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Transportation is vital due to its capability to transport cargo and people massively. However, if maritime accidents take place, they may cause a significant impact not only on the economy and lives lost but also on the environment. This review paper provides a summary of research and reports on marine accidents, including the inclusion of ship type effects, types of accident events, and the accident consequences, especially to the marine environment. The paper covers global accident data, accident reports from various global accident investigation authorities, and the investigation results. Overall, this study aims to highlight the global tendency of marine accidents and how the accident affects the surrounding site's environmental condition. Additionally, the regulations and activities for environmental recovery are elaborated to tackle the damage caused by the ship accident. The contribution of this review is expected to provide a broader view of the maritime casualties and the effects on the marine environment and the regulations to overcome the damaged ecosystem.

Species diversity of the genus Hemphillia Bland and W.G. Binney, 1872 (jumping-slugs) was studied across its range in western North America's inland temperate rainforests. The taxonomic relationships among jumping-slug populations were clarified by integrating morphological, molecular, and biogeographic approaches. A new species, Skade's jumping-slug (Hemphillia skadei sp. nov.), was discovered in this process and is described herein. We base this taxonomic decision on molecular comparison of representatives from other Hemphillia species and four morphological characters that distinguish H. skadei from its sister species, the pale jumping-slug (Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1897). The distribution of H. skadei and H. camelus is described along with the notable lack of detection of the marbled jumping-slug (Hemphillia danielsi Vanatta, 1914) within the primary survey area. Key words: biodiversity, forest, Gastropoda, Hemphillia camelus, Hemphillia danielsi, Hemphillia dromedarius, Hemphillia glandulosa, Hemphillia malonei, Hemphillia skadei, Magnipelta mycophaga, morphology, phylogeny, temperate, taxonomy, systematics. La diversite specifique du genre Hemphillia Bland and W.G. Binney, 1872 (limaces-sauteuses) a ete etudiee a la grandeur de son aire de repartition dans les forets humides temperees interieures de l'ouest de l'Amerique du Nord. Les relations taxonomiques au sein des populations de limaces-sauteuses ont ete precisees en integrant des approches morphologiques, moleculaires et biogeographiques. Ce faisant, une nouvelle espece, Hemphillia skadei sp. nov., a ete decouverte et est decrite. Nous basons cette decision taxonomique sur la comparaison moleculaire a des representants d'autres especes d'Hemphillia et quatre caracteres morphologiques qui distinguent H. skadei de son espece-soeur, la limace-sauteuse pale (Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry et Vanatta, 1897). Les repartitions de H. skadei et H. camelus sont decrites, ainsi que l'absence notable de detection de limaces-sauteuses marbrees (Hemphillia danielsi Vanatta, 1914) dans la principale region d'etude. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: biodiversite, foret, gasteropodes, Hemphillia camelus, Hemphillia danielsi, Hemphillia dromedarius, Hemphillia glandulosa, Hemphillia malonei, Hemphillia skadei, Magnipelta mycophaga, morphologie, phylogenie, temperee, systematique, taxonomique., Introduction The demographic and distribution data necessary for landscape-level species conservation are only usable in the context of accurate taxonomic frameworks (Wilson 2000). Within this context, spatially expansive inventory programs [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We analysed at what age parents start complementary food in very low birth weight infants, determined risk factors for early introduction of complementary food (post-term age) and analysed whether the age at introduction of complementary food influences height or weight at 2 years of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Parents of premature infants born in 2009-2011 answered questionnaires regarding introduction of complementary food in the first year of life (N =2262) and were followed up at a post-term age of 2 years (N =981). Length and weight were compared with full-term infants from the KiGGs study. Logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to study predictors for early introduction of complementary food and the influence of age at introduction of complementary food on later height and weight. RESULTS: Average age at introduction of complementary food was 3.5 months post-term age. The lower the gestational age at birth, the earlier (post-term age) vegetables and meat were introduced. Age at introduction of complementary food was influenced by intrauterine growth restriction, gestational age at birth, maternal education and a developmental delay perceived by the parents. Length and weight at a post-term age of 2 years was not negatively influenced by early introduction of complementary food. CONCLUSIONS: VLBW infants are introduced to complementary food on average before a post-term age of 4 months. There was no negative effect of early introduction of complementary food on height and weight at 2 years of age. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2015) 69, 662-667; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.54; published online 15 April 2015, INTRODUCTION The survival of very low birth weight infants (VLBW, birth weight < 1500 g) has been increasing over the last decades. Monitoring of body growth and development are important [...]

The recently described scaffold model of murein architecture depicts the gram-negative bacterial cell wall as a gel-like matrix composed of cross-linked glycan strands oriented perpendicularly to the plasma membrane while peptide bridges adopt a parallel orientation (B. A. Dmitriev, F. V. Toukach, K. J. Schaper, O. Hoist, E. T. Rietschel, and S. Ehlers, J. Bacteriol. 185:3458-3468, 2003). Based on the scaffold model, we now present computer simulation studies on the peptidoglycan arrangement of the gram-positive organism Staphylococcus aureus, which show that the orientation of peptide bridges is critical for the highly cross-linked murein architecture of this microorganism. According to the proposed refined model, staphylococcal murein is composed of glycan and oligopeptide chains, both running in a plane that is perpendicular to the plasma membrane, with oligopeptide chains adopting a zigzag conformation and zippering adjacent glycan strands along their lengths. In contrast to previous models of murein in gram-positive bacteria, this model reflects the high degree of cross-linking that is the hallmark of the staphylococcal cell wall and is compatible with distinguishing features of S. aureus cytokinesis such as the triple consecutive alteration of the division plane orientation and the strictly centripetal mode of septum closure.