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IntroductionThis study aimed to analyse the differences between pressure training and official competition matches in high-level male padel players from Finland, focusing on the proportion of points won by serving and returning players, the frequency of break points and golden points, and the effectiveness of the last shot.MethodsA total of 4,417 points from 38 matches played during the 2022 and 2023 seasons were analyzed.ResultsThe results revealed no significant association between match type (pressure training vs. competition) and the distribution of winners, forced errors, or unforced errors (p = 0.867). Similarly, the frequency of break points, non-break points, golden points, and non-golden points remained consistent across both match types, regardless of the service situation (serving or returning players). While a relationship was observed between shot type and match type in forced errors (p = 0.024), the overall shot effectiveness remained comparable across different shot types.DiscussionIn conclusion, this study suggests that high-level male padel players display comparable technical-tactical performance in pressure training and official competition matches.

This study analyze the effect of a single functional neurology session on sports performance, pain perception, fatigue perception and thermographic muscular response in an international female weightlifting athlete with incapacity to tolerate weight. Functional neurology is a discipline leveraging neuroplasticity for non-invasive recovery and performance optimization. We found how a single session of functional neurology improved load tolerance, enabling her to lift weights at pre-injury levels after just a single session of functional neurology and reduced pain perception from 80 to 0 and fatigue perception from 90 to 20 on a 100-point scale while thermographic data showed up to a 15% decrease in body temperature indicating reduced inflammation and improved muscle recovery. Then, we found how a single functional neurology intervention produced an improve in sports performance, pain and fatigue perceptions, and peripheral vascular response in an inter-national female weightlifting athlete with an initial incapacity to tolerate weight. This supports the incorporation of functional neurology into sports rehabilitation, under-scoring its potential in optimizing athletes' health and performance.

Mental health is an increasing topic of focus since more than 500 million people in the world suffer from depression and anxiety. In this multifactorial disorder, parameters such as inflammation, the state of the microbiota and, therefore, the patient’s nutrition are receiving more attention. In addition, food products are the source of many essential ingredients involved in the regulation of mental processes, including amino acids, neurotransmitters, vitamins, and others. For this reason, this narrative review was carried out with the aim of analyzing the role of nutrition in depression and anxiety disorders. To reach the review aim, a critical review was conducted utilizing both primary sources, such as scientific publications and secondary sources, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The search was conducted in PsychINFO, MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl. The results show a direct relationship between what we eat and the state of our nervous system. The gut–brain axis is a complex system in which the intestinal microbiota communicates directly with our nervous system and provides it with neurotransmitters for its proper functioning. An imbalance in our microbiota due to poor nutrition will cause an inflammatory response that, if sustained over time and together with other factors, can lead to disorders such as anxiety and depression. Changes in the functions of the microbiota–gut–brain axis have been linked to several mental disorders. It is believed that the modulation of the microbiome composition may be an effective strategy for a new treatment of these disorders. Modifications in nutritional behaviors and the use of ergogenic components are presented as important non-pharmacological interventions in anxiety and depression prevention and treatment. It is desirable that the choice of nutritional and probiotic treatment in individual patients be based on the results of appropriate biochemical and microbiological tests.

Abstract Although studies of insect decline have recently dominated headlines worldwide, their interpretation requires caution since for most species, we lack long‐term population baselines. In the tropics, where most insect species thrive, our knowledge is even more limited and so reliable insect assessments must originate from well‐established long‐term monitoring efforts. Combining the extensive monitoring data from the Arthropod Program of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, we compare whether known arthropod diversity can be detected through metabarcoding of bulk insect samples obtained through automatic light‐trapping. Our study detected 4402 species based on Barcode Index Numbers (BIN) and detected fine‐scale differences between wet and dry seasons and sampling localities. We further refined our analysis to indicate which families and genera explained seasonal turnover. Using samples collected in parallel, but sorted manually as part of the ongoing arthropod monitoring program, we compared these methods. Out of 538 BINs recovered through manual sorting, there was a 70% overlap with the metabarcoding data; however, it represented 30% of the total BINs detected through metabarcoding. Expecting higher detection through metabarcoding, we also compare the results with the 14 years of sampling in BCI to better understand how well the monitoring program has captured the diversity of focal groups. Our results revealed a ~50% overlap between both methods and similar total catch. Barcode Index Numbers manually detected but not recovered by metabarcoding highlight some of the limitations of molecular detection methods such as primer bias. Contrastingly, BINs detected with metabarcoding, but not recovered by the traditional monitoring scheme, highlight the importance of local and regional barcode reference libraries.

This case report examines the impact of a single session of functional neurology on a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with lactose intolerance. The patient presented with severe gastrointestinal symptoms, including frequent diarrhea, bloating, and vomiting upon dairy consumption. The intervention aimed to reset dysfunctional neurological programs believed to contribute to her condition. The study utilized a standardized lactose intolerance breath test to measure the hydrogen and methane levels at various intervals before and after treatment. Post-treatment results showed symptomatic relief with the patient reporting normalized bowel movements and the absence of previous symptoms. Despite these improvements, the biochemical markers at higher time points (150 and 175 min) post-treatment remained similar to the pre-treatment values, indicating persistent lactose malabsorption and highlighting the variability of hydrogen measurements. This case report suggests that a single session of functional neurology can significantly alleviate the symptoms of lactose intolerance. However, the preliminary nature of these results underscores the need for further research involving larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up to fully understand the treatment’s efficacy and underlying mechanisms.

Universal health coverage has been proposed as a strategy to improve health in low- and middle-income countries, but this depends on a good provision of health services. Under-5 mortality (U5M) reflects the quality of health services, and its reduction has been a milestone in modern society, reducing global mortality rates by more than two-thirds between 1990 and 2020. However, despite these impressive achievements, they are still insufficient, and most deaths in children under 5 can be prevented with the provision of timely and high-quality health services. The aim of this paper is to conduct a literature review on amenable (treatable) mortality in children under 5. This indicator is based on the concept that deaths from certain causes should not occur in the presence of timely and effective medical care. A systematic and exhaustive review of available literature on amenable mortality in children under 5 was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, OVID medline, Scielo, Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar in both English and Spanish. Both primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary sources, such as bibliographic indices, websites, and databases, were used. Results: The main cause of amenable mortality in children under 5 was respiratory disease, and the highest proportion of deaths occurred in the perinatal period. Approximately 65% of avoidable deaths in children under 5 were due to amenable mortality, that is, due to insufficient quality in the provision of health services. Most deaths in all countries and around the world are preventable, primarily through effective and timely access to healthcare (amenable mortality) and the management of public health programs focused on mothers and children (preventable mortality).

Asthma is one of the most common atopic disorders in all stages of life. Its etiology is likely due to a complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Due to this, different non-pharmacological interventions can be implemented to reduce or alleviate the symptoms caused by this disease. Thus, the present narrative review aimed to analyze the preventive and non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise, physiotherapy, nutritional, ergonutritional, and psychological strategies in asthma treatment. To reach these aims, an extensive narrative review was conducted. The databases used were MedLine (PubMed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, PsychINFO, and CinAhl. Asthma is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition characterized by increased responsiveness to bronchoconstrictor stimuli. Different factors have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, however, the treatments used to reduce its incidence are more controversial. Physical activity is focused on the benefits that aerobic training can provide, while physiotherapy interventions recommend breathing exercises to improve the quality of life of patients. Nutritional interventions are targeted on implement diets that prioritize the consumption of fruits and vegetables and supplementation with antioxidants. Psychological interventions have been proposed as an essential non-pharmacological tool to reduce the emotional problems associated with asthma.

This study evaluates the psychophysiological response to a simulated hunter–gatherer endurance task with restricted caloric intake over four days. It assesses changes in body composition, autonomic modulation, and physical and cognitive performance. Participants underwent daily 8 h fasted walks followed by a 150 kcal meal to replicate hunter–gatherer activity and dietary patterns. Measurements of metabolic, respiratory, and subjective well-being, along with heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring, were conducted pre- and post-activity to evaluate the impact of endurance activity under caloric restriction. We found weight loss, decreased body and visceral fat, and reduced skeletal muscle mass and water percentage. High sympathetic activation and stable urinary markers, except for increased proteinuria, indicated stress responses and muscular degradation. Elevated perceived exertion post-exercise with good adaptation to prolonged effort underlines the body’s adaptability to ancestral lifestyle conditions, highlighting the connection among endurance, nutrition, and psychophysiological health.

Abstract Within healthcare settings, physicians use antibiograms, which offer information on local susceptibility rates, as an aid in selecting empirical antibiotic therapy and avoiding the prescription of potentially ineffective drugs. While antibiograms display susceptibility and resistance data at hospital, city, or region-specific levels and ultimately enable the initiation of antibiogram-based empirical antibiotic treatment, AST reports at the individual patient level and guides treatments away from broad-spectrum antibiotics towards narrower-spectrum antibiotics or the removal of antibiotics entirely. Despite these advantages, AST traditionally requires a 48- to 72-h turn-around; this window of time can be critical for some antimicrobial therapeutic interventions. Herein, we present a direct-from-specimen AST to reduce the time between patient sampling and receipt of lab AST results. The biggest challenge of performing AST directly from unprocessed clinical specimens with an unknown microbial load is aligning the categorical susceptibility report with CLSI reference methods, which start from a fixed inoculum of 0.5 McFarland units prepared using colonies from a sub-culture. In this pilot clinical feasibility study using de-identified remnant specimens collected from MCW, we observed the high and low ends of microbial loads, demonstrating a final categorical agreement of 87.5% for ampicillin, 100% for ciprofloxacin, and 100% for sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.

The symbiotic relationship between sports practice and psychological well-being has, in recent times, surged to the forefront of academic and public attention. The aim of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the intricate pathways linking physical engagement in sports to its subsequent impacts on mental health and synthesize the multifarious effects of sports on psychological health, offering insights for integrating physical and psychological strategies to enhance well-being. From neurobiological underpinnings to therapeutic applications, this comprehensive manuscript provides an in-depth dive into the multifaceted world of sports and psychology. Highlighting evidence-based interventions, this review aspires to offer actionable insights for practitioners, athletes, and individuals alike, advocating for a holistic approach to mental well-being. This manuscript highlights the profound impact of sports on mental health, emphasizing its role in emotional regulation, resilience, cognitive function, and treating psychological conditions. It details how sports induce neurochemical changes, enhance brain functions like memory and learning, and aid against cognitive decline. This review also notes the benefits of regular exercise in mood improvement, stress management, and social skill enhancement, particularly when combined with mindfulness practices. It underscores the importance of considering cultural and gender perspectives in sports psychology, advocating for an integrated physical–psychological approach to promote overall well-being.

Split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) is one of the most frequently used approaches to wound coverage in large size deep partial thickness and full thickness burns. The technique, however, is often degraded by partial, and at times complete, failure of graft to take. Though often multifactorial; operative technique, quality of wound bed and the type of dressing used are key factors in the ability of the STSG to heal. Various dressing methods have been described in the literature with varying benefits and degree of success but no consensus on a gold standard has been reached. This study describes the use of intra-operatively placed Lactic-Acid-Based Copolymer (LABC) as a dressing for meshed STSG and its impact on skin graft survival.A retrospective chart review of patients who received LABC dressing over their STSG was performed. A total of 22 patients, 16 male (73%) and 6 female (27%), with a mean age of 36.5 years, were included. Burn injuries were due to fire (10), grease (8), scald (2) and electrical (2), with a median treated area of 375 cm2 and follow up ranging from 21 to 232 days. Complete wound healing with no graft loss was documented in 17 of 22 (77%) patients; with the remaining 5 patients being lost to follow up.Intraoperative LABC dressing application after split-thickness skin grafting in burn patients was shown to be an effective strategy in protecting the STSG site and allowing graft take.

Objective To estimate health inequity and vulnerability among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) in Latin America using the syndemic approach.Design This is a secondary analysis of a previously published large-scale study on the prevalence of RMD.Setting Studies carried out in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela). Health inequity and vulnerability in RMD were identified through a syndemic approach using network and cluster analysis.Participants A total of 44 560 individuals were studied: 29.78% self-identified as Indigenous, 60.92% were female, the mean age was 43.25 years. Twenty clusters were identified in the Indigenous population and 17 in the non-Indigenous population.Results The variables associated with RMD among Indigenous populations were rurality, public health system, high joint biomechanical stress, greater pain, disability and alcoholism; and among non-Indigenous people they were being a woman, urban origin, older age, private health system, joint biomechanical stress, greater pain and disability. We identified different health inequities among patients with RMD (ie, lower educational attainment, more comorbidities), associated with factors such as Indigenous self-identification and rural residence.Conclusions A syndemic approach enables us to identify health inequities in RMD, as shown by higher prevalence of comorbidities, disability and socioeconomic factors like lower educational attainment. These inequities exist for the overall population of patients with RMD, although it is more evident in Indigenous groups with added layers of vulnerability.

El retroperitoneo representa el sitio principal de origen del 15% de los sarcomas de tejidos blandos; el liposarcoma (LS) es el más frecuente de ellos. La resección completa con márgenes negativos es el tratamiento de elección, siendo el predictor dominante de supervivencia a largo plazo y disminuyendo la tasa de recurrencia local. Al diagnóstico, la presencia de síntomas por compresión abdominal denota un gran tamaño tumoral. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 45 años con síntomas abdominales inespecíficos y aumento de la circunferencia abdominal de tres meses de evolución. Se diagnosticó LS retroperitoneal bien diferenciado de bajo grado, posteriormente sometido a resección.

La exenteración orbitaria es un procedimiento quirúrgico desfigurante que consiste en la resección de todo el contenido orbitario. Se utiliza principalmente en patologías malignas con invasión a contenido orbitario. El carcinoma epidermoide es la 2.ª causa de carcinoma periorbitario, hasta el 21% de los pacientes llegan a presentar metástasis. Paciente de sexo masculino de 64 años, con carcinoma epidermoide recidivante, invasión a músculos extraoculares, globo ocular y tejido óseo orbitario, sometido a exenteración orbitaria + colgajo temporoparietal e injerto de piel. Los cánceres cutáneos de cabeza y cuello se encuentran dentro las patologías con más alta tasa de morbimortalidad cuando no son atendidos a tiempo.

Background Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) is a surgical technique used for the excision of rectal neoplasia that gained popularity during the last decade.Due to the technical difficulty (non-articulated instruments, reduced workspace) and the long learning curve associated with this technique, the use of robotic platforms to improve resection results has been suggested and reported, at the same time that the learning curve decreases and the procedure is facilitated Materials and Methods From March 2017 to December 2019, all patients with rectal lesions eligible for TAMIS were offered the possibility to receive a robotic TAMIS (R-TAMIS). We used a transanal GelPoint Path (Applied Medical Inc., Santa Margarita, CA, USA) in the anal canal to be able to do the Da Vinci Si (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) robotic platform docking, which we used to perform the excision of the rectal lesion as well as the resection site defect. Results Five patients between 34 and 79 years of age underwent R-TAMIS. The mean distance to the anal verge was 8.8 cm. There were no conversions. The mean surgery time was 85 minutes, and the mean docking time was 6.6 minutes. Conclusions Robotic TAMIS is a feasible alternative to TAMIS, with a faster learning curve for experienced surgeons in transanal surgery and better ergonomics. Further studies are needed to assess the cost-benefit relationship.

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a implantação do Programa Seguro-Emprego (PSE) em relação à saúde dos trabalhadores nas montadoras de autoveículos do ABC. A metodologia incluiu pesquisa documental em acordos coletivos de trabalho, legislação, documentos de entidades sindicais e empresariais. Em 2015, o PSE foi lançado pelo governo como resposta à crise econômica, permitindo redução de até 30% da jornada de trabalho e de salário. Apesar dos questionamentos de grupos sindicais e da resistência operária nas montadoras, a maioria do sindicalismo apoiou a implantação do Programa. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram o PSE como parte de um novo ciclo de expansão e transformações produtivas na indústria automobilística, ampliando e aprofundando a intensificação do trabalho como forma de geração do desgaste operário. O PSE participa da estratégia empresarial para manter o emprego mais produtivo, selecionando os operários que se manterão no emprego e excluindo trabalhadores considerados de ‘baixo desempenho’ e os ‘compatíveis’ (com redução da capacidade laboral). A inclusão do Programa na reforma trabalhista torna-o alternativa permanente para utilização pelas empresas. Portanto, trata-se de tema relevante para as pesquisas e ações em saúde coletiva e saúde do trabalhador.

Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims to analyze the role of adipokines in health and disease in order to understand the important functions and effects of these cytokines. For this aim, the present review delves into the type of adipocytes and the cytokines produced, as well as their functions; the relations of adipokines in inflammation and different diseases such as cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, mental diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, and eating behaviors; and finally, the role of microbiota, nutrition, and physical activity in adipokines is discussed. This information would allow for a better understanding of these important cytokines and their effects on body organisms.

Novel molecular platforms are available for identifying (ID) the causative agents of microbial infections and generating antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) profiles, which can inform the suitable course of treatment. Many methods claim to perform AST in minutes or hours, often ignoring the need for time-consuming steps such as enrichment cultures and isolation of pure cultures. In clinical microbiology laboratories, an infectious microbial must first be cultured (overnight to days) and identified at the species level, followed by a subsequent AST with an additional turnaround time of 12–48 h due to the need for regrowth of the organism in the absence and presence of relevant antibiotics. Here, we present an electrochemical-based direct-from-specimen ID/AST method for reporting directly from unprocessed urine and blood in hours. In a limit of detection study of 0.5-ml whole blood samples for point-of-care and pediatric applications, 16.7% (4/24) of samples contrived at 2 CFU/ml and 100% (24/24) of samples contrived at 6 CFU/ml were reported positive in 6.5 h, indicating a limit of detection of 6 CFU/ml. In a separate direct-from-specimen AST study, the categorical susceptibility was reported correctly for blinded susceptible, intermediate, resistant, and polymicrobial contrived specimens in 4 h.

Introducción. La sífilis es una enfermedad de interés en salud pública por sus elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo. Determinar la serorreacción y la seroprevalencia de sífilis según las variables sociodemográficas de los donantes de un banco de sangre del distrito de Barranquilla, Colombia, durante 2015 y 2016. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal basado en los resultados de las pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas. Se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas de la población estudiada y se hizo un análisis univariado en el que se determinaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa de cada una de las variables categóricas. Se determinó la serorreacción a Treponema pallidum y la prevalencia de la infección activa. Se utilizó la prueba de ji al cuadrado de Pearson para evaluar las diferencias entre las proporciones. Resultados. Se encontró una serorreacción de 1,86 % para la infección previa con T. pallidum y una prevalencia de 0,93 % para la infección activa, las cuales fueron más altas en hombres adultos y en adultos mayores, viudos, desempleados y personas residentes en otros municipios del departamento de Atlántico diferentes de Barranquilla y su área metropolitana. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre la sífilis y las variables de sexo y ocupación. Conclusión. Se registró una serorreacción elevada a T. pallidum en donantes de sangre, comparada con el promedio nacional. Se encontró asociación entre la sífilis, y las variables sociodemográficas de sexo y ocupación, principalmente.

Correct dietary patterns are important for a child’s health from birth to adulthood. Understanding a child’s health as a state of entire physical, mental, and social well-being is essential. However, reaching adulthood in a complete health proper state is determined by feeding and dietary habits during preconception, pregnancy, or children infancy. Different factors, such as the mother’s lifestyle, culture, or socioeconomic status, are crucial during all these phases. In this review, we aimed to assess the long-term associations between infancy dietary patterns and health and their influence on development and growth. To reach this objective, a consensus critical review was carried out using primary sources such as scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar were the tools used to complete this research. We found that high-income countries promote high-calorie foods and, consequently, obesity problems among children are rising. However, undernutrition is a global health issue concerning children in low- and middle-income countries; thus, parental socioeconomic status in early life is essential to children’s health and development, showing that biological, social, and environmental influences are increased risk factors for chronic diseases. This narrative review is aimed to collect evidence for early nutritional intervention and future disease prevention.

Older adults have significantly worse morbidity and mortality after severe trauma than younger cohorts. The competency of the innate immune response decreases with advancing age, especially after an inflammatory insult. Subsequent poor outcomes after trauma are caused in part by dysfunctional leukocytes derived from the host's hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Our objective was to analyze the bone marrow (BM) HSPC transcriptomic [mRNA and microRNA (miR)] responses to trauma in older and younger adults. BM was collected intraoperatively

Background: Late adolescents with asthma are rarely studied, since generally they are not included in children or adult groups; in addition, studies assessing asthma trends are scarce in Mexico, and their results might differ from findings in developed countries. Objective: To determine the trends in asthma prevalence and its symptoms in late adolescents over a period of 7 years. Methods: The prevalence of asthma and its symptoms were compared in two cross-sectional population-based cohorts, one from 2009 and the other from 2016. Results: The presence of wheezing sometime in life and during the previous year was significantly increased between 2009 and 2016 (12.8 % versus 20.1 % and 7.3 % versus 10.3 %, p

Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de conocimiento de los odontólogos generales de la red pública del distrito de Barranquilla acerca del trauma dentoalveolar. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo transversal, basado en encuestas dirigidas a 33 odontólogos generales de la Red Pública del distrito de Barranquilla, acerca del conocimiento en trauma dentoalveolar. La encuesta fue validada previamente por un equipo experto de odontólogos cirujanos y endodoncistas. La población diana estuvo conformada por 51 odontólogos de la red pública del distrito de Barranquilla. Se realizó un muestreo no aleatorio a conveniencia. Se efectuó un análisis descriptivo de los datos de la encuesta: promedio, mediana y moda, con el programa estadístico Microsoft Excel®. Resultados: Se observó que un 12.12 % (n=4) de los sujetos en estudio tiene un nivel de conocimiento malo, un 18.18 % (n=6) un nivel aceptable, mientras que solo un 9.09 % (n=3) tiene un nivel bueno. La categoría con más frecuencia fue la regular, con un 60.6 % (n=20). Conclusión: En este proyecto se observó que la mayoría de odontólogos generales que participaron fueron categorizados con el grado de conocimiento regular (60.6 %) y aceptable (18.18 %) de acuerdo con la escala de respuestas correctas del cuestionario aplicado. Un grado de conocimiento malo se presentó en un 12.12 %, mientras que solo un 9.09 % presento un grado de conocimiento bueno.

The novel Coronavirus 2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-Cov-2) has led to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has surprised health authorities around the world, quickly producing a global health crisis. Different actions to cope with this situation are being developed, including confinement, different treatments to improve symptoms, and the creation of the first vaccines. In epidemiology, herd immunity is presented as an area that could also solve this new global threat. In this review, we present the basis of herd immunology, the dynamics of infection transmission that induces specific immunity, and how the application of immunoepidemiology and herd immunology could be used to control the actual COVID-19 pandemic, along with a discussion of its effectiveness, limitations, and applications.

Resumo: O atual processo de intensificação do trabalho se insere no contexto das transformações produtivas, no Brasil, a partir dos anos 1990, acarretando mudanças na produção social do desgaste operário e do perfil epidemiológico dos trabalhadores. Incapacidade para o trabalho por acidente e doença é um importante indicador do desgaste operário, sendo de interesse da área da saúde. O estudo objetiva analisar o processo de intensificação do trabalho e saúde da perspectiva do processo saúde-doença a partir da percepção dos trabalhadores de uma montadora automobilística da Região do ABC, em São Paulo, quando indagados acerca dos obstáculos ao retorno ao trabalho daqueles com restrição laboral por acidente ou doenças, comumente denominados de “compatível”. Realizamos seis visitas à fabrica e vinte entrevistas com operários da produção. Os dados foram coletados entre março de 2010 e novembro de 2014. Os resultados revelam, na figura social do “compatível”, uma fratura exposta pelo processo de produção, expressa nas práticas de intensificação do trabalho, caracterizada pelo ritmo intenso, adensamento do trabalho, prolongamento da jornada e gestão por estresse; ao mesmo tempo, apontam para a tendência de exclusão do trabalhador “compatível” da empresa. A pesquisa contribui para avançar na busca do conhecimento acerca da intensificação do trabalho e saúde, esperamos ter trazido subsídios para novas investigações na perspectiva da determinação do processo saúde-doença, com a incorporação da experiência dos trabalhadores.

The main goal of this paper concern the central economies urban spaces issues on the capitalism contemporaneity. First of all, we related the historic potentiality of this social phenomenon in terms of the human existence and contrasting subsequently with the growing capital's appropriation in the last 250 years. The article also reviews this social phenomenon, the capitalist city, under the three main scientific and technological revolutions in the capitalism history. In the third part we face the main reflections by some of the great bourgeoisie's intellectuals with the capital city and his urban barbarity process. Lastly, this paper ends by showing our conclusions and indicates a need for reflections that can articulate public policies, different analyze scales and insurgent planning on his urban citizenship interaction.

Objetivo: Implementar una Guía de Práctica Clínica ( GPC ) para la detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos en los servicios de consulta prioritaria, consulta externa y hospitalización del Hospital Universitario Cari ESE Neurociencias de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló el Plan de implementación de una GPC de manejo de episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente, de acuerdo con la metodología del manual de implementación de guías de práctica clínica basadas en evidencia del Ministerio de Salud. El instrumento de recolección de datos utilizado fue el cuestionario. Se indagó acerca de la preparación académica, el tiempo laborado en el ESE Cari mental y la experiencia profesional específica; así como del manejo que tienen en su vida profesional y preferencias las GPC - depresión. Resultados: La GPC elegida por consenso fue la Guía de Práctica Clínica ( GPC ) para la detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos, atención integral de los adultos con diagnóstico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente. Conclusiones: La demanda de servicios de salud siempre parece ser superior a la cantidad de recursos disponibles para satisfacerla. La anterior afirmación es válida en todas las so - ciedades, aun en los países clasificados como de altos ingresos. Es por ello que la adopción de GPC en el contexto clínico-administrativo de la ESE Cari mental –incluyendo los demás entes territoriales– es una decisión que redunda en la racionalización del recurso humano y administrativo, el cual siempre será escaso.

Na sociedade contemporânea, a intensificação do trabalho representa, cada vez mais, um mal-estar, manifesto em problemas de saúde dos trabalhadores. Como problemática da Saúde Coletiva/Saúde do Trabalhador, o objeto "intensificação do trabalho e saúde" pode ser estudado nas práticas específicas de exploração e expropriação do conhecimento técnico e social do trabalhador tendentes a confrontar sua capacidade coletiva, visto que o enfraquecimento da dimensão coletiva está a desencadear múltiplas manifestações de sofrimento e penosidade no trabalho. Neste estudo, analisamos o processo de intensificação do trabalho e saúde a partir da percepção dos trabalhadores da Mercedes Benz do Brasil, em São Bernardo do Campo. Realizamos sete visitas à fábrica e vinte e nove entrevistas: vinte e duas com trabalhadores diretos e sete com representantes sindicais. Os resultados e a discussão são apresentados em três categorias: ritmo de trabalho, prolongamento do trabalho, e administração por estresse. O estudo contribui para o avanço do entendimento da intensificação do trabalho e saúde e, ao mesmo tempo, traz indicações sobre os limites e as possibilidades postos à ação coletiva dos trabalhadores nas atuais condições históricas.

Se describe e ilustra a Nototriche carabayensis (Malvaceae), una nueva especie de los Andes del sur de Perú. Nototriche carabayensis se relaciona con N. cupuliforme, N. antoniana y N. peruviana por pre - sentar una estructura a manera de corona en la base del tubo estaminal; se distingue por la corola blanca con venas rojo-violáceas, los nectarios deltoideos y 11 estigmas. Se incluyen la descripción, ilustración y fotos de la especie nueva, y una clave de las especies peruvianas con corona.

Resumo Este ensaio desenvolve uma reflexão acerca da relação entre experiência operária e ciência na luta pela saúde e a emancipação social como contribuição para o campo da Saúde Coletiva/Saúde do Trabalhador. Partimos desta questão - pode haver compatibilidade entre produção capitalista e saúde? - para assinalar, na primeira seção, a resposta majoritária oferecida pelo movimento sindical brasileiro na atualidade. Na segunda e terceira seções analisamos algumas obras referidas à experiência histórica do enfrentamento do capital pelos trabalhadores, especialmente na Itália nos anos 1960-1970, para pensar, respectivamente, nas respostas à questão proposta e na relação entre teoria e prática. Depois, discutimos as contribuições e os limites do Modelo Operário Italiano de luta pela saúde para, em seguida, recuperarmos deste legado o sentido de classe na relação entre ciência e experiência. Na sexta seção, apresentamos experiências de resistência dos trabalhadores brasileiros à exploração capitalista relacionadas à luta pela saúde, com o que retomamos a questão inicial. Destacamos, na problemática apontada, os sentidos que o direito à saúde e da saúde entendida como luta da classe trabalhadora passam a assumir no âmbito da produção do conhecimento e das ações em saúde.

O ensaio se propõe a entender os limites, as possibilidades e os desafios do controle social do Sistema Único de Saúde à luz de uma reflexão sobre a democracia no Brasil com base nas referências da Educação Popular e Saúde.

Introducción: La obesidad es un factor de riesgo de desarrollo y progresión de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). En Latinoamérica existen pocos estudios donde se relacionen los estadios de ERC y grados de obesidad. Objetivo: El objetivo de estudio es evaluar la asociación de obesidad con la enfermedad renal crónica de pacientes atendidos en la consulta externa del departamento de Nefrología en la Clínica de la Costa en Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo tipo serie de casos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 300 pacientes acopiados en NefroRed©. Se realizaron medidas de tendencia central y un ?² para establecer la asociación entre los grados de obesidad con los estadios de la ERC. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en R-CRAN. Al realizar la prueba, se encontró una asociación entre los grados de obesidad y los diferentes estadios de la ERC [?²: 48,62; p-valor < 0,01]. Conclusión: No se encontró evidencia estadística de asociación entre el Perímetro Abdominal y los estadios de ERC [?²: 8,82; p-valor ? 0,05]. Existe asociación entre los grados de obesidad y los diferentes estadios de la ERC. No se encontró la relación entre perímetro abdominal y los estadios de ERC.

Se reportan para el distrito de Arahuay (Canta, Lima, Perú) (zona baja y media) un total de 49 especies de la familia Poaceae agrupadas en 28 géneros, 14 tribus y 4 subfamilias. El género Poa es el más diverso con cinco especies, seguido por Eragrostis y Nassella con cuatro especies cada una. Las especies Calamagrostis spiciformis Hack. ex Stuck., Chloris halophila Parodi, Lamprothyrsus peruvianus Hitchc., Festuca glyceriantha Pilg., Lolium multiflorum Lam. y Poa supina Schrad. son nuevos reportes para el departamento de Lima. Se presentan claves dicotómicas para la determinación de los géneros y para las especies en los casos pertinentes. Para cada especie se incluye datos sobre su hábitat, distribución y el material estudiado.

around Abra Apacheta, in Cangallo (Ayacucho) and Huaytara (Huancavelica) Provinces. The aims of this study were: to study vascular floristic composition of High Andes (over 4500 m of altitude) and characterize highland vegetation. There were used conventional techniques for botanical collection and vegetation coverage measurements by intersection-line transects and Point Quadrat modifyed method. There were registered 134 species of vascular plants (Pteridophytes, Gymnospems, Eudicots and Monocots) grouped in 60 genera and 23 families. Eudicots were the dominant group with 74% of the total registered, 82% in genera and 77% in species; followed by Monocots with 13%, 13% and 21% in the previous categories. Monilophytes (ferns) were poorly represented by two families (9%), two genera (3%) and two species (1%); while Gymnosperms only registered one specie (Ephedra rupestris Benth.). By the quantitative analysis three types of plant communities associated to cryoturbated soils were characterized, we also report two types of associated vegetation: grasslands and rocky areas.

Se analizó la relación entre los niveles de abundancia relativa de pez espada (Xiphias gladius) frente a la costa de Chile y la posición latitudinal de la Corriente de Deriva de los Vientos del Oeste (CDO) desde una perspectiva de macroescala espacial en el período 1989-1996. La posición del eje del borde oriental de la CDO, fue estimada mediante la determinación de la latitud a la cual se bifurcan las isotermas obtenidas desde promedios mensuales de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM). Se utilizó la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) de la flota artesanal redera como índice de abundancia relativa del recurso. El análisis entre las series de tiempo de la CDO y CPUE fue realizado a escala mensual con diferentes retardos entre las series. Se aplicaron dos enfoques metodológicos para determinar la existencia de relación entre estas dos series de tiempo. Primero, se utilizó la metodología propuesta por Pyper & Peterman (1998) para corrección de los grados de libertad efectivos en la prueba de hipótesis de correlación cruzada y segundo, se analizó la correlación a diferentes retardos de dos series estacionarias. Los dos enfoques metodológicos indicaron una relación significativa entre la posición latitudinal de la CDO y la CPUE en una escala mensual. La relación encontrada entre la CDO y la abundancia relativa de pez espada sugiere que la CDO constituye un posible indicador de macroescala de la variabilidad oceanógrafica meteorológica, frente a la cual este especie presenta patrones de distribución y cambios en su disponibilidad.The relationship between the relative abundance of swordfísh (Xiphias gladius) off the Chilean coast and the latitudinal location of the West Wind Drift (WWD) was analyzed from a macro scale standpoint for the period between 1989 and 1996. The position of the axis of the eastern boundary of the WWD was estimated by determining the latitude of the bifurcation of the isotherms obtained from the average monthly sea surface temperatures. The capture per unit effort (CPUE) of the small-scale driftnet fleet was used as a relative abundance Índex for the resource. The WWD and CPUE time series were analyzed on a monthly scale with different lags between the series. Two methodological approaches were used to determine the relationship between these two time series. The first was the methodology proposed by Pyper & Peterman (1998), which was used to correct the actual degrees of freedom in the cross-correlation test. The second approach consisted in analyzing the correlation of two stationary time series at different lags. Those approaches indicated a significant relationship between the latitudinal location of the WWD and the CPUE on a monthly scale. The relationship found between the WWD and the swordfish relative abundance suggests that the WWD could be a macro scale indicator of oceanographic and meteorological variabihty that could affect swordfish distribution patterns and availability.

Resumen Objetivo: Informar el tratamiento de un diente avulsionado con reabsorción radicular y obturado únicamente con compuesto de mineral trióxido (MTA, Angelus, Londrina, Brasil). Caso clínico: En un paciente de 17 años que presentó avulsión del 11, con tiempo extraoral mayor a 60 minutos, 6 meses después se observó reabsorción radicular externa inflamatoria comunicante con ligamento periodontal, pérdida de cresta ósea, tracto sinuoso y movilidad dental. A pesar de no haber buen pronóstico, se realizó el tratamiento de la reabsorción con medicación con hidróxido de calcio y obturación única del conducto con MTA. Se efectuó un control con tomografía de cono a los 2 años y 10 meses, el cual mostró la no continuación de la reabsorción y la cicatrización a nivel periodontal, con preservación de cresta ósea. Conclusión: El tratamiento adecuado y la obturación con MTA ofrecen la oportunidad de lograr una buena cicatrización de los tejidos perirradiculares y preservar dientes comprometidos. Palabras clave: Avulsión dental, compuesto de trióxido mineral, reabsorción radicular. Abstract Aim: To report the treatment of an avulsed tooth with root resorption sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA, Angelus,Londrina, Brazil) only. Case report: A 17 years old patient who, six months earlier, suffered the avulsion of 11, with an extraoral time larger than sixty minutes, presented with external inflammatory resorption communicating with periodontal ligament, crest bone loss, sinus tract and tooth mobility. Despite not having a good prognosis resorption treatment was done with calcium hydroxide and MTA was used as unique canal filling material. Control was performed with cone beam computed tomography 2 years and 10 months after, observing the non-continuation of resorption and healing at periodontal level with preservation of crest bone. Conclusion: The MTA seems to provide the opportunity to obtain a good healing of tissue peri-root and preserve compromised teeth in the mouth for longer period of time. Key words: Dental avulsion, mineral trioxide aggregate, root resorption.

Senecio canoi, a new species of Compositae of the high Andes of Southern Peru, Puno department, is described and illustrated. Senecio canoi is a perennial species differing from others in the ser. Suffruticosi subser. Caespitosi by having tufted habit, oblong-spathulate leaves with toothed margin, glabrous, and white flowers.

Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a recorrência do processo de naturalização como alicerce da medicalização do corpo feminino. Este processo institui uma forma de controle social com base na reprodução biológica, em que padrões de comportamento e diferenças de classe social, raça/etnia são ordenados/redescritos. Assim, se mantém a hegemonia masculina, patriarcal e de classe, e se aprofundam as desigualdades sociais e de gênero. Destaca-se a importância do desenvolvimento e da complexidade da tecnologia - que afastam as classes populares das tomadas de decisão sobre o próprio corpo e a saúde reprodutiva - e da escola sobretudo, em aulas de ciências e educação física para manter e perpetuar a hegemonia burguesa.

Ten years of continuous current meter recordings near the core of the Peru-Chile Undercurrent (PCU) over the continental slope at 30°S off Chile, local and equatorial wind stress data, and monthly oceanographic sections off Valparaíso (33°S) are used to study the variability of the PCU and the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) off Chile. The physics that governs the PCU variability differs for intraseasonal periods and for longer periods: Coastal trapped waves dominate the intraseasonal band whereas Rossby waves dominate for periods greater than about 120 days. Semiannual and annual period fluctuations can largely be explained by Rossby waves forced by equatorial Kelvin waves and local winds. Seasonal variations in the PCU are strongly modulated over El Niño/La Niña cycles. During warm El Niño events, the PCU undergoes strong, semiannual variability whereas during La Niña events, annual variability dominates. These results together with oceanographic sections off Valparaíso suggest that Rossby waves provide a physical mechanism to explain a significant fraction of seasonal variability observed in the OMZ. During the downwelling (upwelling) phase of these waves the poleward (equatoward) flow is stronger (90° out of phase with respect to sea level), the isotherms are deeper (shallower), the OMZ thickness increases (decreases), the mean concentration of salinity and silicate increases (decreases) and oxygen concentration and nitrate deficit decrease (increase) in the OMZ.Una década de registros continuos de corrientes medidas cerca del núcleo de la corriente subsuperficial de Perú-Chile (PCU), sobre el talud continental en los 30°S frente a Chile, datos del esfuerzo del viento a lo largo del ecuador y a lo largo de la costa de Chile, además de secciones oceanográficas realizadas mensualmente frente a Valparaíso (33°S), son usados para estudiar la variabilidad de la PCU y la zona de mínimo de oxígeno (OMZ) frente a Chile. La física que gobierna la variabilidad de la PCU es diferente entre periodos intraestacionales y periodos mayores. Ondas atrapadas a la costa dominan la banda intraestacional mientras que las Ondas de Rossby dominan en periodos mayores que 120 días. Fluctuaciones con periodos anuales y semi anuales pueden ser largamente explicadas por ondas de Rossby forzadas por ondas de Kelvin ecuatoriales y por vientos locales. Variaciones estacionales en la PCU son fuertemente moduladas por los ciclos de El Niño/La Niña. Durante los eventos calidos de El Niño, la variabilidad semi anual de la PCU se intensifica, mientras que durante los eventos fríos de La Niña la señal anual es dominante. Estos resultados junto a las secciones oceanográficas realizadas frente a Valparaíso, sugieren que las ondas de Rossby entregan el mecanismo físico para explicar una fracción significativa de la variabilidad estacional observada en la OMZ. Durante la fase de hundimiento (surgencia) de esas ondas el flujo se intensifica (90° desfasado respecto del nivel del mar) hacia el polo (ecuador), las isotermas son mas profundas (más someras), el espesor de la OMZ incrementa (disminuye), la concentración media de salinidad y silicato incrementa (disminuye), y el oxígeno y el déficit de nitrato disminuye (incrementa) en la OMZ.

O presente texto faz uma avaliação das noções de promoção da saúde e de empowerment ao problematizar os princípios que integram a cultura da saúde pública e orientam as propostas de políticas públicas formuladas especialmente para os chamados países "em desenvolvimento". Analisa-se particularmente empowerment, usualmente visto como uma forma de promoção individual e coletiva (comunitária, social) da saúde de grupos em situação de maior vulnerabilidade social. Examina-se esta proposta à luz da crise do Estado de Bem-Estar Social e de sua superação, pela via neoliberal, nos anos da década de 1980, com destaque para as mudanças na apreensão conceitual e moral da realidade do capitalismo, em particular da política social, desde então pautada pelo princípio da equidade, em oposição ao da universalidade. A adoção deste princípio pela Organização Mundial da Saúde integra a cultura dominante no setor da saúde que é, contudo, pouco reflexiva, fortemente tecnicista e normativa. Construir uma nova cultura capaz de reconhecer o saber comum, incorporar as experiências sociais, apoiar as lutas reivindicativas e expressar a saúde como direito universal são os desafios propostos pelos autores.An evaluation about health promotion and empowerment is presented in this paper. Fundamental principles of a public health culture are studied from a problem-posing point of view, as they are the base of public policy proposals specially formulated for the so called "developing" countries. Empowerment is particularly analyzed, since it is considered a way chosen for individual and collective (community, social) health promotion, connected to social groups under more vulnerable social conditions. The Welfare State crisis and the neoliberal approach, applied during the eighties to overcome it, gave grounds to examine this proposal, focusing on the changes occurred to capitalism in terms of conceptual and moral introjection of reality, particularly when it concerns social policies based, in the principle of equity in oposition to that of universality. The World Health Organization adopted this principle, integrating hence the dominant culture to the health sector yet, not much reflective, strongly technicist and normative. Building up a new culture, capable of admitting the role of common knowledge, incorporating the experience of civil society, backing up the struggles for recognition of the citizens' health rights and demanding the right to health as a universal right are challenges posed by the authors.

Trata-se de um artigo de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental sobre as experiências de educação em saúde nos serviços, baseadas na educação popular em saúde e do seu potencial em desenvolver a integralidade das ações no âmbito da atenção básica. É discutida a forma como a educação em saúde vem sendo trabalhada pelos serviços e as dificuldades para que possa contribuir para a construção de uma atenção realmente integral à saúde. As ações de saúde são entendidas como ações educativas em que, tanto profissionais como usuários aprendem e ensinam, numa construção dialógica do conhecimento. Desta forma, a atenção ao individuo também faz parte das reflexões discutidas no texto, tanto no que se refere à postura dos profissionais quanto ao respeito ao saber popular e à busca da terapêutica mais eficaz pelos usuários. A partir da revisão, é proposta uma sistematização de programas de ação e atividades que podem compor uma proposta de educação popular em saúde para os municípios.

Between December 2001 and February 2002, NOAA-AVHRR images were obtained twice a day for the region between 30-40S and 70-80W. Within the cloud free areas, sea surface temperature was calculated according to standard split window algorithms. The geo-referenced horizontal resolution for each SST-pixel resulted in 2 km, in east-west and north-south direction. All pairs of images were analyzed with respect to advective surface velocity by means of Maximum Cross-Correlation. Maximum Cross-Correlations exceeding the predetermined significance level of cross correlation were accepted. From all pairs of comparison monthly advective velocity maps (and SST maps) were constructed and separated in a coastal and offshore band. Coastal upwelling was observed along the coast of central Chile in all three months via the SST maps. Onshore-offshore transports were towards the west in December, rotated northwest in January and towards the north in February. These results are explained by an increased advection of suptropical surface water towards the coast in January and February

Las Glomerulopatías son muy frecuentes en la población pediátrica, representan uno de los principales motivos de consulta, además que son una de las principales causas de insuficiencia renal crónica. La enfermedad está bien caracterizada clínica y epidemiológicamente en los países industrializados, en donde se han realizados mayorías de las investigaciones para dilucidar y estudiar el omportamiento de estas patologías. Es importante anotar que hay diferencias importancias en cuanto a la distribución eográfica, y a la prevalencia e incidencia de cada una de ellas, lo que sugiere que factores ambientales y genéticos (población) pueden generar susceptibilidades diferentes. Objetivos: Determinar las características clínicas de las glomerulonefritis primarias en niños en un Centro de Referencia del Caribe Colombiano, ésto incluye: Edad de inicio de la enfermedad, sexo, procedencia rural vs.urbano, cuadro sindromático con que se presentan cada una de ellas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Los datos se tomaron desde 15 enero del 2008 hasta diciembre 31 del 2013, que incluyó 161 pacientes menores de 15 años con diagnóstico de glomerulonefritis primaria y además nefritis lúpica por ser una patología muy frecuente en nuestro medio. Resultados: En nuestra población de estudio del caribe colombiano, la enfermedad predominó más en hombres, con edad de presentación de 8,14 años. Las glomerulopatías más frecuentes fueron la proliferativa mensangial (54,65%), Nefropatía por IgA (19,87%) y la nefropatía lupica (9,31%). Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuente fueron la hematuria y proteinuria asintomática, seguida por el síndrome nefrótico. Conclusiones: La glomerulopatía proliferativa mesangial tiene una alta prevalencia en la región caribe colombiana con respecto a otros países. La glomerulopatía por IgA en nuestra población fue la segunda causa, consideramos que existen muchos niños con hematuria con limitaciones para la realización de biopsia renal.El alto números de casos de pacientes con nefritis lúpica debe seguirse investigando. La existencia de éste registro de biopsias renales puede ser la base para la creación del Registro de Glomerulopatías en niños en Colombia, cuyos datos son necesarios para establecer programas de tratamiento y prevención de las enfermedades glomerulares en nuestro país a fin de disminuir su progresión al estadio terminal.

Este artigo consiste numa revisão na literatura acadêmica relacionada ao campesinato e sobre as percepções de infância e adolescência no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e dos seus sentidos sociais e culturais. Buscamos consubstanciar as conceituações de campesinato propostas por Marx e Chayanov, assim como os aspectos históricos e econômicos da questão agrária relacionadas à luta pela terra no Brasil. O estudo está dividido em cinco etapas: "Camponeses, cultura e transformação social"; "Alguns aspectos do pensamento de Marx e Chayanov"; "A questão agrária e o campesinato no Brasil"; "As lutas camponesas e uma breve contextualização do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra"; e "Percepções de Infância e Adolescência no Movimento do Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra na literatura acadêmica". A partir dessa especificação do tema foi possível perceber o descompasso entre a sua relevância social e a escassez na produção acadêmica no campo da Saúde Coletiva e nas políticas públicas acerca do universo simbólico do campesinato constituído pelo MST desde o seu surgimento.

Algunos aspectos sobre la despenalización del consumo de drogaDrogaNombre genérico de ciertas sustancias que se emplean en medicina, en la industria o en las Bellas Artes.Sustancia o preparado medicamentoso de efecto estimulante, deprimente o narcótico.Sustancias psicoactivas (SPA)Son sustancias que ejercen su acción sobre el sistema nervioso central y que tienen la capacidad de producir trasformaciones, bien sea aumentandodisminuyendo su nivel de funcionamiento, o bien modificando los estados de conciencia.Predisposición psicológicaa. Bajo nivel escolarEl individuo con bajo nivel escolar es más susceptible a la influencia del medio para el consumo de psicoactivos y tiende a responder en formaindiscriminada, sucumbiendo a las presiones de la oferta...