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Effective microorganism (EM) – a mixture of beneficial microbial formulation are extensively utilized worldwide in agriculture as plant growth promotor and biocontrol agent. Because of their wide spectrum usage, it is necessary to study the non‐target effect against the beneficial organisms used in crop production. Though, the wider applications of EM in agriculture and the environment have revealed, the environmental quality management of EM mainly metabolites‐ biochemical compounds derived from EM have yet to be studied. With this objective, the present study is undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of EM derived metabolites on the selected microbial biofertilizers, biocontrol agents including biopesticidal agents. Metabolites were extracted from the culture‐free broth of EM culture using various solvents and the extracted metabolites were characterized by the gas chromatography‐ mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS). The food poisoning technique was adapted for the screening of toxic effects. Toxic effect of the metabolites derived from the respective solvent was confirmed by measuring the growth of the respective microbial strain's vegetative growth and sporulation efficacy by dual plate assay, dual liquid assay, and spore germination microscopic slide assay. Active principles of the metabolites were readily extracted in all the solvents and the possible presence of bioactive metabolites were characterized by GC‐MS. There was no significant difference between the control and extract recorded. In the case of Rhizobium leguminosarum, the colony diameters of ethyl acetate and acetone extract were 1.6 and 1.8 cm, respectively, as in control (1.8 cm). Similar findings were also recorded for Azospirillum lipoferum, Phosphobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas flurescens. However, growth inhibition including spore germination was recorded in petroleum ether and acetone extract. Further study will be useful to exploit the principles of EM and EM derived metabolites in agriculture and environment without affecting non target beneficial organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of various concrete elements at early ages requires careful water curing to ensure the development of a hydration reaction that fills and discontinues the capillary voids, thus achieving the desired strength of the hydrated products. In real practice, problems occur where appropriate curing is tricky to attain targeted structural components like inclined, high-rise, and thick concrete elements. To meet this goal, this study evaluated the engineering properties of some newly designed concrete incorporated with effective microorganism (EM) solutions as new self-curing agents at varying contents (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% in place of water). The casted specimens were subjected to wet and dry curing regimes. The effects of EM solutions at various contents on the strength development, sorptivity, drying shrinkage, expansion, and microstructures of the proposed concrete were determined. The results indicated that the specimens containing 10% of EM (optimum) as water replacement achieved the highest strength (48.9 MPa) at 28 days of curing. Compared to the control sample, the permeability, drying shrinkage, and expansion of the specimen made with 10% of EM were correspondingly reduced by 2.5%, 48%, and 49%. In addition, the optimum sample displayed denser texture and gel formation with fewer voids than other specimens. The optimum specimen exhibited nearly 12% more hydration than normal concrete in water curing. It was established that an EM solution in place of water in concrete can serve as an effective self-curing agent for the sustainable growth of high-performance construction materials.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of effective microorganism (EM) and dandelion extract (KH) on performance [live weight (CA), live weight gain (CAA), feed conversion ratio (FLF), body dimensions] rumen volatile fatty acid in calves. In the study, a total of 80 calves were included in a control group and three experimental groups (with similar breeds (10 Holstein, 10 Simental), age (7±3 days), body weight (40±5 kg), and gender (10 males, 10 females). EM, KH and EM + KH) were divided into four groups with 20 calves in each group. The feeding programs of all the calves in the study were the same, and unlike the control group, the calves in the experimental group were given 10 ml of EM per calf per day, and 5 g of dandelion extract in the KH group, and 10 ml of EM and 5 g KH in the EM + KH group. way drunk. It was determined that the administration of KH, EM or KH+EM to Simmental calves did not significantly affect the performance parameters (CA, CAA, YT, YY), body measurements and rumen VFA (acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid) ratio. On the other hand, it was determined that the administration of CH to Holstein calves significantly increased feed consumption. It was determined that the administration of CH to Holstein calves in the pre-weaning period did not affect the feed conversion ratio, but the administration of EM or CH+EM negatively affected the feed conversion ratio. HR administration to Holstein calves in the pre-weaning period decreased the rump width and daily rump width increase, but the treatments showed that rumen VFA levels, withers height, rump height, body tip, body depth and chest circumference, and daily withers height increase, rump height increase, body It was noted that it did not affect the increase in length, increase in body depth and increase in chest circumference. As a result, the number of studies in which both plant extracts and probiotics and prebiotics were used as feed additives in ruminants are quite insufficient to form a definitive opinion on the effects of these additives, and it is thought that much more studies should be done in ruminants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage sludge has fertilizer properties and can supply a large amount of necessary nutrients to the crops, because it is full of organic matter, carbon, nitrogen and other nutrients, but on the other hand, it also contains a lot of toxic compounds, derived from its origin, such as heavy metals, antibiotics and microplastics. Effective microorganisms are a collection of naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms that are able to coexist and are commonly used in agriculture and gardening to improve plant performance and production. In this study, increasing concentrations of sewage sludge alone and added with effective microorganisms were evaluated in a short exposure on Lepidium sativum L. Parameters that were evaluated are: (i) percentage inhibition of germination, (ii) root length, (iii) biomass, (iv) soil pH, (v) total organic carbon and nitrogen both at soil and at root level. Results carried out from our experiment highlighted that effective microorganisms when coupled with sludge are able to restore biometric parameters by resetting seeds germinability inhibition and improving root elongation more than 50% when compared with plants added only with sludge, restoring the values almost of those to the control plants, as well as for soil pH values. Total organic carbon and total nitrogen are boosted at soil level almost at 50% when compared with the same concentrations added only with sludge, while at root level they appear decreased only in plants directly added with sludge treated with effective microorganisms. Clinical Trial Registration This research does not have a Clinical Trial Registration because no humans are been involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective microorganism (EM) is a combination of more than 80 different types of beneficial microorganisms contributing to a wide range of applications in medicine, environment, and agriculture (livestock sector, crop sector, and forestry). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of EM supplementation on hen day egg production and egg quality traits of Bovans Brown laying hens. At the age of 16 weeks, 144 pullets were purchased from small-scale poultry farms in Debre Markos. The chickens were divided into four treatments, each of which was replicated three times and contained 12 chickens. The treatment groups were T1 (control, commercial ration only), T2 (supplemented 16 ml EM per liter of drinking water), T3 (supplemented 5% Bokashi in feed), and T4 (supplemented 16 ml EM per liter of drinking water and 5% Bokashi in feed). Prior to collecting the actual data, the layer chickens had 2 weeks of adaptation. The hen day egg production was evaluated, and laboratory analysis was conducted to detect the external and internal egg quality. The results showed no significant difference among treatments on hen day egg productions, which ranged from 74 to 80 percent. Among the external egg quality traits, T4 had the highest egg weight, compared to other treatment groups. The T3 and T4 treatments had the highest shell weight. The shell thickness ranged from 0.37 to 0.39 mm. The shape index ranged from 76.81 to 79.11%, with no difference among the groups. Moreover, T4 had a significantly higher egg mass than T1 and T2. The specific gravity of an egg ranged from 1.06 to 1.08 g/cm3 . Among the internal egg quality traits, the albumin weights of T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those of T1. The highest and the lowest Hough units were observed in T4 and T1, respectively. The highest yolk weight was observed in T4 among the groups. The yolk index ranged from 0.45 to 0.49. The yolk color ranged from 5.27 to 7.33. Finally, overall egg quality parameters in T4 were better than in nonsupplemented groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunting is a child health problem caused by a child's failure to grow according to the child'sgrowthstandards. Stunting can be prevented by consuming animal protein such as eggs and meat. Animal protein contains essential amino acids needed for children's growth. Oeltua Village, Kupang, has a low per capita income value, which has an impact on the community's nutritional intake being unbalanced and resulting in children having the potential to be stunted and stunted. Quail farming can provide people's animal food needs in eggs and meat. EM4-based quail farming can provide food sources of animal protein quantity and quality. PAR method was used in the empowerment; PAR method involves education and data collection on stunting, practice, assistance in raising quail using EM4, monitoring and evaluating quail production. The empowerment socialization was attended by 92% of mothers with toddlers, 5% of fathers accompanying mothers, and 3% of productive women. The health conditions were seven male and 14 female toddlers with the potential to be stunded; 4 male and three female toddlers were stunted. Quail egg production showed increased production in monitoring I‒VIII (27‒224). Egg production is 2‒5 days/house, and the average is 75‒135 months/house to fulfil children's protein needs. EM4- based quail farming can be implemented in the Oeltua Village community. Toddlers need a nutritional intake of animal protein, which can be fulfilled by consuming quail eggs to reduce the potential and incidence of stunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil beneficial microorganism deficiency in the degraded grasslands have emerged as the major factors negatively impacting soil quality and vegetation productivity. EM (effective microorganisms) has been regarded as a good ameliorant in improving microbial communities and restoring degraded soil of agricultural systems. However, knowledge was inadequate regarding the effects of adding EM on the degraded alpine grassland. Four levels of EM addition (0, 150, 200, 250 mL m–2) were conducted to investigate the effects of EM addition on soil properties and microorganisms of degraded alpine grassland. The addition of EM increased aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and microbial biomass, but decreased soil electric conductivity. Meanwhile, the relative biomasses of gram-negative bacteria decreased, while the ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased after EM addition. The relationship between microbial communities and environmental factors has been changed. The restore effect of EM increased with the increase of addition time. These results indicated that EM addition could be a good practice to restore the health of the degraded alpine grassland ecosystem.

Purpose Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of locally prepared biofertilizers (Jholmal 1 and Jholmal 2) on soil properties and chili yield (Capsicum annuum L.).Method The experimental site was in west-central Bhutan. The experiments were Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) consisting of three treatments (cattle dung/ urine: Jholmal 1, cattle urine: Jholmal 2, and Control), and each treatment was replicated four times. The individual plot size of each treatment was 1 m × 3 m in total the experiment occupied a total area of 36 m2. The effects of biofertilizers on soil properties and chili yield were compared before and after application.Results Overall soil pH was within the suitable range (pH 6-7) for chili cultivation, although soil pH declined significantly in Jhomal 2 and control treatments. The soil C:N ratio increased significantly in all plots after application. Plots receiving Jholmal 2 showed the highest increase in the C:N ratio (2.30%; p

Fermented composts obtained from a mixture of raw materials and a microbial inoculant, known as "bokashi," are alternatives used by many farmers worldwide. We evaluated the chemical composition, fermentation pathways, N availability, and agronomic efficiency of fermented compost obtained from different plant-based raw materials. The standard compost formulation composition was 60% wheat bran and 40% castor bean bran; this formulation gradually replaced wheat bran by the coffee husk, brewery residue, and elephant grass bran, and leguminous bran replaced castor bean bran. Incubation tests evaluated nutrient content (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg), pH, electrical conductivity, and fermentation pathways (by the organic acids lactic, acetic, propanoic, butyric, and ethanol). A bioassay in greenhouse conditions accessed N availability. Additionally, a field experiment evaluated the agronomic efficiency of 5 formulations and 4 doses (0 to 400 kg N ha−1) in successive vegetable production. The formulations with a balanced C/N ratio could combine desirable fermentative and nutritional characteristics with good N availability and plant growth. Some formulations drastically changed the compost characteristics, especially the complete replacement of wheat bran for coffee husk and elephant grass, which presented undesirable fermentation pathways. Leguminous bran maintained the fermentative quality and increased the soil's biological activity but decreased the nutrient content, N availability, and vegetable productivity. The brewery residue showed the most prominent fermentation quality, nutrient content, and N availability. The addition of 30% coffee husk resulted in agronomic performance and nutrient accumulation in arugula and lettuce plants similar to the standard compost. The study demonstrates the potential of raw materials to produce fermented composts with fermentative and nutritional quality that result in vegetable grow and soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seven-week study was conducted to determine the effects of the replacement of maize with TRM treated with effective microorganisms on the growth performance of broiler chickens (cobb-500). In a completely randomized design, 2*3 factorial, the first factor corresponded to the EM (with and without), and the second factor corresponded to the taro levels (0%, 30%, and 45%), 216 unsexed, day-old broiler chickens were used for the study divided into 6 treatments and 3 replicates. Each treatment contained (T1) 0% TRM without EM (negative control); (T2) 30% TRM without EM; (T3) 45% TRM without EM; (T4) 0% TRM with-EM (positive control); (T5) 30% TRM with-EM; (T6) 45% TRM with-EM of the total diets. There were (p <.001) interaction effects (TRM level*EM) on DM intake, BWG (p <.001), and FCR (p <.05), during the starter, finisher, and overall periods. A higher improvement (p <.001) on DM intake and BWG was observed from broiler fed T6. In addition, T6 had comparable (p <.05) with the T4 group broilers. There were significant (p <.05) reductions in antinutritional factors concentrations in EM-fermented taro root than that unfermented one. Therefore, it had seen that the replacement of maize at 45% TRM with-EM in diets improved the growth performance of broiler chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of locally prepared biofertilizers (Jholmal 1 and Jholmal 2) on soil properties and chili yield (Capsicum annuum L.). Method The experimental site was in west-central Bhutan. The experiments were Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) consisting of three treatments (cattle dung/urine: Jholmal 1, cattle urine: Jholmal 2, and Control), and each treatment was replicated four times. The individual plot size of each treatment was 1 m × 3 m in total the experiment occupied a total area of 36 m2. The effects of biofertilizers on soil properties and chili yield were compared before and after application. Results Overall soil pH was within the suitable range (pH 6-7) for chili cultivation, although soil pH declined significantly in Jhomal 2 and control treatments. The soil C:N ratio increased significantly in all plots after application. Plots receiving Jholmal 2 showed the highest increase in the C:N ratio (2.30%; p<0.01) after the application. Available soil P increased after the application and was recorded highest (21.02 mg/kg; p<0.05) in plots amended with Jholmal 1. Exchangeable K declined significantly in all treatments after the application and the decline was highest (56.00 mg/kg; p<0.05) in the plots amended with Jholmal 1. The plots amended with Jholmal 1 also gave the highest chili yield in both experiments (≈13 t/ha in experiment I and ≈15 t/ha in experiment II). Conclusion Jholmal 1 has better effects on soil fertility and chili yield and could be a prospective organic biofertilizer to use in organic farms in Bhutan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effect of inoculants of different types and doses on the nutrient quality and in vitro digestibility of fermented rice bran. Materials and Methods: The study was designed using a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3-factorial pattern. The first factor was the type of inoculum, consisting of Saccharomyces cerevi¬siae (SC), Effective Microorganism-4, and Saus Burger Pakan (SBP). The second factor is inoculum doses, which are as follows: levels 2%, 4%, and 6%. The variables measured included chemical composition, fiber fraction content, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. Results: The results showed that the type of inoculation treatment and the doses of inoculation did not affect the dry matter (DM) content of fermented bran, and the organic matter content of fermented bran was only affected by the inoculation dose factor (p < 0.05). The highest crude protein and Extract Ether (EE) were obtained in the SBP inoculants, which increased linearly with increasing inoculation doses (p < 0.05). While a significant decrease (p < 0.05) occurred in crude fiber content. The cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral deter¬gent fiber (NDF) fractions were significantly lower in the SBP treatment as the dose increased. The SBP inoculant type produced the highest DMD (p < 0.05) but showed a response that was not different from the SC inoculant treatment for OMD. Increasing inoculation doses of 2%, 4%, and 6% linearly increased the DMD and OMD of fermented bran (p < 0.05). Overall, inoculant application on fermented bran showed an interaction effect except for the components of DM, EE, ADF, NDF, and DMD of fermented bran. Conclusions: It was concluded that the SBP at 6% and their combination resulted in the best chemical quality and digestibility of rice bran. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(4.000): 625-633]

The use of biostimulants and/or biofertilizers has acquired considerable importance and can contribute to the sustainable management agriculture, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and water. This study aims to assess the effects of Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) on the growth, photosynthetic performance and polyphenols content of the medicinal plant Tanacetum balsamita. The EM and OMW were used at two dilution rates. The EM was added to 5% v/v and 10% v/v, while OMW was added to 2.5% v/v and 5% v/v in plants at the early growth stage. After 75 days of treatment, all the treated plants had a leaf number and leaf area almost 2-fold higher than in the Control plants. Moreover, the treatments, at all the concentrations applied had a positive effect on the photosynthetic activity, with an improvement both in terms of the quantum yield of photosynthesis and electrons transport efficiency. The best photosynthetic and growth performances in the treated plants coincided with the higher production of phenolic compounds; indeed, after 75 days, the content of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and isochlorogenic acid was even 2-fold of the Control plants. Also, rutin content was 1.28–1.50-fold respect to the Control extracts. The highest phenolic compound content was reflected by the highest antiradical activity, found in the extracts of the treated plants. The effectiveness of EM to increase the growth and quality of plants and in particular, the potential use of OMW on the cultivated crop was confirmed to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effect of inoculants of different types and doses on the nutrient quality and in vitro digestibility of fermented rice bran. Materials and Methods: The study was designed using a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3-factorial pattern. The first factor was the type of inoculum, consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Effective Microorganism-4, and Saus Burger Pakan (SBP). The second factor is inoculum doses, which are as follows: levels 2%, 4%, and 6%. The variables measured included chemical composition, fiber fraction content, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. Results: The results showed that the type of inoculation treatment and the doses of inoculation did not affect the dry matter (DM) content of fermented bran, and the organic matter content of fermented bran was only affected by the inoculation dose factor (p < 0.05). The highest crude protein and Extract Ether (EE) were obtained in the SBP inoculants, which increased linearly with increasing inoculation doses (p < 0.05). While a significant decrease (p < 0.05) occurred in crude fiber content. The cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fractions were significantly lower in the SBP treatment as the dose increased. The SBP inoculant type produced the highest DMD (p < 0.05) but showed a response that was not different from the SC inoculant treatment for OMD. Increasing inoculation doses of 2%, 4%, and 6% linearly increased the DMD and OMD of fermented bran (p < 0.05). Overall, inoculant application on fermented bran showed an interaction effect except for the components of DM, EE, ADF, NDF, and DMD of fermented bran. Conclusions: It was concluded that the SBP at 6% and their combination resulted in the best chemical quality and digestibility of rice bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate EM11 microorganism preparations and of normal and Nano chitosan to control the causes of tomato root rot disease. The results of the field survey that was conducted in some fields of Karbala, Baghdad and Babylon governorates showed the spread of root rot disease in the areas covered by the field survey, with an infection rate ranging between 62-100% and an infection severity of 35-57%. Several types of fungi were isolated and identified from the roots of tomato plants infected with root rot disease. The most frequent pathogenic fungi were Fusariumsolani, followed by Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The results showed that all tested fungi isolates were pathogenic and led to any significant reduction in the percentage of germination, compared to the comparison treatment. The results showed the ability of the EM1 microorganism preparation to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi F.solani Fs1, R.solani Rs5 and M. phaseolina Mp8 on PDA culture medium. The EM1 showed the highest effect at 5, 10 and 15% concentrations on pathogenic fungi growth, as the percentage reached. The percentage of inhibition is 100%. The results of the study showed that the inhibitory activity of chitosan in the growth of the fungi F. solani, R. solani and M. phaseolina on PDA culture media increased with increasing concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the massive amounts of freshwater consumed in dairy industries, as a result, thousands of liters of wastewater were produced as one liter of milk produces 10 liters of wastewater which represents a major threat to the surrounding environment and aquatic life. The application of a promising technology called “effective microorganism (EM)” was the key solution due to its low operating cost, low technology, and eco-friendly condition. Three different effective microorganisms were used, such as Bacillus bacteria (EM1), Staphylococcus bacteria (EM2), and EM stoste + Molasses (EM3). EM1 and EM2 were isolated from the dairy wastewater by using streaking for isolation on an agar plate process, while EM3 was prepared by mixing 12 % EM stoste, 6% molasses, and 82% distilled water. A laboratory pilot consists of aeration and final settling tanks, both tanks followed by an activated carbon filter. Four trials were performed, the first trial was without any EM, the second trial was adding EM1 with a dose of 50 ml to the aeration tank, the third trial was EM2 with a dose of 50 ml to the aeration tank, finally adding EM3 with a dose of 30 ml to the aeration tank. Results showed that using Bacillus bacteria (EM1) was the most effective trial as it was effective in reducing TSS (total suspended solids), BOD (biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), TN (total nitrogen), and TP (total phosphorous) concentrations by removal efficiency of 93%, 96.2%, 95.9%, 94%, and 64%, respectively which were below the limitations of the Egyptian code for reuse for irrigation purposes.

Currently, the production of sustainable concrete with high strength, durability, and fewer environmental problems has become a priority of concrete industries worldwide. Based on this fact, the effective microorganism (EM) solution was included in the concrete mixtures to modify the engineering properties. Concrete specimens prepared with 50% fly ash (FA) as an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replacement were considered as the control sample. The influence of EM solution inclusion (at various contents of 0, 5,10,15, 20, and 25% weight) in the cement matrix as water replacement was examined to determine the optimum ratio that can enhance the early and late strength of the proposed bio-concrete. The compressive strength, porosity, carbonation depth, resistance to sulphuric acid attack, and the environmental benefits of the prepared bio-concrete were evaluated. The results showed that the mechanical properties and durability performance of the bio-concrete were improved due to the addition of EM and FA. Furthermore, the inclusion of 10% EM could increase the compressive strength of the bio-concrete at 3 (early) and 28 days by 42.5% and 14.6%, respectively. The durability performance revealed a similar trend wherein the addition of 50% FA and 10% EM into the bio-concrete could improve its resistance against acid attack by 35.1% compared to the control specimen. The concrete mix designed with 10% EM was discerned to be optimum, with approximately 49.3% lower carbon dioxide emission compared to traditional cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the Effects of milk supplemented with different amounts (10-15 mL/day) of probiotics (effective microorganism-EM) during the period until weaning (70 days) of the calves on the growth performance [live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), body measurements], rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), health status and profitability. A total of 42 calves were divided into three groups as control and two treatment groups (EM10 and EM15) containing 14 calves in each with similar live weights (42±5 kg), ages (7±3 days), breeds (7 Holstein and 7 Simmental), and sex (7 female and 7 male). The control group had no supplement in the milk, whereas the calves in the treatment groups received 10 mL of EM per calf per day orally or 15 mL of EM with milk. According to the study results, using the 10 and 15 mL/day of EM in calves had no significant effect on the performance (LW, LWG, FC, body measurements), VFA, disease rates, and profitability (P>0.05). However, in the first 30 days of the study, the FCR of the EM10 group was positively affected compared to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, slightly better results were obtained in both treatment groups regarding body measurements, VFA, disease rates, treatment costs and profitability than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger is one of the most widely cultivated spice grown in various cropping systems and locations throughout the southwestern Ethiopia. Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the serious diseases of ginger in Ethiopia. Field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 to assess effects of soil amendments on bacterial wilt development and epidemics at Tepi, southwestern Ethiopia. Three soil amendments practices: compost, effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture alone and in integration were evaluated. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Compost at the rate of 7 ton/ha enriched with effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture treatment significantly reduced ginger bacterial wilt incidence, area under disease progress curve and disease progress rate. This treatment reduced bacterial wilt mean incidence up to 21.08 % as compared to untreated control plot. Compost at the rate of 7 ton/ha also slowed down epidemic progression of bacterial wilt and significantly reduced the disease parameters when effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture were integrated. The overall results indicated that integrated compost enriched with effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture was effective to slow down the epidemics of ginger bacterial wilt and sustain ginger production and productivity. Hence, integrated compost enriched with effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture along with other crop management systems are recommended to improve ginger production and productivity at southwestern Ethiopia and other similar ecologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different Se sources, including sodium selenite (S-Se) and selenium yeast (Y-Se) and different effective microorganism (EM) addition levels on growth performance, meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics of three-yellow chickens and its potential mechanism. A total of 400 birds were randomly distributed into 4 groups (S-Se, S-Se + EM, Y-Se, and Y-Se + EM groups) consisting of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The main factors were the source of Se (ISe = inorganic Se: 0.2 mg/kg S-Se; OSe = organic Se: 0.2 mg/kg Y-Se) and the level of EM (HEMB = high EM: 0.5% EM; ZEMB = low EM: 0% EM). Each treatment had 5 replicates and each replicate consisted of 20 broiler chickens. The trial lasted for 70 days. The results showed that, in breast muscle, the broiler chickens fed OSe source decreased the pH24h, drip loss, shear force, perimeter, cross-sectional area, and diameter, but increased the a24h* and density compared with the broiler chickens fed ISe source (p < 0.05); broiler chickens supplied with HEMB level decreased the cross-sectional area and diameter, but increased the pH24h, a24h,* and density compared with the broiler chickens supplied with ZEMB level (p < 0.05). In thigh muscle, OSe source and HEMB level also could improve the meat quality and change muscle fiber characteristics of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). Meat quality was correlated with the muscle fiber characteristics (p < 0.05). OSe source and HEMB level could regulate the expression levels of muscle fiber-relative genes in the breast and thigh muscles (p < 0.05). In conclusion, OSe source and HEMB level could improve the meat quality of the breast and thigh muscles of three-yellow chickens by changing the muscle fiber characteristics, and they changed the muscle fiber characteristics by regulating the expression levels of muscle fiber-relative genes.

The use of biostimulants and/or biofertilizers has acquired considerable importance and can contribute to the sustainable management agriculture, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and water. This study aims to assess the effects of Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) on the growth, photosynthetic performance and polyphenols content of the medicinal plant Tanacetum balsamita. The EM and OMW were used at two dilution rates. The EM was added to 5% v/v and 10% v/v, while OMW was added to 2.5% v/v and 5% v/v in plants at the early growth stage. After 75 days of treatment, all the treated plants had a leaf number and leaf area almost 2-fold higher than in the Control plants. Moreover, the treatments, at all the concentrations applied had a positive effect on the photosynthetic activity, with an improvement both in terms of the quantum yield of photosynthesis and electrons transport efficiency. The best photosynthetic and growth performances in the treated plants coincided with the higher production of phenolic compounds; indeed, after 75 days, the content of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and isochlorogenic acid was even 2-fold of the Control plants. Also, rutin content was 1.28–1.50-fold respect to the Control extracts. The highest phenolic compound content was reflected by the highest antiradical activity, found in the extracts of the treated plants. The effectiveness of EM to increase the growth and quality of plants and in particular, the potential use of OMW on the cultivated crop was confirmed to this study.

The effect of organic (poultry and cattle manures) and biological (effective microorganisms, EM) fertilizers on growth, essential oil yield and its compositions, endogenous phytohormones content and antibacterial activity of peppermint plants grown in pot over 12 weeks was studied. Application of organo- and bio-fertilizers greatly affected on growth, essential oil production and other estimated parameters of peppermint plants. Slight stimulation effect was happened due to soil application of organic manures. Soil application of EM alone or in combination with organic fertilizers significantly increased growth, yield and components of essential oils, endogenous hormones of peppermint as compared to other treatments. Using disc diffusion method, the extracted oil of peppermint plants amended with organic and biofertilizers recorded the highest antibacterial activity against tested pathogenic bacteria like Klebsiella pneuumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biological treatments of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice husk (RH) with three strains of white-rot fungi (WRF) (Pleurotusostreatus (Po), Pleurotusflorida (Pf) and Trichodermaviride (Tv) and effective microorganism (EM) on the chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility. The experiment consisted of 2x5 factorial arrangements, two levels of feed (SCB and RH) and five levels of biological treatments (Control, Po, Pf, Tv, and EM).Treatment of RH with EM, Tv, Po and Pf, significantly increased crude protein content from 7.90% in untreated to 7.92, 10.46, 10.61 and 11.35%, respectively. The corresponding increase in CP% of sugarcane from 2.61% was 3.41, 5.96, 5.89 and 5.95%.Treatments significantly (P

Currently, the production of sustainable concrete with high strength, durability, and fewer environmental problems has become a priority of concrete industries worldwide. Based on this fact, the effective microorganism (EM) solution was included in the concrete mixtures to modify the engineering properties. Concrete specimens prepared with 50% fly ash (FA) as an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replacement were considered as the control sample. The influence of EM solution inclusion (at various contents of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% weight) in the cement matrix as water replacement was examined to determine the optimum ratio that can enhance the early and late strength of the proposed bio-concrete. The compressive strength, porosity, carbonation depth, resistance to sulphuric acid attack, and the environmental benefits of the prepared bio-concrete were evaluated. The results showed that the mechanical properties and durability performance of the bio-concrete were improved due to the addition of EM and FA. Furthermore, the inclusion of 10% EM could increase the compressive strength of the bio-concrete at 3 (early) and 28 days by 42.5% and 14.6%, respectively. The durability performance revealed a similar trend wherein the addition of 50% FA and 10% EM into the bio-concrete could improve its resistance against acid attack by 35.1% compared to the control specimen. The concrete mix designed with 10% EM was discerned to be optimum, with approximately 49.3% lower carbon dioxide emission compared to traditional cement.

A factorial trial was conducted to detect the effect of different feeding strategies of supplementation of effective microorganisms (EM) liquid on the growth performance, feed utilization, body chemical composition and economic efficiency of monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Three experimental treatments were formulated a basal diet without any addition of EM (control; A), a diet supplemented with 2% EM (B), and a diet supplemented with 4% EM (C). All treatments were offered to fish through two different strategies of feeding the meal: 2/3 in the morning and 1/3 in the afternoon or 1/3 in the morning and 2/3 in the afternoon. Each treatment was replicated three times. Juveniles Nile tilapia with an average initial body weight of 3.85 ± 0.22 g (± SE) were randomly stocked at a rate of 90 juveniles per 1.5 m3 tank. Fish growth performance and feed utilization significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased with increasing EM supplementation and were positively affected by different feeding strategies. Moreover, the economic evaluation showed that there were more benefits by when using the 4% EM diet and feeding 2/3 of daily meal in the morning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil beneficial microorganism deficiency in the degraded grasslands have emerged as the major factors negatively impacting soil quality and vegetation productivity. EM (effective microorganisms) has been regarded as a good ameliorant in improving microbial communities and restoring degraded soil of agricultural systems. However, knowledge was inadequate regarding the effects of adding EM on the degraded alpine grassland. Four levels of EM addition (0, 150, 200, 250 mL m -2 ) were conducted to investigate the effects of EM addition on soil properties and microorganisms of degraded alpine grassland. The addition of EM increased aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and microbial biomass, but decreased soil electric conductivity. Meanwhile, the relative biomasses of gram-negative bacteria decreased, while the ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased after EM addition. The relationship between microbial communities and environmental factors has been changed. The restore effect of EM increased with the increase of addition time. These results indicated that EM addition could be a good practice to restore the health of the degraded alpine grassland ecosystem., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Wei, Shao, Yan and Liu.)

The intensive use of inorganic fertilizer in agriculture for ensuring the world food security caused so many health problems and unrecoverable environmental pollution. In view of this context, a study was conducted during August to November 2019 at Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India to identify the influences of bio-stimulants on the physiological and quality parameters of bush bean cv. Co (Gb) 14. Bush bean, being a leguminous crop provides the human diet with a good proportion of protein. It also contains various other vitamins and minerals. This crop is gaining importance for its increased market demand, protein content and also for its ability to provide increased production per unit area. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments replicated thrice. Bio-stimulants opted for the study include seaweed extract, panchagavya, chitosan and effective microorganism with two different concentrations applied as foliar spray on 30th, 45th and 60th days after sowing. The total pod yield/plant (179.52 g), total pod yield/plot (1.89 kg), dry matter production (3.50 t/ha), total chlorophyll content (45.26 CCI), crude protein (4.18%) and crude fibre (1.13%) were found to be maximum in foliar application of seaweed extract. The experiment revealed that the yield, physiological and quality parameters were highly influenced by the application of seaweed extract (5 mL/L) along with recommended dosage of fertilizers which is an environment friendly option for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of fertilization strategies were investigated on marigold (Golden King F1) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at Thailand. The treatments were composed of chemical and granular organic fertilizer with hormone mixed formula (HO) and two NPK fertilizers. From the results, flower size (6.22 cm), flower yield/plot (16.05 kg) and flower yield/ha (16053.19 kg) were highest in the chemical and granular organic fertilizer with hormone mixed formula C (T15). Flower shelf-life was more prolonged in T15 (8.58 g) after 72 hr of harvest. Carotenoid content, hue angle and B value were also highest in T15 (114.32 mg/ 100g fresh weight, 86.80° and 121.44), respectively. Also, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the plants were maximum in T15 (0.15%, 0.48% and 2.38%), respectively. The treatment T15 produced the greatest yield due to its high balance nutrients and is recommended for commercial marigold production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out to comparatively evaluate the effect of effective microbe (EM)– and urea molasses (UM)–treated finger millet straw (EMTFMS and UMTFMS, respectively) on nutrient utilization and growth performance of Washera lambs. Twenty yearling intact male Washera lambs with an initial body weight of 21.13 ± 1.77 kg (mean ± SE) were used for feeding and digestibility trial. These lambs were grouped into five blocks of four animals and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. The four experimental feeds were untreated finger millet straw (control) + 150 g wheat bran (WB) (T1), untreated finger millet straw + 150 g WB + 150 g Noug seed cake (NSC) (T2), UMTFMS + 150 g WB + 150 g NSC (T3), and EMTFMS + 150 g WB + 150 g NSC (T4). The lambs were de-wormed and vaccinated against ecto- and endo-parasites. Data were analyzed using ANOVA procedure of SAS. Results showed that crude protein (CP) content of finger millet straw (FMS) was improved from 2.13 to 9.7% in UM treatment and 2.13 to 2.39% in EM treatments. Total DM, CP, and OM intake were higher in lambs assigned in UMTFMS (P < 0.01) and EMTFMS (P < 0.01) than the control groups and significantly highest (P < 0.01) in UMTFMS. A non-significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed between treatment technologies in all nutrient apparent digestibility and average daily weight gain. Therefore, it can be concluded that both treatments could serve as an alternative measure to improve nutritive value of finger millet straw, but due to environmental effect, EM treatment could be safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying long term vinasse without pre-treatment to soil causes eutrophication to water and soil. The paper aims to process vinasse of the alcohol industry as an effective growing medium of environmental-friendly microorganisms that can be used in the organic fertiliser manufacture. The effective microorganism has some benefits such as becoming a soil enhancer when applied directly to the soil or an accelerator in the maturation of the organic fertiliser. This research starts with the chemical content characterisation of vinasse and the addition of microorganisms nutrients. After the media is ready, the EM inoculum is added and the breeding result is used for the manufacture of organic fertiliser based on goat farm waste. The EM culture analysis reveals an increase of the microbial number. Moreover, the organic fertiliser obtained has a content of an organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium referring to 43.42 %, 3.05 %, 0.40 % and 1.23 %, respectively. It is in accordance with the Indonesian government regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the biocompatibility of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles with various effective microorganisms (EM), like beneficial microbial formulations. The respective nanoparticle was synthesised by chemical reduction of metal precursor with reducer via simple route green technology principles. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by UV visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, revealing highly stable, nanoscale particles with marked crystallinity. EM-like beneficial cultures composed of viable cells of Lactobacillus lactis , Streptomyces sp, Candida lipolytica , and Aspergillus oryzae were formulated with rice bran, sugarcane syrup, and groundnut cake. The respective formulation was inoculated into the nanoparticles amalgamated pots raised with green gram seedlings. Biocompatibility was determined by measuring plant growth parameters of a green gram at pre-determined periods associated with enzymatic antioxidants like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S transferase (GST) levels. Most significantly, the expression level of these enzymatic antioxidants level was also investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The impact of the soil conditioning effect on soil nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, organic carbon, soil enzymes glucosidases, and β-xylosidases activity was also studied. Among the formulation, rice bran-groundnut cake-sugar syrup formulation recorded the best biocompatibility. This formulation showed high growth promotion, soil conditioning effect and no impact on the oxidative stress enzymes genes that revealed the best compatibility of nanoparticles. This study concluded that biocompatible, eco-friendly formulations of microbial inoculants could be used for the desirable agro active properties that show extreme tolerance or biocompatibility to the nanoparticles. This present study also suggests the utilisation of the above said beneficial microbial formulation and metal-based nanoparticles with desirable agro active properties in a synergistic manner due to their high tolerance or compatibility towards the metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. • Mixed microbial beneficial cultures were formulated with biocompatible agro-based ingredients. • Toxic effect of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the respective formulation was evaluated. • Ricebran - sugar syrup - groundnut cake formulation exhibited the best compatibility with the nanoparticles. • The formulation did not affect plant growth promotion associated with the soil conditioning effect. • No sign of oxidative stress markers or expression induction, revealing notable compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EM (effective microorganism) technique has been widely used in environmental protection field, while its application in the improvement of agricultural soil was seldom studied. In this study, EM was used to ferment the EM organic fertilizers, and these fertilizers were applied to the tomato cultivated soils under the greenhouse condition. Isolation layers were buried into the soils with different depths of 20 cm (D1), 30 cm (D2) and 40 cm (D3). The application amounts of organic fertilizer were 2800 kg/ha (F1), 3600 kg/ha (F2) and 4400 kg/ha (F3), respectively. The soil salt content, the available nutrient concentrations, as well as the physical indicators of the greenhouse soil were observed. Results showed that compared to CK, the treatments reduced the salinity of soil in plough layer by 7.7-39.2%. The salt removing effect is the most satisfactory when the EM organic fertilization amount was 3600 kg/ha. The treatments increased the soil organic matter content by 4.7-22.9% and field capacity by 3.4-18.8%, in comparison to CK. However, the soil available N, P and K concentrations were decreased by 4.4-18.4%, 5.4-23.7% and 5.3-16.2%, respectively, under different treatments. The buried depth of straw layer had no obvious effects on soil physical indicators and available nutrient concentrations. Our results suggested that the EM organic fertilizer application could create a better growth environment for crops when compared to inorganic fertilization. From the perspective of soil improvement, 3600 kg/ha of organic fertilizer application amount combined with 30 cm buried depth of straw layer was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two plastic house experiments were carried out during winter seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in a clay loam soil at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University and Laboratory of Handling of Vegetable Crops Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Giza, to study the effect of some bio-stimulants, viz., seaweed extract (SWE) at 0.2% as foliar spray, humic acid (HA) at 0.2% and effective microorganisms (EM) at 0.2% as soil application alone or in combinations and packaging of pods in microperforated polypropylene bags (micro-PPPb, export package) or non-perforated polypropylene bags (non-PPPb) on quality attributes and storability of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Hama during storage at 5ºC and shelf life at 10ºC. Results indicated that snap bean plants treated with the mixture of SWE+HA+EM and then packed in non-PPPb was the most effective treatment for improving storability and maintaining pod quality attributes, which gave the lowest values of weight loss % and fiber %, maintained total carbohydrate % and protein %, and gave good appearance of pods after 16 days of storage at 5oC+2 days at 10oC (shelf life). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term excessive application of inorganic fertilizers not only wastes resources but also contaminates the environment. The use of natural substitutes could overcome these drawbacks. We hypothesize that organic fertilizers could increase soil C, N sequestration and improve soil fertility more effectively than inorganic fertilizers, and that in particular effective microorganism (EM) could improve the effects of traditional compost. So, a long-term field experiment regarding improvement of soil fertility, protecting soil environment, and increasing of maize and wheat yield was conducted at China Agricultural University's Qu-Zhou experiment station since 1993. Field experiment included EM compost treatment, traditional compost treatment, chemical fertilizer treatment, and unfertilized treatment. Soil organic C (SOC), total N, nutrient concentrations, pH, bulk density, and crop yields were determined. The results revealed that long-term repeated application of EM compost promoted soil C and N sequestration, increased soil nutrient contents, decreased soil pH and bulk density, enhanced crop yields in contrast to chemical fertilizer and control treatment. Soil organic C stocks (0-20 cm) were increased by 87.32%, 81.51%, 33.05%, 25.20% and soil total N stocks were increased by 93.26%, 77.53%, 37.64%, 34.83% in contrast to initial values in EM compost, traditional compost, chemical fertilizer and control treatments, respectively. Moreover, maize grain yields in EM compost, traditional compost, and chemical fertilizer treatments were significantly increased by 163.49%, 128.34%, 62.36% compared with control treatment, respectively. The effect of increased soil C and N sequestration, improving soil fertility and enhanced crop yields in application of compost appending EM was better than alone application of compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the potential effect of effective microorganisms (EM) on some biochemical parameters which includes; glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in addition to the levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum of broilers. 50 One day-old unsexed broiler chicks were randomly assigned in to two treatments (25 chick/pen); control group (T1) and treatment group (T2) which supplied with 1% EM (10 ml/litre) to the drinking water for 5 weeks of age. Results showed that inclusion of 1% EM significantly increase blood glucose (P