on time spent dealing with different species, exotic animals are defined as ‘animals that are more likely to be known as

Published
2006

10. Care of exotic species

Author

Sue, Thornton, Louise, Rayment-Dyble, and Edmund, Flach

Subjects
Animals, Animals, Wild, Animal Welfare, United Kingdom
Published
2004

11. British Veterinary Zoological Society's 50th anniversary

Author

Edmund Flach and Derek Lyon

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, media_common.quotation_subject, Political science, General Medicine, Welfare, media_common
Abstract

SIR, — We would like to announce the 50th anniversary, in three years' time, of the founding of the British Veterinary Zoological Society (bvzs). The society is the non-territorial division of the bva recognised as having responsibility for the care and welfare of exotic pets, zoo animals and

Published
2011
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12. Alpaca and llama nematodes in Britain

Author

Edmund Flach

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Plea, Nematoda, General Veterinary, Animals, Zoology, Identification (biology), General Medicine, Biology, Nematode Infections, Camelids, New World, United Kingdom
Abstract

SIR, — The letter by Welchman and colleagues ( VR , June 21, 2008, vol 162, p 832) is a timely reminder of the importance of nematodosis in camelids and other exotic ungulates, and I wholeheartedly endorse their plea for more surveillance of nematode infections and identification of the species

Published
2008
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15. [Untitled]

Author

Edmund Flach

Subjects
General Veterinary, State (polity), media_common.quotation_subject, Library science, Environmental ethics, Sociology, media_common
Published
1996
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