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Time series analysis is a method of key importance for systems of various hierarchies’ economic security studies. This article’s main goal is to develop an economic security rapid indicators system, introducing threshold values and utilizing indices with a one-month sampling period, and its approbation during Russia’s economic security operational monitoring. In order to develop such a system, the authors accumulated economic security world experience including reliability, visibility and tree structure principles. The authors’ monitoring system includes four spheres: real economy, social, monetary and foreign economic, each of which contains three indicators. In order to organize economic security monitoring, it is proposed to use the index method, which converts indicators into a dimensionless form with integral values in subsequent calculations. Based on integral indices values, the economic security generalized index is synthesized, which can be used to analyze a system’s development trends. We present economic security normalized indicators and integral indices dynamics for the years 2020–2022, which show two crises dynamics. The first is due the COVID-19 pandemic, while the second is associated with economic sanctions against Russia, implemented in 2022. The proposed economic security operational monitoring indicators system can be used effectively in the government’s practical tasks in order to ensure the required level of economic security. This is especially true for rapid diagnosis of crisis phenomena in countries and individual regions.

The article discusses groups of French Paremiological Units (FPU), thematically related to the days of the week. The task of the author is to assess the positive and negative attitudes of the French to certain days of the week, to identify the potential favorability for the development of events on any given day of the week. The study found that the French language community auspicious days are Saturday and Sunday. Adverse days include Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and you should expect fatal events, the formation of any exceptional circumstances on Tuesday. The author distributes FPU, prescribing certain behavior on a particular day of the week into the following groups: FPU, which are advisory in nature; FPU, warning against various activities; FPU, strictly restrictive; FPU governing economic activity; FPU, describing weather phenomena and climatic features of different periods.

The article studies groups of lexical borrowings by the origin of modern French. The task of the authors is to assess the extent of the influence exerted by other national languages on the lexical structure of modern French, including English, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Japanese, etc. The author focuses on the period of the formation of the French language as a national language after the signing in 1539 of Ordonance Viller-Cotre by Francis I (1494 – 1547). Important results of the development of the lexicon of the French language in the period under review include: the growth of the number of Anglicisms and the transition of the Italian language to the second place in terms of the number of borrowings. To a lesser extent, words are borrowed from other Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages. Most often, through English and Portuguese, French learns exotic vocabulary. Today, borrowings from the Japanese language refer to new and newest borrowings.

This article is devoted to the disclosure of changes that occurred in the French language in the XX century. The task of the authors is to present the main features characteristic of the French language of the 20th century, taking into account external history and to give their perspective assessment. World wars, the development of communication tools and the creation of new technologies, the strengthening of cultural and economic ties between France and other countries of the world had a significant impact on the evolution of the French language. Important results of the development of the French language in the period under review include: fixing a new phoneme [ŋ] in the consonantial system of the French language; enrichment of the lexical system at the expense of internal resources and at the expense of other languages; strengthening the dynamics of the development of the non-literary part of the language; increase in the number of syntactic Anglicisms. In general, the authors of the article attempted to give a detailed answer to the question: if there was the impoverishment of the French language in the twentieth century.

Background/Objectives: Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents is a well-established approach to cancer therapy. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) typically carry toxic payloads attached to a tumor-associated antigen-targeting IgG antibody via an enzyme-cleavable linker that releases the drug inside the cell. Aptamers are a promising alternative to antibodies in terms of antigen targeting; however, their polynucleotide nature and smaller size result in a completely different PK/PD profile compared to an IgG. This may prove advantageous: owing to their lower molecular weight, aptamer-drug conjugates may achieve better penetration of solid tumors compared to ADCs. Methods: On the way to therapeutic aptamer–drug conjugates, we aimed to develop a versatile and modular approach for the assembly of aptamer–enzymatically cleavable payload conjugates of various drug–aptamer ratios. We chose the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane protein often overexpressed in brain tumors, as the target antigen. We used the 46 mer EGFR-targeting DNA sequence GR-20, monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) on the cathepsin-cleavable ValCit-p-aminobenzylcarbamate linker as the payload, and pentaerythritol-based tetraazide as the branching point for the straightforward synthesis of aptamer–drug conjugates by means of a stepwise Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. Results: Branched aptamer conjugates of 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1 stoichiometry were synthesized and showed higher cytotoxic activity compared to a 1:1 conjugate, particularly on several glioma cell lines. Conclusions: This approach is convenient and potentially applicable to any aptamer sequence, as well as other payloads and cleavable linkers, thus paving the way for future development of aptamer–drug therapeutics by easily providing a range of branched conjugates for in vitro and in vivo testing.

The urgency of the problem of formation and improvement of the level of financial literacy of the population is beyond doubt. By far, the most vulnerable social group here is the older generation. However, young people also need this competence. Purpose: this article describes the study of the level of financial literacy of generation Z and Y on the subject of knowledge of the operations of the gold and foreign exchange market; representations and concepts of modern economics; banking transactions; the subject of international trade, as well as international currency. Methods that were used in the research process: comparative analysis and synthesis, dialectical approach, sociological survey. Results: the authors conclude that Generation Z is less educated in terms of having and using financial knowledge than Millennials, and this is explained by the following facts: less life experience, focus only on the present, low interest in finance as a source of self-development opportunities.