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A torsional strength model for prestressed concrete beams was proposed considering the initial crack angle, principal stress angle, and longitudinal strain, which are affected by the axial stress induced by the effective prestress. The use of the torsional effective thickness was also proposed to calculate the torsional strength of prestressed concrete beams by considering the effect of prestress. The shear element in the torsional member was simplified under the assumption that the principal tensile stress and principal compressive strain were negligible in the ultimate state. The torsional strength was determined when the principal compressive stress or shear stress at the crack surface in the shear element reached the failure criterion according to the multipotential capacity model, which considers concrete crushing and aggregate interlocking as the main resistances to the applied load. The proposed strength model was verified using test specimens collected from existing experimental studies. The proposed model accurately evaluated the torsional strength of prestressed concrete beam specimens, regardless of the key variables of the prestressed concrete specimens, where the mean value of the tested results to the calculated torsional strengths was 1.123, and the corresponding coefficient of variation was 17.7% for 104 prestressed concrete beam specimens, while the ACI 318-19 torsional design method gave the mean and coefficient of variation of 0.880 and 24.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shengli Oilfield has abundant oil and gas resources， with multiple types of reservoirs， and logging evaluation plays an essential role in exploration and development. The development history and the characteristics of logging evaluation technologies for reservoirs were systematically reviewed to celebrate the institute's 60th birthday. Summarizing experience and predicting the future have positive significance for the development and application in the professional logging field. A series of mature evaluation technologies formed in three types of reservoirs， including conventional sandstone reservoirs， complex reservoirs， and unconventional shale reservoirs， were systematically summarized according to the characteristics and evaluation difficulties of reservoirs. For conventional sandstone reservoirs， a highly applicable identification technology for oil layers was systematically developed， and an innovative method for establishing electrical standards constrained by the lower limits of lithology and oil potential was developed under multi-layer joint testing conditions. In addition， a pioneering logging modeling technology was proposed based on different diagenetic zones. Various technologies were developed for complex reservoirs， including logging identification of sandstone lithology in steep slope zones， effectiveness evaluation of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs， and identification and evaluation of oil layers with low resistivity. For unconventional shale reservoirs， a logging evaluation technology of reservoir parameters was preliminarily developed to evaluate the storage properties and oil potential mainly based on two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. These logging evaluation technologies for different types of reservoirs reflected the combination of wellbore data and geological understanding， as well as the integration of rock physics and logging models， and they demonstrated the ability of logging to serve geology and reservoirs and achieved good application results. In the future， the remaining resources will mainly be distributed in hidden oil and gas reservoirs and deep layers. In order to meet the needs of exploration and development， it is necessary to strengthen the analysis of experimental data， gas logging， and testing production data， combine logging evaluation and geology， intensify the application of new logging technologies such as logging while drilling， imaging， and nuclear magnetic resonance， carry out comprehensive research and evaluation， and expand the evaluation and prediction of production capacity of oil layers from the perspective of evaluation objectives. Moreover， it is necessary to fully rely on expert experience to select samples and deepen the application of big data/artificial intelligence on the basis of conventional technologies， which will definitely achieve good results.

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A torsional strength model for prestressed concrete beams was proposed considering the initial crack angle, principal stress angle, and longitudinal strain, which are affected by the axial stress induced by the effective prestress. The use of the torsional effective thickness was also proposed to calculate the torsional strength of prestressed concrete beams by considering the effect of prestress. The shear element in the torsional member was simplified under the assumption that the principal tensile stress and principal compressive strain were negligible in the ultimate state. The torsional strength was determined when the principal compressive stress or shear stress at the crack surface in the shear element reached the failure criterion according to the multipotential capacity model, which considers concrete crushing and aggregate interlocking as the main resistances to the applied load. The proposed strength model was verified using test specimens collected from existing experimental studies. The proposed model accurately evaluated the torsional strength of prestressed concrete beam specimens, regardless of the key variables of the prestressed concrete specimens, where the mean value of the tested results to the calculated torsional strengths was 1.123, and the corresponding coefficient of variation was 17.7% for 104 prestressed concrete beam specimens, while the ACI 318-19 torsional design method gave the mean and coefficient of variation of 0.880 and 24.3%, respectively.

The methods are considered for determining the effective thickness of the hardened layer of metal parts listed in the standards STB 2307-2013 and STB ISO 18203-2019. The ambiguity of interpretation of the concept of effective thickness hэф of the hardened layer up to the half-transition zone is established for control of gears after the chemical heat treatment: carburizing and hardening. In practice, hэф is determined by the Vickers hardness distribution under the relevant load. In accordance with the standard ASTM E140-07, the Vickers hardness value of 50 HRC represents the Vickers hardness of 513 HV for non-austenitic structural steels when tested at 294.2 N. When testing Vickers hardness at lower loads, conversion tables or dependencies must be used. It has been shown that such measurements are more inaccurate at lower loads. To eliminate errors and increase accuracy of determining hэф of diffusion thickness of gear wheels after chemical-hardening, techniques are compared to determine hэф three: metallographic, mechanical and chemical. The Vickers hardness values determined during tests of structural non-austenitic steels with different loads correspond to the hardness value of 50 HRC. The values obtained can be applied to determine hэф of diffusion layers of surface-hardened parts corresponding to the half-transition zone.

The salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) is a renewable energy system that absorbs solar irradiation and keeps it as heat. The application of the SGSP in the cold seasons is limited. To keep the temperature of the SGSP in cold seasons, the heat extraction rate should be reduced or the Phase Change Material (PCM) is employed. The present study investigates the impact of the PCM with a melting temperature of 56 °C on the efficiency and applicability of the SGSP. The one-dimensional model of the SGSP including the heat and mass transfer equations are modelled using the finite volume method. The results showed that the latent heat emitted from the PCM helps maintain the temperature of the LCZ layer at the melting temperature of the PCM and enhances the efficiency of SGSP during the cold seasons. The effective thickness of the PCM is investigated and showed that it depends on the heat extraction rate. Using the effective PCM thickness, the average solar pond efficiencies increase to 11.5 and 13.8 for heat extraction rates of 21 W/m2 and 25 W/m2, using a PCM thickness of 0.4 m and 0.8 m, respectively.

Demand for heavy thickness plate is increasing in offshore structure application and fracture toughness represented by CTOD is one of the most important properties for these heavy thickness plate. CTOD tests shall be conducted as full thickness of the material but it takes a lot of time and cost, especially with the thickness exceeds 100 mm. It is important to estimate the CTOD of full thickness plate using reduced thickness CTOD tests to accelerate material development in the laboratory. As a conventional estimating method for full thickness CTOD using the reduced thickness CTOD test, only the difference of crack driving force between full thickness and reduced thickness specimens have been considered. However, it is necessary to consider crack driving force in plate thickness direction for full thickness and reduced thickness specimens. As the first step, the influence of parameters on effective thickness considering crack driving force in plate thickness direction for the base metal is investigated in this study. Finally, the formulation of effective thickness is proposed on the base of the influential parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second part of the two companion papers investigates the tensile properties of corroded steel structures numerically at connections. However, the design and calculation methodology of steel structures that are influenced by corrosion has not been proposed. This study simultaneously evaluated the tensile behavior of 4 types of artificially corroded steel members with concrete specimens in 100, 200, 400, and 600 cycles, and non-linear finite element methods (F.E.M) are also performed to assess the tensile behavior of corroded specimen over time. Based on the obtained results, finite element method model can be totally replaced experimental to analyze tensile properties of corroded steel structure at connections cause the error between F.E.M and the experiment is less than 3% in term of loading such as ultimate load, fracture load, yield load and at the same time F.E.M can ultimately find out all the characteristics of the corrosion surface geometry such as displacement, cracks, destructive cross-sections, stress distribution. F.E.M can determine the failure cross-section of any corroded steel members. Accordingly, the influence effective thickness for the design and calculation of the corrosion-resistant steel structure overtime is also proposed based on the average depth of corrosion and standard deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new way of deriving the effective thickness in attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, initially introduced by Hansen and Harrick in 1965. While following Hansen's approach, our derivation is more straightforward and includes an intermediate approximation that more closely aligns with results derived from Fresnel's equations, particularly for organic and biological materials. Using this intermediate approximation, we present improved estimations for the effective thicknesses with s- and p-polarized light. These estimations enabled us to enhance a recently developed ATR correction scheme that relies on effective thickness. Additionally, we examined the wavelength dependence of the product of wavenumber and effective thickness, observing that it bears a resemblance to the refractive index function of the sample. This similarity increases with the angle of incidence and the refractive index of the ATR crystal. Based on this observation, we introduce a simple correction scheme using the Kramers–Kronig transformed absorbance. This correction has the potential to address spectral shifts, facilitating applications in pattern recognition and spectra identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an attenuated total reflection (ATR) correction scheme capable of rectifying ATR spectra while considering the polarization state for arbitrary angles of incidence, provided that this angle exceeds the critical angle for the entire ATR spectrum. Due to its reliance on the weak absorption approximation, it cannot achieve perfect correction of the ATR spectra. However, comprehending its functionality may offer valuable insights into the concept behind the weak absorption approximation. Depending on the specific polarization state of an instrument accessory combination, this correction scheme may outperform the proprietary advanced ATR correction authored by ThermoFisher while being as user-friendly, but in contrast to the latter completely transparent with regard to its functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apart from strengthening crew protective capability from gunfire, the hull obliquity in a light armoured vehicle (LAV) affects its weight and comfortable occupancy. Thus, it requires a critical design analysis for the obliqued hull. The study aims to present the optimal design analysis of an obliqued hull structure to ensure comfortable occupancy of the crew along with its minimum attainable weight and higher protection capability from the gunfire. Three geometric models (G1, G2, and G3) were investigated for the LAV hull's optimal design. The analytical approach was used to investigate the hull obliquity's effect, and the results were validated using experimental data reported by other researchers. Digital human modelling was adopted for validating the space adequacy of the hull. It was observed that the hull's crew protection capabilities from the horizontal strike of armour piercing rounds/bullets were improved almost by half and double for G2 and G3, respectively, when compared with G1. The analytical results are also in good agreement with globally accepted experimental data at reasonable variations. The highest protection capability and comfortable occupancy for the targeted users can be achieved by G3 without affecting the mobility of LAV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing offers great potential for developing complex flexure mechanisms. Recently, thickness-correction factors (TCFs) were introduced to correct the thickness and stiffness deviations of powder-based metal 3D printed flexure hinges during design and analysis. However, the reasons for the different TCFs obtained in each study are not clear, resulting in a limited value of these TCFs for future design and fabrication. Herein, the influence of the porous layer of 3D printed flexure hinges on the hinge thickness is investigated. Samples of parallelogram flexure mechanisms (PFMs) were 3D printed using selective laser melting (SLM) and 316L stainless steel powder. A 3D manufacturing error analysis was completed for each PFM sample via 3D scanning, surface roughness measurement and morphological observation. The thickness of the porous layer of the flexure hinge was independent of the designed hinge thickness and remained close to the average powder particle diameter. The effective hinge thickness could be estimated by subtracting twice the value of the porous layer thickness from the designed value. Guidelines based on finite element analysis and stiffness experiments are proposed. The limitations of the presented method for evaluating the effective hinge thickness of flexure hinges 3D printed via SLM are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of the adequate thickness of the Asmari reservoir formation zones on oil production in one of the Iranian carbonate oil fields. Adequate thickness is a term that includes the total gross thickness of rocks by lithofacies for a selected wellbore. The lithology of the Asmari formation in the studied area consists of dolomite, sandstone, lime, dolomitic-lime, sandstone-shale, and shale limestone dolomites. Based on the existing well-logs, the average shale volume, the effective arithmetic means of porosity in the gross intervals, and average water saturation or hydrocarbon-bearing increments of the studied field are calculated using well-logs. In wellbore #A, a depth interval of 2214 to 2296 m shows 9.6% average shale volume, 27.2% average water saturation, and 20.9% average porosity. A depth interval of 2213 to 2280 m, in wellbore #B, shows 6% average shale volume, 21.25% average water saturation, and 28.5% average porosity. Based on our petrophysical assessments, we divide the Asmari reservoir in the studied field into eight zones. Zone 1 is made of carbonate (calcareous and dolomitic), and zones 2-5 are mainly sandstone; zones 7 and 8 are calcareous and shale, and zone 6 is a mixture of all the rocks mentioned above. Among these eight zones, there are two primary hydrocarbon productive zones. The numerical calculation of in situ oil volume showed that zone 2 contains 65% of oil volume in this reservoir. With more than 80% sand, this zone has the highest net hydrocarbon column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodic radiation monitoring of soils today is a priority task not only for Belarus, but also for Japan, suffered by Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Use of portable and light spectrometers with ability to perform in situ measurements makes it possible to quickly estimate specific activity of measured radionuclides with required accuracy in particular soil site. Basic information of a gamma radiation source (radionuclides content, effective radius of measurement area and thickness of contaminated layer) can be obtained directly during measurement. The purpose of this research is to test the feasibility of using algorithms for determination of specific activity and thickness of contaminated layer under conditions of soil measurement with variable density parameters and radiocesium distribution in soil.Monte-Carlo simulating allowed to estimate the degree of deviation of the shape of simulated spectra obtained with the use of Monte-Carlo soil model with uniformly distributed radionuclide in it, and for the case when the radionuclide distribution by soil profile can be described by an exponential function. For these cases of natural distribution of radiocesium, the pulse-amplitude spectrum is formed by an effective thickness of the contaminated site, which contains more than 90 % of radionuclides.The developed Monte-Carlo model of a probe and contaminated soil site allows to estimate the effect of the variability of soil density on the total count rate of the pulse-amplitude spectrum. As a result of theoretical estimations, the relationship between the effective radius of contaminated site is determined as a function of soil density.Analysis of the influence of radial zones of the cylindrical gamma source on in situ gamma-spectrometer showed that the main contribution to the total count rate of the pulse-amplitude spectrum is made by the radial zone with radius of up to 40 cm from the center of the probe, regardless of the thickness of the contaminated layer in geometry «Probe is located on the soil surface». A small site facilitates the selection of measurement area of land with a sufficiently flat surface, which is desirable during surveying the territories, especially with complex terrain.

Thin film transistors (TFT) with deep‐UV transparency are a promising component for next‐generation optoelectronics such as biosensors. Among several deep‐UV transparent oxide semiconductors, SrSnO3 is an excellent candidate material owing to its wide band gap (≈4.6 eV) and rather high carrier electron mobility. Herein, fabrication and operation mechanism of the SrSnO3‐TFT is shown. A metal–insulator‐semiconductor structure is fabricated on a 28 nm‐thick SrSnO3 film. The resultant TFT shows clear transistor characteristics; the on‐to‐off current ratio is ≈102, the threshold voltage is ≈−18 V, and the field‐effect mobility is ≈14 cm2 V−1 s−1. The effective thickness of the electron channel gradually increases with gate voltage and saturates at ≈5 nm, which is evaluated by the thermopower modulation. The present results will be helpful for utilizing deep‐UV transparent TFTs for biosensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the last years, the effective thickness concept has been used to calculate deflections, stresses and modal parameters in laminated glass beams and plates, which consists of using a monolithic element with equivalent bending properties to a laminated element, i.e. the thickness of the equivalent monolithic model is time and temperature dependent because the interlayers show a viscoelastic behavior. Multi-layered laminated glass panels are those with at least three monolithic glass layers and two viscoelastic interlayers which are commonly used in floors, roofs and other applications where a high level of security is required. In this paper, a static deflection effective stiffness for a laminated glass plate consisting of three glass layers and two polymeric interlayers is derived. This static effective thickness is then extended to the frequency domain using the correspondence principle. The models are validated by static experimental tests and operational modal tests carried out on a rectangular multi-layered laminated glass plate pinned supported at the four corners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, a biosensing method based on in situ, fast, and sensitive measurements of ellipsometric parameters (Ψ, Δ) is proposed. Bare silicon wafer substrate is functionalized and used to bind biomolecules in the solution. Coupled with a 45° dual-drive symmetric photoelastic modulator-based ellipsometry, the parameters Ψ and Δ of biolayer arising due to biomolecular interactions are determined directly, and the refractive index (RI) of the solution and the effective thickness and surface mass density of the biolayer for various interaction time can be further monitored simultaneously. To illustrate the performance of the biosensing method, immunosensing for immunoglobulin G (IgG) was taken as a case study. The experiment results show that the biosensor response of the limit of detection for IgG is 15 ng/mL, and the data collection time is in milliseconds. Moreover, the method demonstrates a good specificity. Such technique is a promising candidate in developing a novel sensor which can realize fast and sensitive, label-free, easy operation, and cost-effective biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamide composites are instrumental to modern desalination technology; however, reasons for the superior performance of polyamide membranes have been unclear. Models usually view membranes as an array of charged nanopores, however, observed discrepancies and inconsistencies call for more insights. Here ion conductance in polyamide membranes was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, focusing on the effects of salt type, concentration, and pH, which are compared with the conductance obtained for a dense linear polyamide Nomex® of similar superficial thickness. The results rule out the common view of polyamide membranes as homogeneous layers or nanopore arrays and indicate that they essentially behave as thin films of Nomex. The salt exclusion in both materials is so strong that uptake of protons (rather than sodium) dominates membrane conductivity, yielding a similar concentration-dependence. However, the conductivity of polyamide membranes is much higher and equivalent to sub-10 nm Nomex films. These findings are explained by the sponge-like structure of polyamide, containing voids separated by thin polymer films, which can be adequately modeled as a 3D random resistor network. This unique structure, combining very dense (hence highly selective) and extremely thin (hence reasonably permeable) films supported within a ~100 nm porous layer is what enables exceptional performance of polyamide membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the synthesis and evaluation of a 3-D printed three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) spatial-motion compliant parallel mechanism (CPM). The CPM was synthesized by the beam-based structural optimization method and a prototype was fabricated by the electron beam melting (EBM) technology with Ti6Al4V material. The mechanical characteristics of 3-D printed compliant mechanism for precision applications, i.e., stiffness property, dynamic response, and large elastic deformation, were experimentally evaluated. Most importantly, a coefficient factor of 1.27 was proposed to determine the effective thickness for 3-D printed compliant mechanisms with 0.5 mm thick flexures. Using the effective thickness, the characteristics of the 3-D printed CPM have shown to agree with the prediction, with a maximum deviation of 10.5%. The Ti6Al4V CPM is able to achieve the large work range up to 4 mm of linear displacement, 6 degrees of angular displacements, fast dynamic response of 119 Hz, good decoupled motions, and high non-actuating stiffness. A 3-DOF manipulator was built based on the 3-D printed CPM and actuated by three voice-coil motors. Experimental results have shown that the 3-DOF manipulator could achieve repeatable motions with resolution of 20 nm for the translation along the Z-axis, 0.14 arcsecond for the rotation about the X-axis, and 0.12 arcsecond for the rotation about the Y-axis. In conclusion, EBM technology is suitable for fabricating compliant mechanisms in precision manipulator systems; the mechanical characteristics of 3-D printed compliant mechanisms are predictable when an effective thickness is used. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A film measuring method based on a new data model using a home-made microscopic white light spectral interferometer is proposed. It can improve the measuring accuracy of the thin film thickness at different OPDs. The influence of the effective thickness caused by the beam splitter prism in a Michelson interferometric objective is analysed and found not to be negligible while calculating the thin-film thickness. The linear relationship between the effective thickness and the optical path difference (OPD) can be removed by introducing a wavelength correction which made the effective thickness measurement more accurate. Some experiments on the film standard with calibrated film thickness showed that introducing a wavelength correction made the film thickness measurement more accurate at different OPDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-sectional behaviour of laminated glass (LG) is characterised by a significant zigzag effect owing to the large stiffness mismatch between the glass and polymer layers. The approach incorporated in current glass design standards is based on the use of a monolithic model with an effective thickness, which suffers several sources of inaccuracy and limitations. In this paper, laminated shell elements with an alternating stiff/soft lay-up are enhanced and used to model LG structures, so as to accurately reproduce the through-thickness behaviour of LG with a minimal number of zigzag displacement parameters per node. In order to consider the influence of loading rate and temperature on the response of LG, a linear viscoelastic material model is adopted to simulate the polymer interlayer, which is formulated based on a recursive formula for stress calculation. Finally, several applications of the proposed modelling approach for two-ply and multi-ply LG structures are presented, considering typical deflection, stability and creep problems, where the benefits of the proposed approach are demonstrated through comparisons against monolithic shell models based on an effective thickness as well as 3D continuum models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives a brief review of works describing bending torsion analysis of beams with corrugated web. The authors put forward a solution specifying V. Vlasov's famous thin-walled bars theory which is generally used to calculate stress-strain behaviour of beams with corrugated web bending torsion. The specification lies in the following: the researchers measure flexure-torsion characteristics of the cross-section while increasing pure torsion moment of the cross section by means of introducing equivalent flange thickness into calculations. To check the efficiency of the introduced method the authors calculated five beams with sinusoidal corrugation for two concentrated forces action. The paper introduces the results of these five methods of beam calculation including the one developed by the authors. The obtained results showed that the tension value in each case is almost the same (with maximum 7% difference in rates). The research also determines the scope limitations of the authors’ specified theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present the results of experimental studies of the dependence of the diffraction efficiency of nonoblique transmission holograms formed in the sample of a (īī0)-cut photorefractive piezoelectric Bi1SiO crystal on the sample thickness and orientation angle of the grating vector at two fixed mutually orthogonal orientations of the linear polarization vector of the reading beam. It is shown that only if along with optical activity of the crystal, the electrooptic, inverse piezoelectric, and photoelastic effects are taken into account in the analytical diffraction model, it is possible to carry out satisfactory theoretical interpretation of the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a biosensing method based on in situ, fast, and sensitive measurements of ellipsometric parameters (Ψ, ∆) is proposed. Bare silicon wafer substrate is functionalized and used to bind biomolecules in the solution. Coupled with a 45° dual-drive symmetric photoelastic modulator-based ellipsometry, the parameters Ψ and ∆ of biolayer arising due to biomolecular interactions are determined directly, and the refractive index (RI) of the solution and the effective thickness and surface mass density of the biolayer for various interaction time can be further monitored simultaneously. To illustrate the performance of the biosensing method, immunosensing for immunoglobulin G (IgG) was taken as a case study. The experiment results show that the biosensor response of the limit of detection for IgG is 15 ng/mL, and the data collection time is in milliseconds. Moreover, the method demonstrates a good specificity. Such technique is a promising candidate in developing a novel sensor which can realize fast and sensitive, label-free, easy operation, and cost-effective biosensing.

Approximate methods for calculating laminated glass (LG), a composite where thin polymeric layers are sandwiched by glass plies, are very useful in the design practice. The most common approach relies upon the definition of the effective thickness, i.e., the thickness of a glass monolith that, under the same boundary and load conditions, presents the same maximal stress or deflection of the laminate. Different alternative formulations have been proposed, but for flat glass only. Meeting the increasing interest for curved glazing in modern architecture, here the recent 'Enhanced Effective Thickness' method is extended to the case of single-curvature LG panels. Under the assumption that the curvature is moderate, usually met in the practice, simple formulae for the effective thickness are proposed. A practical method is presented to calculate the relevant coefficients, which depend upon the geometry, load and boundary conditions. Comparison with numerical experiments in paradigmatic examples confirms the accuracy of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we examine the mechanical behavior of laminated glass fabricated with relatively thin (<2 mm) glass components. It is shown that optimum light weight laminates are best achieved through the use of a relatively stiff, ionomer interlayer versus a traditional rubbery, poly-vinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer. We present results of bending experiments in which laminate deflection and glass stress development have been monitored as a function of load for various laminate structures. Interpretation of laminate mechanics using effective thickness theories is demonstrated. We present a formulation for computing the optimum specific stiffness and strength of a laminate for given loading/support conditions and establish theoretical limits to weight reduction for a defined monolithic glass performance target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a simulation technique suitable to model the tunneling leakage current in the metal(polySi)/CaF 2 /Si(111) MIS structures using TCAD simulators Minimos-NT and ViennaSHE. The simulations are performed using the real physical parameters of the CaF 2 /Si tunnel barrier. The results obtained for the case of near-equilibrium carrier transport are in a good agreement with experimental data and also with the simulation results yielded by our reference physical model. The obtained non-equilibrium hot-electron tunnel leakages in the hypothetical transistors with CaF 2 as a gate dielectric are comparable to those in the structures with silicon dioxide. Being an important step forward for the device application of calcium fluorite, this work opens the possibility of simulating the characteristics of different silicon-based systems with crystalline insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of polypropylene fibers as sorbents of oil-water emulsions was the object of the research in the present publication. Thus the sorption capacity of the synthetic material of the regional production with for emulsions of different concentration was investigated. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama polipropileno pluošto naudojimo avarinionaftos išsiliejimo metu problema. Polipropileno pluoštasnaudojamas kaip naftą sugerianti medžiaga. Pateiktos skirtingostorio polipropileno pluošto išsiliejusios naftos sugeriamumosavybės. Raktiniai žodžiai: nafta, išsiliejimas, sorbentas, polipropileno pluoštas, sugeriamumas.

A practical, nondestructive method to determine the shear relaxation modulus behavior of viscoelastic polymer interlayers used in laminated glass is demonstrated. The method is based on a direct measurement of the laminate effective thickness using a four point bend test geometry or uniform pressure loading of laminate plates. The effective thickness expressions that incorporate the polymer shear modulus explicitly in the formulation are then used to calculate the polymer shear modulus in an inverse fashion. Comparison of this approach with dynamic mechanical analysis shows the new approach to be accurate over a wide range of test conditions. The approach described has the advantage of being able to characterize the polymer interlayer in situ. We have focused on laminated glass in this study, but the approach is applicable to any laminated combination of different material types consisting of a compliant core sandwiched between stiff skins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For complicated structural components characterized by wide X-ray attenuation ranges, the conventional fixed-energy imaging mode cannot obtain all structural information using a single tube voltage. This limitation results in information shortage, because the effective thickness of components along the orientation of the X-ray penetration exceeds the limit of the dynamic range of the X-ray imaging system. To solve this problem, multi-energy image sequence fusion technology has been advanced. In this new method, the tube voltage is adjusted several times by matching the voltage and the effective thickness to obtain all the effective local information on an object. Then, the subset sequences in the multi-energy image sequence are extracted based on the recursive template, and that are fused to reconstruct the full projection information based on linear weighting. An accompanying experiment demonstrates that the new technology can extend the dynamic range of X-ray imaging and provide a complete representation of the internal structure of complicated structural components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]