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Background and Objectives: Perineural hematoma may occur during performance of peripheral nerve blocks. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that an iatrogenic hematoma in the immediate vicinity of a peripheral nerve may cause histologic evidence of nerve injury., Methods: Fifty milliliters of autologous blood was injected adjacent to the right sciatic nerve in 20 anesthetized female pigs. In order to discern between blood-related volume and immune effects, 50 mL of albumin was injected at the same location in an additional 22 pigs. Either blood or albumin was injected in random order. The left sciatic nerve served as a negative control in all animals, that is, either no needle placement or needle placement without injection. After 48 hours, the nerves were resected. The grade of nerve injury was scored from 0 (no injury) to 3 (severe injury) by histologic analysis of myelin tissue and inflammatory cells., Results: Eighty-two nerve specimens were examined. Injury scores were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the blood injection (n = 20; median [interquartile range] 2 [2-2]) and albumin injection (n = 22, 1 [1-2]) conditions compared with the no needle placement (n = 22, 0 [0-1]) and "dry needle placement" (n = 20, 1 [0-1]) conditions. Widespread inflammatory changes were seen in the blood injection group, in which 15% of nerve specimens showed damage to myelin., Conclusions: Our data suggest that hematoma adjacent to nerve tissue may result in structural nerve injury and inflammatory changes.

Intending to perform a prospective study after the birth of their children 312 mothers were asked for co-operation and a newly developed preventively shaped pacifier was given them (free of charge) for use. Two years later it was possible to join 202 children and morphologically investigate their primary dentition. On the base of the real behaviour in the meantime the subjects formed five groups: children without sucking habits, finger suckers, user of cherry-shaped pacifiers, so-called health pacifiers and test pacifiers. The findings show specific significant differences. Especially cherry-shaped pacifiers but also medically recommended pacifiers can badly influence the development of the deciduous dentition. However, the harmful results can be minimized by a special preventive shape.

Out of a total of 300 patients the data of which and the dental casts including a control cast after an interval of 3 years were completely available, 56 patients could be investigated after an interval of about 20 years. When obtaining the last impressions they were aged 38 1/2 years. All casts were estimated and evaluated according to the method of Eismann (1969). It gives prerequisites to different dentofacial anomalies to compare them with each other under reproducible conditions. 15 factors are used in the assessment of the morphology of the dentition. Each of the criteria is measured and the results are evaluated according to the table. Points are scored for each condition registered and the total number will signify the extent of the morphological abnormality. The reduction of the numerical value between the initial and final casts is a measure of the success of treatment, and the difference between the score for end-of-treatment and follow-up casts is a measure of the degree of stability. Thus the cases between the end of treatment and the first control casts showed a slight improvement of the results. Between the first and the last control casts two trends were observed. On one hand single dentitions showed a further improvement, on the other the amount of the dentofacial anomaly symptoms increased a little. There are no trends derivable that there are special reacting differences between the extraction therapy group compared to the patients without extractions. The individual mode of reactions seems to be the most important factor with respect to the morphological changes independent of type of treatment.

For reasons of different data in literature on occlusal parameters and their metric registration at the beginning of the eighties two methods, independent from each other, were developed to registrate the total occlusal contact area and the number of occlusal surfaces of contact on dental casts--the capacity measuring method and the quasi-planimetry method. The results obtained independently from each other show a high degree of correspondence. Because of its easy handling the method of quasi-planimetry was further developed and used for direct analysis of enorally obtained wafers of different characteristics. The total surface of occlusal contacts in the static occlusion ran up to 4-6 mm2, and the number of stops to 19-30. The method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of occlusal parameters is improved with a modern system of digital analysis. The results obtained up to now admit the conclusion that the occlusion of the teeth represents an individual condition of high variability.

For reasons of different data in literature on occlusal parameters and their metric registration, at the beginning of the 80's two methods independent of each other were developed--the capacity measuring method and the quasiplanimetry method to register the total occlusal contact area and the number of occlusal surfaces of contact at dental casts. The results obtained independently from each other showed a high degree of correspondence. That's why the method of quasiplanimetry was further developed and used for the direct analysis of enorally obtained wafers of different characteristic. The method is improved now with a modern system of digital analysis. The results obtained up to now admit the conclusion that the occlusion of the teeth represents an individual condition of high variability. With the reproducible method used individual occlusal parameters can be numerically registered.

Manuals and relevant publications give rise to the impression that the formation of the overbite in the incisor region throughout its development is a process easy to overlook. Impressions of 108 cases were taken, one of the deciduous dentition and one of the permanent dentition 13 years later. A mathematic-statistical analysis of objective measurable morphological dentition criteria were made and discussed. This shows that neither from the degree of overbite nor from any other feature of the deciduous dentition a prognosis concerning the extent of the final overbite of the permanent dentition can be derived. Changes throughout the development of the overbite are predominant. There are only little correlative coherencies among the morphological symptoms that can be applied quickly and easily for the prognosis in the clinical inspection. For estimating the development tendency longterm individualized observations are necessary.

Using the DMF/T, GPM/T and CPITN-index systems, the numerical evaluation method according to Eismann and measuring the occlusal contact areas in static occlusion in 101 orthodontically treated adolescents and young adults the effect of complex preventive and therapeutic programs was studied. The used parameters allow to characterize oral health status. After completing the orthodontical treatment there is a need to continue preventive programmes and therapeutic interventions in adults to reach stable oral health conditions.

The effect of the iodine not bound to the nuclear drug 131I hippurate on nuclear medical renal diagnosis by means of whole body clearance has been investigated. The results show that whatever clearance method is used, the tubular secretion performance decreases with increasing free iodine. This results in considerable error if the free iodine in the nuclear drug is not taken into account in the clearance calculation.

The mesio-distal crown diameters of 50 former orthodontic patients without extractions and of 50 cases with extractions were measured. The differences of the sum of the crown diameters of the upper and lower dental bow are analysed. The results support the importance of the individual analysis of the situation of all the crown diameters with respect to diagnosis.

The formation of urinary calculi cannot yet be prevented with certainty. Consequently the dissolution of stones remains a focus of medical interest. The speed of solution of a calculus is not a quantity typical of the substance, but depends largely on the structural formation of the urinary calculi. With very different types of structure (e.g. Whewellite and Weddellite stones) the rate of dissolution can therefore fluctuate between wide limits in spite of similar phase composition. Consequently, type of structure, course of solution and rate of solution can be clearly correlated. Stones with relatively uniform structure formation (e.g. Struvite stones) on the other hand show largely similar solution rates. Medically, it is of interest that in certain structural types, solution may lead to disintegration of the stone into isolated solution residues.

An instrument developed by Jenny et al. (1980) for rating the public's perceptions of the social acceptability of a wide variety of occlusal configurations was administered to children and adults in Australia, the German Democratic Republic and the United States of America and also to US orthodontists. Mean scores for the 7 groups of subjects from the 3 countries were arranged in rank order from the least socially acceptable to the most socially acceptable and compared. The results indicate that use of the social acceptability scale of occlusal conditions (SASOC) is a highly reliable method for scoring and rank-ordering the aesthetic acceptability of occlusal morphologies. Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients between the ranking of SASOC stimuli by all 7 groups of subjects from the 3 countries ranged from 0.85 to 0.97. The probability of such correlations occurring by chance is less than 1 in 10000 (P less than 0.0001). SASOC proved capable of rank-ordering a wide range of occlusal morphologies for aesthetics with excellent consistency along the entire spectrum from the least acceptable to the most socially acceptable in all 3 countries. The data indicate that norms for socially acceptable dental appearance are essentially the same in Australia, the German Democratic Republic and the United States of America.

The occlusal contacts of teeth in a dentition have been analysed metrically with the aid of a new method. The outstanding advantage of this method is offered by the fact that the contacts of teeth are registered immediately in the subject and then evaluated with the aid of the teleplanimetric measuring variant. From error computation it follows that the method leads to reproducible and largely objective results. In 84 subjects with an average age of 16.9 +/- 3.7 years the total contacting area and the number of contacts in static occlusion were determined and examined with respect to specific groups.

After the historical description of transplantations in Europe since 1966 the essential new facts and constant data in donnor conditioning, transplantation and after-treatment are discussed on the basis of special literature. 63 own courses are evaluated with complications.

A combination of instruments comprising a sliding calliper with mated increment detecting element and readout with digital display for accurate measurements of distances.

Generalising considerations concerning the problem of the analysis of urinary calculi as well as a longer testing within own examination prove modern microscopic methods and devices to be a scientific and practical instrumentarium for the examination of urinary calculi which has a good future. Expensive special microscopes may above all remained reserved for research examinations on urinary calculi, if simple laboratory microscopes for routine analyses of urinary calculi are supplemented by cheap additional constructing elements.