251 results on '"Edward Maibach"'
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2. Rehabilitation medicine professionals’ views on climate change and health
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Eryn Campbell, PhD, Marcalee Alexander, MD, John Kotcher, PhD, and Edward Maibach, MPH, PhD
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Orthopedic surgery ,RD701-811 ,Medicine - Abstract
Background:. Climate change is already harming human health, both directly and indirectly. Physical and rehabilitation medicine professionals are at the frontlines of addressing climate change and health, as their patients are particularly vulnerable to these health harms. It is, therefore, important to understand how these health professionals understand the connection between climate and health and what resources they need to engage with the issue. Methods:. We surveyed the members of 2 medical societies—the Association of Academic Physiatrists and the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine—to assess their climate beliefs and attitudes, understanding of climate change’s present and future health harms, the barriers they perceive to engagement with the issue, and the types of resources they would find helpful. Results:. We found that health professionals in the field of rehabilitation medicine understand that climate change impacts human health and think actions should be taken; however, they also perceive barriers to their own involvement in educating the public and policymakers about climate and health and believe there are more urgent health issues in the region where they practice. Conclusion:. Our findings suggest that health professionals in the field of rehabilitation medicine are convinced of the realities of climate change and its relationship to their profession. Further, although many in this field do perceive other health issues to be more urgent in their regions of practice, there are opportunities to provide resources and support to those who are ready to engage directly with climate change and health.
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- 2023
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3. Calling attention to opponents of climate action in climate and health messaging
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John Kotcher, PhD, Kate Luong, PhD, Joel Charles, MD, Rob Gould, PhD, and Edward Maibach, PhD
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Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Summary: Previous research suggests that providing information about the health effects of climate change and the health benefits of climate action can increase public engagement with the issue. We sought to extend those findings with an experiment to test the motivational value of calling attention to opponents of climate action. In February, 2022, we conducted a survey experiment with adults from the USA, quota-sampled to represent the USA population (n=2201). Participants were randomly assigned to a no-message control condition, or one of four message conditions identified as authored by concerned health professionals. These messages warned recipients about the negative effects of climate change on health, and either made no mention of an opponent to climate action, or were messages augmented by identifying one of three opponents: (1) fossil fuel chief executive officers and their lobbyists, (2) politicians, or (3) a combination of the two. Portrayal of opponents to climate action increased attitudinal engagement, support for mitigation policies, and intentions to advocate for climate solutions, compared with message conditions not identifying an opponent—with the combined opponent portrayal tending to result in the largest effects; these effects were evident with audiences across political lines, especially political conservatives. Climate and health messages—with or without portrayal of an opponent—also increased trust in the messengers relative to the no-message control. These findings suggest that identifying opponents to climate action can be advantageous to building support for such action, reducing political issue polarisation, and fostering greater trust in health professionals as climate messengers.
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- 2023
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4. Public health benefits of zero-emission electric power generation in Virginia
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Luis E. Ortiz, Reilly Stiles, Sophia Whitaker, Edward Maibach, James Kinter, Lucas Henneman, Jenna Krall, Paul Bubbosh, and Benjamin Cash
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Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Curbing the worst impacts of global climate change will require rapidly transitioning away from fossil fuel across all sectors of the economy. This transition will also yield substantial co-benefits, as fossil fuel combustion releases harmful pollutants into the air. In this article, we present an analysis of the co-benefits to health and health-care costs related from decarbonization of the power sector, using the Virginia Clean Economy Act (VCEA) as a case study. Using a model that combines a source-response matrix approach to pollutant concentration modelling tied to health impact functions, our analysis shows that, by 2045, the VCEA will save up to 32 lives per year across the state, and avoid up to $355 million per year in health-related costs. Fossil-fuel free generation will also help the most disadvantaged communities, as counties in the highest poverty rate quintile also avoid the most pollutant-related deaths.
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- 2023
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5. Emotional responses to climate change information and their effects on policy support
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Teresa A. Myers, Connie Roser-Renouf, and Edward Maibach
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discrete emotions ,climate change messaging ,climate change policy support ,climate change communication ,environmental communication ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
IntroductionAs emotions are strong predictors of climate policy support, we examined multiple discrete emotions that people experience in reaction to various types of information about climate change: its causes, the scientific consensus, its impacts, and solutions. Specifically, we assessed the relationships between four types of messages and five discrete emotions (guilt, anger, hope, fear, and sadness), testing whether these emotions mediate the impacts of information on support for climate policy.MethodsAn online experiment exposed participants (N = 3,023) to one of four informational messages, assessing participants' emotional reactions to the message and their support for climate change mitigation policies as compared to a no-message control group.ResultsEach message, except the consensus message, enhanced the feeling of one or more emotions, and all of the emotions, except guilt, were positively associated with policy support. Two of the messages had positive indirect effects on policy support: the impacts message increased sadness, which in turn increased policy support, and the solutions message increased hope, which increased policy support. However, the solutions message also reduced every emotion except hope, while the impacts, causes, and consensus messages each suppressed hope.DiscussionThese findings indicate that climate information influences multiple emotions simultaneously and that the aroused emotions may conflict with one another in terms of fostering support for climate change mitigation policies. To avoid simultaneously arousing a positive motivator while depressing another, message designers should focus on developing content that engages audiences across multiple emotional fronts.
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- 2023
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6. What motivates people to defend science: Evidence from the 2017 March for science.
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Eryn Campbell, John Kotcher, Teresa Myers, John Cook, Amanda C Borth, and Edward Maibach
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The 2017 March for Science was an international march organized in response to concerns over the Trump administration's misuse of science that drew unprecedented numbers of supporters as well as attention from the media, celebrities, and political figures. The March's turnout and publicity begs the question: what motivates people to defend science? Using data from a survey of March for Science listserv members in the US, we used a structural equation model to test posited relationships between self- and collective response efficacy, perceived threat, anger, fear, and the intention to engage in advocacy to defend science. We found that each of these constructs were associated with the intention to engage in advocacy, illuminating the motivators that lead to this intention and how individuals may be activated to engage on behalf of science in the future. These insights have both theoretical and practical significance, as advocacy is integral for both supporting and advancing fact-based policy- and decision-making.
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- 2023
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7. Active learning and effective communication to optimize climate change action
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Edward Maibach, Eryn Campbell, Sri Saahitya Uppalapati, and John Kotcher
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Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Published
- 2023
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8. Communication research to improve engagement with climate change and human health: A review
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Eryn Campbell, Sri Saahitya Uppalapati, John Kotcher, and Edward Maibach
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health ,climate change ,air pollution ,fossil fuels ,climate change communication ,climate solutions ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Because of the world's dependence on fossil fuels, climate change and air pollution are profoundly harming both human and planetary health. Fortunately, climate solutions are also health solutions, and they present both local and global opportunities to foster cleaner, healthier, and safer communities. In this review, we briefly discuss the human health harms of climate change, climate and health solutions, and provide a thorough synthesis of social science research on climate and health communication. Through our review, we found that social science research provides an evidence-based foundation for messaging strategies that can build public and political will for climate and health solutions. Specifically, messages that convey the health harms of climate change and highlight the health benefits of climate solutions may be especially effective in building this public and political will. We also found that health professionals are trusted sources of information about climate change, and many have shown interest in engaging with the public and policymakers about the health relevance of climate change and clean energy. Together, the alignment between message strategies and the interest of highly trusted messengers strongly suggests the potential of health students and health professionals to create the conditions necessary to address climate change as a public health imperative. Therefore, our review serves as a resource for those interested in communicating about climate change and health and suggests that social scientists can continue to support practitioners with research and advice on the most effective communication strategies.
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- 2023
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9. Climate Action Failure Highlighted as Leading Global Risk by Both Scientists and Business Leaders
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Seth Wynes, Jennifer Garard, Paola Fajardo, Midori Aoyagi, Melody Burkins, Kalpana Chaudhari, Terrence Forrester, Matthias Garschagen, Paul Hudson, Maria Ivanova, Edward Maibach, Anne‐Sophie Stevance, Sylvia Wood, and Damon Matthews
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global risks ,experts ,climate change ,risk perceptions ,pandemic ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Abstract Despite the increased salience of infectious disease risk due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, two recent surveys of the business and scientific communities have found a continued belief in the prominence of environmental risks. In particular, failure to take action on climate change was seen as a highly likely risk whose impacts would become locked‐in barring an immediate global response. These expert opinions are consistent with a growing body of evidence and give us insight into the priorities of global thought leaders who study and respond to risk. Given this alignment in priorities, we argue for the importance of integrating climate and environmental action into responses to emerging threats.
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- 2022
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10. Review of United States senators’ website position statements on climate change and health
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Caitlin Rublee, MD, MPH, Robert Inglis, MD, and Edward Maibach, PhD, MPH
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Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
Background: Climate change represents a threat to the health of all Americans. We wanted to know if federal representatives are informing their constituents about this risk. Methods: To answer this question, we reviewed the official websites of all 100 United States senators to determine if they made statements about health, climate change, and the health and/or environmental justice relevance of climate change. We also determined their vote on the only climate change-related bill to come to a senator vote during the 116th Congress (S.J. Res 53). Findings: We found 86% of senators’ websites mentioned health, 51% climate change, 21% climate change and health, and 7% environmental justice and health. Among voting senators, 46% voted yes, including 76% of those with websites mentioning climate change, and 100% of those whose websites mentioned an interaction of climate change with health or environmental justice. Interpretation: There is opportunity for senators to improve website messaging on climate change and health.
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- 2022
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11. Predictors of U.S. public support for climate aid to developing countries
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Patrick O Ansah, Eryn Campbell, John Kotcher, Seth A Rosenthal, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach
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global warming ,climate aid ,developing countries ,climate change communication ,public opinion ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
Effectively responding to global warming requires mitigation and adaptation efforts worldwide. Although developed countries have pledged substantial financial support to help developing countries respond to climate change, these pledges have yet to be fulfilled. A majority of American voters support providing aid to developing nations, however, levels of support differ sharply between Democrats and Republicans. To investigate the predictors of support for climate aid among registered voters in the United States and to assess the effect of political party identification, we conducted hierarchical regression and relative weight analysis on a nationally representative sample of U.S. registered voters ( n = 898) surveyed in 2021. Among all voters, the predictors of support for climate aid were: party identification (with more support among Democrats), perceived risk to developing countries, worry about global warming, injunctive beliefs that the U.S. should do more, and global warming belief certainty. Among Democrats, the predictors were: perceived risk to the U.S., worry, injunctive beliefs the U.S. should do more, education, and income. Among Republicans, the predictors were: perceived risk to developing countries, and injunctive beliefs the U.S. should do more. These findings have both theoretical and practical relevance for efforts to build public support for development assistance aimed at reducing climate change.
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- 2023
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12. Health professionals as advocates for climate solutions: A case study from Wisconsin
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Joel Charles, Abby N. Lois, Chirantan Mukhopadhyay, Edward Maibach, and Jonathan A. Patz
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Climate ,Health ,Advocacy ,Organizing ,Policy ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
Health professionals are in a unique position to accelerate the creation of policies to mitigate and adapt to the public health emergency that is the climate crisis. At the forefront of the burgeoning climate and health movement are state and national health professional networks that are educating their colleagues and the lay public about the gravity of this threat and advocating for equitable solutions. Here we present a case of one such group, Wisconsin Health Professionals for Climate Action (WHPCA), highlighting its organizational structure and path to success. We also present a logic map to help understand the primary leverage points for health professional advocacy.
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- 2021
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13. Prescription for healing the climate crisis: Insights on how to activate health professionals to advocate for climate and health solutions
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Kate T. Luong, John Kotcher, Jeni Miller, Eryn Campbell, Elissa Epel, Mona Sarfaty, and Edward Maibach
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Climate and health solutions ,Health professional advocates ,Program development ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Published
- 2021
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14. Advocacy messages about climate and health are more effective when they include information about risks, solutions, and a normative appeal: Evidence from a conjoint experiment
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John Kotcher, Lauren Feldman, Kate T. Luong, James Wyatt, and Edward Maibach
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Climate change ,Climate advocacy ,Risk communication ,Health communication ,Conjoint analysis ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
Previous research has shown that providing information about the health consequences of climate change can increase climate change issue engagement and support for mitigation policies. Here, we extend that research by testing the motivational value of three categories of climate information (termed information categories): health consequences of climate change; health benefits of climate solutions; and calls-to-action intended to motivate people to engage in political advocacy for climate solutions. The use of choice-based conjoint analysis enabled us to determine the effectiveness of each information category, as well the effectiveness of specific types of information within each category. Research participants were adults quota-sampled to represent the U.S. population (n=7,596). We found that each of these categories–consequences, solutions, and a call-to-action–enhanced the overall motivational value of the message, with solution information being the most influential. Of the 360 message combinations tested, the most compelling first described the negative impacts of climate change on air quality, then explained how transitioning to clean energy will benefit people's health, and ended by explaining that most Americans support this solution, and many are taking action to advocate for it. These findings are consistent with a large body of risk communication theory, and provide practical insights to health professionals and others seeking to build public and political will for actions that reduce the health threats posed by climate change.
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- 2021
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15. Views of health professionals on climate change and health: a multinational survey study
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John Kotcher, PhD, Edward Maibach, PhD, Jeni Miller, PhD, Eryn Campbell, MS, Lujain Alqodmani, MD, Marina Maiero, and Arthur Wyns
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Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Summary: Climate change arguably represents one of the greatest global health threats of our time. Health professionals can advocate for global efforts to reduce emissions and protect people from climate change; however, evidence of their willingness to do so remains scarce. In this Viewpoint, we report findings from a large, multinational survey of health professionals (n=4654) that examined their views of climate change as a human health issue. Consistent with previous research, participants in this survey largely understood that climate change is happening and is caused by humans, viewed climate change as an important and growing cause of health harm in their country, and felt a responsibility to educate the public and policymakers about the problem. Despite their high levels of commitment to engaging in education and advocacy on the issue, many survey participants indicated that a range of personal, professional, and societal barriers impede them from doing so, with time constraints being the most widely reported barrier. However, participants say various resources—continuing professional education, communication training, patient education materials, policy statements, action alerts, and guidance on how to make health-care workplaces sustainable—can help to address those barriers. We offer recommendations on how to strengthen and support health professional education and advocacy activities to address the human health challenges of climate change.
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- 2021
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16. Health professional's willingness to advocate for strengthening global commitments to the Paris climate agreement: Findings from a multi-nation survey
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Hye-ryeon Lee, Ian Pagano, Amanda Borth, Eryn Campbell, Benjamin Hubbert, John Kotcher, and Edward Maibach
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Climate change ,Climate advocacy ,Health professionals ,Health communication ,Paris agreement ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
Health professionals have the potential to address the health threats posed by climate change in many ways. This study sought to understand the factors that influence health professionals’ willingness to engage in climate advocacy. We hypothesized and tested a model with six antecedent factors predicting willingness to engage in advocacy for strengthening global commitments to the Paris Agreement. Using survey data from members of health professional associations in 12 nations (n = 3,977), we tested the hypothesized relationships with structural equation modeling. All of the hypothesized relationships were confirmed. Specifically, higher rates of perceived expert consensus about human-caused climate change predicted greater climate change belief certainty and belief in human causation. In turn, all three of these factors, including higher levels of perceived health harms from climate change, positively predicted affective involvement with the issue. Affective involvement positively predicted the feeling that health professionals have a responsibility to deal with climate change. Lastly, this sense that climate advocacy is a responsibility of health professionals strongly predicted willingness to advocate. As a unique study of predictors of health professionals’ willingness to advocate for climate change, our findings provide unique insight into how an influential set of trusted voices might be activated to address what is arguably the world's most pressing public health threat. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are presented, and implications for message development are discussed.
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- 2021
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17. Fossil fuels are harming our brains: identifying key messages about the health effects of air pollution from fossil fuels
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John Kotcher, Edward Maibach, and Wen-Tsing Choi
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Air pollution ,Environmental health ,Public engagement ,Fossil fuels ,Health communication ,Health education ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Previous research suggests that providing generalized information about the health implications of air pollution from fossil fuels may be effective at promoting public support for a transition to cleaner sources of energy. We sought to extend that work by identifying the specific messages about the health implications of air pollution from fossil fuels that are most and least concerning to people, and whether rankings of concern vary among different audiences. We also hypothesized that reading the statements would influence people’s attitudes and behavioral intentions in a manner supportive of a transition to cleaner sources of energy. Methods We conducted a survey with a diverse sample of U.S. adults (n = 1644) from a non-probability internet panel. Using maximum difference scaling, participants ranked a set of ten statements that revealed which statements were the most and least concerning to them. We also measured attitudes about air pollution and energy use before and after the ranking exercise to assess changes in opinion caused by cumulative exposure to the messages. Results Across all sub-groups examined, participants were most concerned by a message about the neurological impacts of air pollution on babies and children. After the ranking exercise, participants expressed increases in perceived health harm of air pollution and fossil fuels, a desire for more clean energy, and intention to engage in consumer advocacy to support clean energy. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess how people respond to information about the neurological health harms of air pollution from fossil fuels. While efforts to communicate the cardio-pulmonary health harms of air pollution are well established, our study suggests that efforts should now be organized to communicate the neurological effects of air pollution from fossil fuels, especially the neuro-developmental effects on babies and children.
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- 2019
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18. Health professionals, the Paris agreement, and the fierce urgency of now
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Edward Maibach, Jeni Miller, Fiona Armstrong, Omnia El Omrani, Ying Zhang, Nicky Philpott, Sue Atkinson, Linda Rudoph, Josh Karliner, Jennifer Wang, Claudel Pétrin-Desrosiers, Anne Stauffer, and Génon K. Jensen
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Climate change ,Human health ,Paris Agreement ,Advocacy ,Global health ,Planetary health ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
A stable climate is the most fundamental determinant of human health. Therefore, the goal of the Paris Agreement—limiting global warming to no more than 2 degrees Celsius—is arguably humanity's most important public health goal. To accomplish this goal, nearly all nations must greatly increase the ambition of their Nationally Determined Contributions at the upcoming United Nations COP26 meeting in 2021. We argue that health professionals and health organizations can and must join the growing global community of science-based advocates working to achieve the goal of the Paris Agreement. Doing so can be our greatest contribution to the health and wellbeing of all people, especially the world's most vulnerable, marginalized and disempowered people who tend to be harmed first and worst.
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- 2021
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19. Predicting the importance of global warming as a voting issue among registered voters in the United States
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Eryn Campbell, John Kotcher, Edward Maibach, Seth A. Rosenthal, and Anthony Leiserowitz
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Global warming ,Climate change communication ,Voting behaviors ,Voting issue importance ,Most important issue ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Limiting climate change requires effective policy solutions. In democratic societies, voting for candidates who support climate policy solutions is arguably the most important action citizens can take. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of global warming as a voting issue is crucial for building public and political will for climate solutions. Using data from two nationally representative surveys conducted in November 2019 and April 2020, this exploratory study investigated the influences of cognitive, experiential, socio-cultural, and sociodemographic factors on two measures of perceived importance of global warming as a voting issue: absolute importance (i.e., how important is it?) and relative importance (i.e., is it the most important issue?). As expected, in both surveys, Democrats were more likely than Republicans to perceive global warming as an important voting issue. The perceived importance of global warming as a voting issue was also positively associated with certainty in belief that global warming is happening, perceived risk, worry, positive social norms, and discussing global warming with family and friends; in April 2020, it was also negatively associated with exposure to conservative media (The Fox News Channel). In both surveys, discussing global warming with family and friends was positively associated with considering global warming to be the most important voting issue, whereas perceived personal experience and worry were significant predictors in only one survey. These results suggest that global warming's importance as a voting issue is influenced by a range of individual, social, and media influences, and that the predictors of the issue's absolute importance to voters overlap only partially with the predictors of its relative importance.
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- 2021
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20. Change in US state-level public opinion about climate change: 2008–2020
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Jennifer R Marlon, Xinran Wang, Parrish Bergquist, Peter D Howe, Anthony Leiserowitz, Edward Maibach, Matto Mildenberger, and Seth Rosenthal
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US ,state-level public opinion ,climate change ,risk perceptions ,climate policy ,multilevel regression and poststratification ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Public attitudes toward climate change influence climate and energy policies and guide individual mitigation and adaptation behaviors. Over the last decade, as scientific certainty about the causes and impacts of, and solutions to the climate crisis has increased, cities, states, and regions in the United States have pursued diverse policy strategies. Yet, our understanding of how Americans’ climate views are changing remains largely limited to national trends. Here we use a large US survey dataset ( $N = 27\,075$ ) to estimate dynamic, state-level changes in 16 climate change beliefs, risk perceptions, and policy preferences over 13 years (2008–2020). We find increases in global warming issue importance and perceived harm in every state. Policy support, however, increased in more liberal states like California and New York, but remained stable elsewhere. Year-by-year estimates of state-level climate opinions can be used to support sub-national mitigation and adaptation efforts that depend on public support and engagement.
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- 2022
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21. Does ‘When’ really feel more certain than ‘If’? Two failures to replicate Ballard and Lewandowsky (2015)
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David Sleeth-Keppler, Stephan Lewandowsky, Timothy Ballard, Teresa A. Myers, Connie Roser-Renouf, and Edward Maibach
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climate change ,communication ,uncertainty ,replication ,Science - Abstract
We report on two independent failures to conceptually replicate findings by Ballard & Lewandowsky (Ballard and Lewandowsky 2015 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 20140464 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0464)), who showed that certainty in, and concern about, projected public health issues (e.g. impacts of climate change) depend on how uncertain information is presented. Specifically, compared to a projected range of outcomes (e.g. a global rise in temperature between 1.6°C and 2.4°C) by a certain point in time (the year 2065), Ballard & Lewandowsky (Ballard and Lewandowsky 2015 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 20140464 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0464)) showed that focusing people on a certain outcome (a global rise in temperature of at least 2°C) by an uncertain time-frame (the years 2054–2083) increases certainty in the outcome, and concern about its implications. Based on two new studies that showed a null effect between the two presentation formats, however, we recommend treating the projection statements featured in these studies as equivalent, and we encourage investigators to find alternative ways to improve on existing formats to communicate uncertain information about future events.
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- 2019
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22. How Hope and Doubt Affect Climate Change Mobilization
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Jennifer R. Marlon, Brittany Bloodhart, Matthew T. Ballew, Justin Rolfe-Redding, Connie Roser-Renouf, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach
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climate change ,hope ,fear ,doubt ,activism ,politics ,Communication. Mass media ,P87-96 - Abstract
The severe threats posed by anthropogenic climate change make hope and a sense of efficacy key ingredients in effective climate communication. Yet little is known about what makes individuals hopeful–or in contrast, doubtful–that humanity can reduce the problem, or how hope relates to activism. This study uses mixed-methods with two national surveys to (1) identify what makes people hopeful or doubtful that humanity will address the problem (Study 1, N = 674), and (2) whether hopeful and doubtful appraisals are related to activism or policy support (Study 2, N = 1,310). In Study 1, responses to open-ended questions reveal a lack of hope among the public. For those with hope, the most common reason relates to social phenomena–seeing others act or believing that collective awareness is rising (“constructive hope”). Hope for some, however, stems from the belief that God or nature will solve the problem without the need for human intervention (which we call “false hope”). The most prevalent doubts are low prioritization, greed, and intergroup conflict (i.e., the need for cooperation at various scales to successfully address the issue). We identified both “constructive” and “fatalistic” doubts. Constructive doubts are concerns that humanity won't address the problem effectively, while fatalistic doubts are beliefs that we can't address the problem even if we wanted to because it is in the hands of God or Mother Nature. In study 2, we used these emergent hope and doubt appraisals to develop survey measures. Regression analyses suggest that constructive hope and doubt predict increased policy support and political engagement, whereas false hope and fatalistic doubt predict the opposite. An interaction exists between constructive hope and doubt in predicting political behavioral intentions, which suggests that having hope that humans will reduce climate change, along with recognition that humans are not doing enough may also be constructive and motivate political action. Climate change communicators might consider focusing on constructive hope (e.g., human progress, the rise of clean energy), coupled with elements of constructive doubt (e.g., the reality of the threat, the need for more action), to mobilize action on climate change.
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- 2019
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23. Exposure to the Pope's Climate Change Message Activated Convinced Americans to Take Certain Activism Actions
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Teresa A. Myers, Connie Roser‐Renouf, Edward Maibach, and Anthony Leiserowitz
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attitude‐behavior consistency ,climate change ,leadership ,Pope Francis ,Technology ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Many people who are concerned about the issue of climate change do not engage in the collective action behaviors that are most likely to lead to societal‐scale solutions. Such attitude‐behavior inconsistency is a well‐documented phenomenon. This study investigates whether exposure to an effectively framed message from a highly credible source can increase the consistency between attitudes and activism behaviors among people with pre‐existing strong attitudes, particularly for behaviors that are less difficult. The release of Pope Francis' climate change encyclical, Laudato Sí, and subsequent visit to the United States provide an opportunity to test this research question in a natural field setting. A nationally representative, within‐subject panel survey was conducted two months prior to the release of the encyclical and again four months later, after the release and papal visit, to assess the impact of the Pope's message on Americans' climate change consumer and political advocacy behaviors. Among people who are already concerned about climate change, higher exposure to the Pope's climate change message is associated with increases in attitude‐behavior consistency for less difficult activism behaviors. The findings suggest that sustained exposure to compelling climate messages from trusted sources can increase the performance of activism behaviors.
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- 2017
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24. Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change
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Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Seth Rosenthal, and Edward Maibach
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climate change ,inoculation ,motivated cognition ,scientific consensus ,Technology ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Effectively addressing climate change requires significant changes in individual and collective human behavior and decision‐making. Yet, in light of the increasing politicization of (climate) science, and the attempts of vested‐interest groups to undermine the scientific consensus on climate change through organized “disinformation campaigns,” identifying ways to effectively engage with the public about the issue across the political spectrum has proven difficult. A growing body of research suggests that one promising way to counteract the politicization of science is to convey the high level of normative agreement (“consensus”) among experts about the reality of human‐caused climate change. Yet, much prior research examining public opinion dynamics in the context of climate change has done so under conditions with limited external validity. Moreover, no research to date has examined how to protect the public from the spread of influential misinformation about climate change. The current research bridges this divide by exploring how people evaluate and process consensus cues in a polarized information environment. Furthermore, evidence is provided that it is possible to pre‐emptively protect (“inoculate”) public attitudes about climate change against real‐world misinformation.
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- 2017
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25. Simple messages help set the record straight about scientific agreement on human-caused climate change: the results of two experiments.
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Teresa A Myers, Edward Maibach, Ellen Peters, and Anthony Leiserowitz
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Human-caused climate change is happening; nearly all climate scientists are convinced of this basic fact according to surveys of experts and reviews of the peer-reviewed literature. Yet, among the American public, there is widespread misunderstanding of this scientific consensus. In this paper, we report results from two experiments, conducted with national samples of American adults, that tested messages designed to convey the high level of agreement in the climate science community about human-caused climate change. The first experiment tested hypotheses about providing numeric versus non-numeric assertions concerning the level of scientific agreement. We found that numeric statements resulted in higher estimates of the scientific agreement. The second experiment tested the effect of eliciting respondents' estimates of scientific agreement prior to presenting them with a statement about the level of scientific agreement. Participants who estimated the level of agreement prior to being shown the corrective statement gave higher estimates of the scientific consensus than respondents who were not asked to estimate in advance, indicating that incorporating an "estimation and reveal" technique into public communication about scientific consensus may be effective. The interaction of messages with political ideology was also tested, and demonstrated that messages were approximately equally effective among liberals and conservatives. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Local Climate Experts: The Influence of Local TV Weather Information on Climate Change Perceptions.
- Author
-
Brittany Bloodhart, Edward Maibach, Teresa Myers, and Xiaoquan Zhao
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Individuals who identify changes in their local climate are also more likely to report that they have personally experienced global climate change. One way that people may come to recognize that their local climate is changing is through information provided by local TV weather forecasters. Using random digit dialing, 2,000 adult local TV news viewers in Virginia were surveyed to determine whether routine exposure to local TV weather forecasts influences their perceptions of extreme weather in Virginia, and their perceptions about climate change more generally. Results indicate that paying attention to TV weather forecasts is associated with beliefs that extreme weather is becoming more frequent in Virginia, which in turn is associated with stronger beliefs and concerns about climate change. These associations were strongest for individuals who trust their local TV weathercaster as a source of information about climate change, and for those who identify as politically conservative or moderate. The findings add support to the literature suggesting that TV weathercasters can play an important role in educating the public about climate change.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. What is the best approach to reducing birth defects associated with isotretinoin?
- Author
-
Lorien Abroms, Edward Maibach, Katherine Lyon-Daniel, and Steven R Feldman
- Subjects
Medicine - Abstract
BACKGROUND TO THE DEBATE: Isotretinoin is an effective treatment for severe acne, a condition which can be physically, emotionally, and socially disabling. Because the drug is teratogenic, causing severe birth defects, women taking the drug are directed to avoid pregnancy. In the United States, a series of risk reduction programs have been implemented that aim to prevent pregnant women from taking the drug and to prevent women taking it from getting pregnant. The most recent, and most stringent, is an Internet-based, performance-linked system called iPLEDGE, which tries to ensure that the drug is dispensed only when there is documentary proof that the patient is not pregnant and is using two forms of birth control. Is iPLEDGE the best way to reduce isotretinoin birth defects, or is it an unproven and overly burdensome system?
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Learning to treat the climate emergency together: social tipping interventions by the health community
- Author
-
Courtney Howard, Andrea J MacNeill, Fintan Hughes, Lujain Alqodmani, Kate Charlesworth, Roberto de Almeida, Roger Harris, Bruno Jochum, Edward Maibach, Lwando Maki, Forbes McGain, Jeni Miller, Monica Nirmala, David Pencheon, Scott Robertson, Jodi D Sherman, Joe Vipond, Hao Yin, and Hugh Montgomery
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Medicine (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2023
29. Do Hostile Media Perceptions Lead to Action? The Role of Hostile Media Perceptions, Political Efficacy, and Ideology in Predicting Climate Change Activism.
- Author
-
Lauren Feldman, P. Sol Hart, Anthony Leiserowitz, Edward Maibach, and Connie Roser-Renouf
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Advocacy to support climate and health policies: recommended actions for the Society of Behavioral Medicine
- Author
-
Andrea S Mendoza-Vasconez, Elizabeth McLaughlin, James F Sallis, Edward Maibach, Elissa Epel, Gary Bennett, Leticia Nogueira, Julian Thayer, and William H Dietz
- Subjects
behavior change ,advocacy ,The Impact of Climate Change on Health and Behavior ,Health Policy ,Prevention ,Clinical Sciences ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,Advocacy ,Environment ,sustainability ,Behavioral Medicine ,Quality Education ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,climate change ,Policy ,Behavior change ,Sustainability ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Humans ,Climate change ,Societies ,environment ,Applied Psychology ,policy - Abstract
Climate change poses serious threats to public health and is exacerbating health inequities. Policy changes are essential to mitigate climate change impacts on human and planetary health. The purpose was to describe recommendations by the Policy and Advocacy Subgroup of the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) Climate Change, Behavior Change and Health Presidential Working Group (PWG). The Policy and Advocacy subgroup was comprised of experts in public health, climate policy, and health behavior change, who worked together to identify priorities and develop recommendations. We worked under the premise that building political will for climate policy action is the most urgent goal, and we recommended promotion of citizen advocacy for this purpose. Because citizen advocacy is a set of behaviors, SBM members can use behavioral science to identify and scale up interventions, working collaboratively with communities targeted for marginalization. Recommendations for SBM included establishing an organizational home for climate and health work, providing training and resources, engaging in climate advocacy as an organization, and networking with other organizations. Recommendations for a proposed SBM Climate and Health Committee, Council, or Special Interest Group included developing trainings and resources, seeking opportunities for networking and collaborations, and identifying a research agenda. Individual behavior changes are insufficient to address climate change; policy actions are needed. SBM and similar organizations can support their members to work in developing, evaluating, and scaling up advocacy interventions for action on climate policy to magnify the power of the health and medical sectors to protect planetary and human health.
- Published
- 2022
31. Exposure to Scientific Consensus Does Not Cause Psychological Reactance
- Author
-
Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Edward Maibach, van der Linden, Sander [0000-0002-0269-1744], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
13 Climate Action ,Motivated reasoning ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Reactance ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Politics ,Reading (process) ,Scientific consensus ,47 Language, Communication and Culture ,Identification (psychology) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,4701 Communication and Media Studies ,media_common - Abstract
In a recent article, Ma, Dixon, and Hmielowski (2019. Psychological Reactance from Reading Basic Facts on Climate Change: The Role of Prior Views and Political Identification. Environmental Communi...
- Published
- 2023
32. The potential role of descriptive and dynamic norms in promoting climate change advocacy
- Author
-
Eryn Campbell, John E Kotcher, Teresa Myers, Sammi Munson, Amanda C Borth, Seth A Rosenthal, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach
- Abstract
Political advocacy is arguably the most powerful form of action that citizens concerned about climate change can take. One motivator for political advocacy is the perception that there is a social norm (i.e. inherently understood social rules and standards that serve to guide social behaviors) for doing so. Using nationally representative survey data (N = 1303), we examined the association of three types of social norms—descriptive norms (i.e. perceptions about how many other people perform a behavior), retrospective and prospective dynamic norms (i.e. perceptions that a behavior has become more or less common in the past or will in the future)—with intentions to engage in political advocacy in the upcoming year and past advocacy. We found that descriptive norms and prospective dynamic norms were positively related to advocacy intentions, while only prospective dynamic norms were positively related to past advocacy (retrospective dynamic norms were negatively related to both outcomes, contrary to our theorized direction). Furthermore, we examined whether the relationship between norms and intentions/behaviors differed based on political party identification and four potential mediators of this relationship: identification with climate activists; collective efficacy (i.e. the belief that people can engage in climate advocacy and that it will make a difference); collective response efficacy (i.e. beliefs about the results of advocacy); and injunctive norms (i.e. perceptions of others’ approval of advocacy). In the moderated mediation models, we found that party identification moderated the relationships between descriptive norms and prospective dynamic norms and advocacy intention, while retrospective dynamic norms were not related as theorized. These relationships were mediated by identification with climate activists and collective efficacy as well as by injunctive norms in the case of descriptive norms. Party identification also moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and past advocacy; this relationship was mediated by identification with climate activists and injunctive norms. Taken together, these findings underscore the potential importance of perceived descriptive norms and prospective dynamic norms on political advocacy to address climate change, extending both well-established and emerging research and providing insights useful for academics and practitioners alike.
- Published
- 2023
33. Global Warming’s Six Americas: a review and recommendations for climate change communication
- Author
-
Anthony Leiserowitz, Connie Roser-Renouf, Jennifer R. Marlon, and Edward Maibach
- Subjects
Government ,business.industry ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Global warming ,Climate change ,Public relations ,Making-of ,050105 experimental psychology ,Communication theory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Identification (information) ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Strategic communication ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Strategic communication requires the identification and understanding of target audiences for tailored communication. The Global Warming’s Six Americas analysis segments the U.S. public into six distinct, but internally consistent audiences, who each respond differently to the issue of climate change. The segments include the Alarmed, Concerned, Cautious, Disengaged, Doubtful, and Dismissive. The framework was first developed in 2008 and has been tracked twice a year using nationally representative surveys for over a decade. This research has helped advance communication theory and practice and the Six Americas framework has informed the decision making of stakeholders ranging from scientists to government officials, journalists, educators, and advocates. The framework has also been extended to assess specialized audiences (e.g. broadcast meteorologists) and other countries (e.g. India, Australia, and Germany). Future research should further develop and investigate the Six Americas within the United States, while also developing tailored segmentations and related tools for other countries.
- Published
- 2021
34. Are Journalists Reporting on the Highest-Impact Climate Solutions? Findings from a Survey of Environmental Journalists
- Author
-
Eryn Campbell, Amanda C. Borth, Shaelyn M. Patzer, Edward Maibach, Sammi Munson, and William Yagatich
- Subjects
business.industry ,Communication ,Political science ,Quantitative content analysis ,Climate change ,Environmental journalism ,Public relations ,business - Abstract
While the most promising climate change solutions have yet to be widely implemented, journalists are well-positioned to ensure that solutions are on the public's agenda. Here, we investigate the cl...
- Published
- 2021
35. Engaging diverse audiences with climate change
- Author
-
Connie Roser-Renouf, Justin Rolfe-Redding, Neil Stenhouse, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach
- Published
- 2022
36. Communication research to improve public engagement with climate change and human health
- Author
-
Eryn Campbell, Sri Saahitya Uppalapati, John Kotcher, and Edward Maibach
- Abstract
Because of the world’s dependence on fossil fuels, climate change and air pollution are profoundly harming both human and planetary health. Fortunately, climate solutions are also health solutions, and they present both local and global opportunities to foster cleaner, healthier, and safer communities. Social science research provides an evidence-based foundation for messaging strategies that can build public and political will for climate and health solutions. Specifically, messages that convey the health harms of climate change and highlight the health benefits of climate solutions may be especially effective in building this public and political will. Further, health professionals are trusted sources of information about climate change, and many have shown interest in educating the public and policymakers about the health relevance of climate change and clean energy. The alignment between promising message strategies and the interest of highly trusted messengers strongly suggests the potential of health students and health professionals to create the conditions necessary to address climate change as a public health imperative. Social scientists can support them with research and advice on the most effective communication strategies.
- Published
- 2022
37. Views of health professionals on climate change and health: a multinational survey study
- Author
-
Jeni Miller, Marina Maiero, John Kotcher, Lujain Alqodmani, Arthur Wyns, Eryn Campbell, and Edward Maibach
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Climate Change ,education ,MEDLINE ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Global Health ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Viewpoint ,Political science ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Global health ,Humans ,GE1-350 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Communication ,Professional development ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public relations ,Environmental sciences ,Harm ,Action (philosophy) ,Multinational corporation ,sense organs ,business ,Patient education - Abstract
Summary: Climate change arguably represents one of the greatest global health threats of our time. Health professionals can advocate for global efforts to reduce emissions and protect people from climate change; however, evidence of their willingness to do so remains scarce. In this Viewpoint, we report findings from a large, multinational survey of health professionals (n=4654) that examined their views of climate change as a human health issue. Consistent with previous research, participants in this survey largely understood that climate change is happening and is caused by humans, viewed climate change as an important and growing cause of health harm in their country, and felt a responsibility to educate the public and policymakers about the problem. Despite their high levels of commitment to engaging in education and advocacy on the issue, many survey participants indicated that a range of personal, professional, and societal barriers impede them from doing so, with time constraints being the most widely reported barrier. However, participants say various resources—continuing professional education, communication training, patient education materials, policy statements, action alerts, and guidance on how to make health-care workplaces sustainable—can help to address those barriers. We offer recommendations on how to strengthen and support health professional education and advocacy activities to address the human health challenges of climate change.
- Published
- 2021
38. Health Professionals and the Climate Crisis: Trusted Voices, Essential Roles
- Author
-
Edward Maibach, Howard Frumkin, and Samantha Ahdoot
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Health professionals ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Political science ,Public health ,Global health ,medicine ,Public policy ,Climate change ,Public relations ,business - Published
- 2021
39. Local Communication, Local Understanding: Effectiveness of Climate Reporting by TV Weathercasters
- Author
-
Irina Feygina, Teresa Myers, Bernadette Placky, Sean Sublette, Tammie Souza, John Toohey-Morales, and Edward Maibach
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science - Published
- 2020
40. Impact of the Climate Matters Program on Public Understanding of Climate Change
- Author
-
Michael D. Slater, Keith Seitter, Bernadette Woods Placky, Edward Maibach, Kimberly L. Henry, and Teresa A. Myers
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Atmospheric Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Political science ,Climate change ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental planning ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Climate Matters is a localized climate change reporting resources program developed to support television (TV) weathercasters across the United States. Developed as a pilot test in one media market in 2010, it launched nationwide in 2013; in the autumn of 2019 more than 797 weathercasters were participating in the program. In this paper we present evidence of the impact of the Climate Matters program on Americans’ science-based understanding of climate change. We analyzed three sets of data in a multilevel model: 20 nationally representative surveys of American adults conducted biannually since 2010 (n = 23 635), data on when and how frequently Climate Matters stories were aired in each U.S. media market, and data describing the demographic, economic, and climatic conditions in each media market. We hypothesized that 1) reporting about climate change by TV weathercasters will increase science-based public understanding of climate change and 2) this effect will be stronger for people who pay more attention to local weather forecasts. Our results partially support the first hypothesis: controlling for market-level factors (population size, temperature, political ideology, and economic prosperity) and individual-level factors (age, education, income, gender, and political ideology), there is a significant positive association between the amount of Climate Matters reporting and some key indicators of science-based understanding (including that climate change is occurring, is primarily human caused, and causes harm). However, there was no evidence for the second hypothesis. These findings suggest that climate reporting by TV weathercasters, as enabled by the Climate Matters program, may be increasing the climate literacy of the American people.
- Published
- 2020
41. Improving public understanding of climate change by supporting weathercasters
- Author
-
Edward Maibach, Heidi Cullen, Bernadette Placky, Joe Witte, and Jim Gandy
- Subjects
Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2022
42. Localized Climate Reporting by TV Weathercasters Enhances Public Understanding of Climate Change as a Local Problem: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Experiment
- Author
-
Irina Feygina, Edward Maibach, Teresa A. Myers, Tammie Souza, Bernadette Woods Placky, John Toohey-Morales, and Sean Sublette
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Political science ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Controlled experiment ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental planning ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A rapidly growing number of TV weathercasters are reporting on the local implications of climate change, although little is known about the effectiveness of such communication. To test the impact of localized climate reporting, we conducted an internet-based randomized controlled experiment in which local TV news viewers (n = 1,200) from two American cities (Chicago and Miami) watched either three localized climate reports or three standard weather reports featuring a prominent TV weathercaster from their city; each of the videos was between 1 and 2 min in duration. Participants’ understanding of climate change as real, human-caused, and locally relevant was assessed with a battery of questions after watching the set of three videos. Compared to participants who watched weather reports, participants who watched climate reports became significantly more likely to 1) understand that climate change is happening, is human-caused, and is causing harm in their community; 2) feel that climate change is personally relevant and express greater concern about it; and 3) feel that they understand how climate change works and express greater interest in learning more about it. In short, our findings demonstrate that watching even a brief amount of localized climate reporting (less than 6 min) delivered by TV weathercasters helps viewers develop a more accurate understanding of global climate change as a locally and personally relevant problem, and offer strong support for this promising approach to promoting enhanced public understanding of climate change through public media.
- Published
- 2020
43. Broadcast Meteorologists’ Views on Climate Change: A State-of-the-Community Review
- Author
-
Kristin Timm, Teresa A. Myers, David R. Perkins, and Edward Maibach
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Public relations ,01 natural sciences ,Work (electrical) ,Intersection ,State (polity) ,Sociology ,business ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common - Abstract
Broadcast meteorologists—highly skilled professionals who work at the intersection between climate scientists and the public—have considerable opportunity to educate their viewers about the local impacts of global climate change. Prior research has shown that, within the broadcast meteorology community, views of climate change have evolved rapidly over the past decade. Here, using data from three census surveys of U.S. broadcast meteorologists conducted annually between 2015 and 2017, is a comprehensive analysis of broadcast meteorologists’ views about climate change. Specifically, this research describes weathercasters’ beliefs about climate change and certainty in those beliefs, perceived causes of climate change, perceived scientific consensus and interest in learning more about climate change, belief that climate change is occurring (and the certainty of that belief), belief that climate change is human caused, perceptions of any local impacts of climate change, and perceptions of the solvability of climate change. Today’s weathercaster community appears to be sharing the same viewpoints and outlooks as most climate scientists—in particular, that climate change is already affecting the United States and that present-day trends are largely a result of human activity.
- Published
- 2020
44. Climate Change Reporting by Broadcast Meteorologists
- Author
-
Teresa A. Myers, Edward Maibach, Kristin Timm, Bernadette Woods Placky, and David R. Perkins
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Geography ,Meteorology ,Climate change - Published
- 2020
45. Reporting on Climate Change by Broadcast Meteorologists: A National Assessment
- Author
-
Kristin Timm, Edward Maibach, Bernadette Woods Placky, David R. Perkins, and Teresa A. Myers
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Global warming ,Environmental resource management ,Climate change ,050801 communication & media studies ,01 natural sciences ,0508 media and communications ,Geography ,Situated ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Television weathercasters are uniquely situated to inform their audiences about the local impacts of global climate change and a growing number of them are adopting the role of climate change educator. We surveyed all American broadcast meteorology professionals in 2015 (N = 2,059; response rate = 22.6%), 2016 (N = 2017; response rate = 31.2%), and 2017 (N = 2,177; response rate = 22.1%) to assess weathercasters’ interest in reporting about climate change; if, where, and how they report about climate change; and the reactions they get from their audiences when they do. Many participating weathercasters indicated that they were moderately or very interested in reporting about climate change, especially using local historical climate information (56%). Just over half of the weathercasters (57.9%) had used one or more communication mode to inform their viewers, or other people in their community, about the local impacts of climate change in the prior year. The most commonly used modes were social media (42.7%), school visits (36.3%), community events (33.1%), and on-air broadcasts (31.3%). Most weathercasters who had reported about climate change on air indicated they received either positive viewer feedback or little feedback (61.9%); conversely, weathercasters who had not reported about climate change expected to receive mostly negative feedback (44.2%). In sum, this analysis suggests that large numbers of weathercasters have adopted the role of climate change educator in their communities; they use a range of communication modes to share climate change information with their audiences and receive mostly positive feedback from their audiences when they do.
- Published
- 2020
46. The Prevalence and Rationale for Presenting an Opposing Viewpoint in Climate Change Reporting: Findings from a U.S. National Survey of TV Weathercasters
- Author
-
Kristin Timm, Maxwell T. Boykoff, Teresa A. Myers, Melissa A. Broeckelman-Post, and Edward Maibach
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,Weight of evidence ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,05 social sciences ,Climate change ,050801 communication & media studies ,01 natural sciences ,0508 media and communications ,Political science ,Norm (social) ,Social psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The journalistic norm of balance has been described as the practice of giving equal weight to different sides of a story; false balance is balanced reporting when the weight of evidence strongly favors one side over others—for example, the reality of human-caused climate change. False balance is problematic because it skews public perception of expert agreement. Through formative interviews and a survey of American weathercasters about climate change reporting, we found that objectivity and balance—topics that have frequently been studied with environmental journalists—are also relevant to understanding climate change reporting among weathercasters. Questions about the practice of and reasons for presenting an opposing viewpoint when reporting on climate change were included in a 2017 census survey of weathercasters working in the United States (N = 480; response rate = 22%). When reporting on climate change, 35% of weathercasters present an opposing viewpoint “always” or “most of the time.” Their rationale for reporting opposing viewpoints included the journalistic norms of objectivity and balanced reporting (53%), their perceived uncertainty of climate science (21%), to acknowledge differences of opinion (17%), to maintain credibility (14%), and to strengthen the story (7%). These findings show that climate change reporting from weathercasters sometimes includes opposing viewpoints, and possibly a false balance, but further research is necessary. Moreover, prior research has shown that the climate reporting practices among weathercasters are evolving rapidly and so the problem of false-balance reporting may already be self-correcting.
- Published
- 2020
47. The development of partisan polarization over the Green New Deal
- Author
-
Matthew H. Goldberg, Abel Gustafson, Seth A. Rosenthal, Edward Maibach, Parrish Bergquist, John Kotcher, Matthew T. Ballew, and Anthony Leiserowitz
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Polarization (politics) ,Opposition (politics) ,Survey research ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Climate policy ,Natural field ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Green New Deal ,Political science ,Political economy ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Public awareness - Abstract
In early 2019, a US climate change and economic renewal policy proposal called the Green New Deal (GND)1 rose from obscurity to national prominence in just four months. This situation created a natural field experiment in which to study the emergence of partisan polarization. Here, we report findings from two nationally representative surveys of registered US voters that measured familiarity with and support for the GND shortly before and after the issue entered the national spotlight. Initially, there was low public awareness of the GND but majority support for it across party lines. Four months later, voters had become much more familiar with the GND and partisan polarization had increased significantly due to a sharp decrease in support among Republicans. In fact, Republicans who had heard the most about the GND were the least likely to support it. In contrast, support for the GND remained high among Democrats, and did not vary substantially across degrees of familiarity. We also identify a likely mechanism: a ‘Fox News effect’. That is, among Republicans, Fox News viewing was a significant predictor of both familiarity with the GND and opposition to it, even when controlling for alternative explanations. Opinions on climate policy in the United States are politically polarized. Here, survey research shows that opinion polarization on the Green New Deal developed rapidly due to decreasing support among Republicans, which was associated with exposure to conservative media and increasing familiarity with the policy.
- Published
- 2019
48. Patients value climate change counseling provided by their pediatrician: The experience in one Wisconsin pediatric clinic
- Author
-
Edward Maibach, Perry E. Sheffield, Samantha Ahdoot, and Andrew A Lewandowski
- Subjects
Value (ethics) ,Response rate (survey) ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatric practice ,Climate change ,Pediatric clinic ,Child health ,Effects of global warming ,Meteorology. Climatology ,Educational strategy ,medicine ,sense organs ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,QC851-999 ,Psychology - Abstract
In 2015, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended that the health effects of climate change be incorporated into the existing anticipatory guidance framework. Despite this recommendation, there are only anecdotal accounts of pediatricians offering climate change counseling, and no literature evaluates such counseling effectiveness in any outpatient setting. This investigation describes patient and family responses to climate change counseling administered by one pediatrician in a Wisconsin clinic. A standardized message about the effects of climate change on children's health was delivered during 262 well-child encounters (234 unique families) over a 3 month period. Electronic surveys were administered (response rate of 59% (138/234)) to evaluate knowledge gained as a result of the counseling, intentions of respondents to change their energy use behaviors, and degree of support for clean energy initiatives. Self-described political ideology and general responses to the counseling were also collected. Large majorities of liberal, moderate and conservative families responded positively to the guidance. Although limited to the patients of one pediatrician in a single pediatric practice, our findings bolster the AAP recommendation that counseling about climate change as a child health issue in the outpatient setting is an important and potentially effective educational strategy.
- Published
- 2021
49. Do Climate Change Consensus Messages Cause Reactance? A Comment on Chinn and Hart (2021)
- Author
-
Kerr, Matthew H. Goldberg, John Cook, Rakoen Maertens, Edward Maibach, Anthony Leiserowitz, Linden Svd, and Stephan Lewandowsky
- Subjects
Reactance ,Climate change ,Positive economics ,Psychology - Abstract
Chinn and Hart (2021) conclude that communicating the scientific consensus on climate change causes psychological reactance. Here we identify several issues that cast doubt on these findings. First and foremost, the authors replicate the finding from van der Linden, Maibach, et al. (2019) that consensus messages do not increase perceptions of manipulation relative to control, neither in general nor amongst partisans. The authors also fail to replicate the three-way interaction from Ma et al. (2019) between the consensus message, partisanship, and prior attitudes. The significant reactance findings only appear for the post-only condition, and the effect size of the partisan interaction appears minimal. Moreover, as no other dependent measures were reported, it remains unclear whether respondents still updated their beliefs despite any reactance. In light of these issues and the elusive nature of backfire effects more generally, we strongly caution against the conclusion that scientific consensus messages cause psychological reactance.
- Published
- 2021
50. Prescription for healing the climate crisis: Insights on how to activate health professionals to advocate for climate and health solutions
- Author
-
Jeni Miller, Mona Sarfaty, Eryn Campbell, Elissa S. Epel, Kate T. Luong, John Kotcher, and Edward Maibach
- Subjects
Climate and health solutions ,Nursing ,Health professionals ,Political science ,Meteorology. Climatology ,Short Communication ,Program development ,Medical prescription ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,QC851-999 ,Health professional advocates - Published
- 2021
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