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Der findes ingen eksakte tal for forekomsten af fødevareallergi i den danske befolkning. Den kumulerede forekomst af fødevareallergi hos børn i de første tre leveår skønnes at være på 7-8 %, hvoraf hovedparten vokser sig fra det. Punktprævalensen af diagnosticeret fødevareallergi hos voksne er 3 %. Det er ofte almindelige fødevarer, som udløser allergiske reaktioner, fx æg, mælk, nødder, skaldyr, jordnødder og frisk frugt. Krydsreaktioner er den mest almindelige fødevareallergi hos større børn og voksne. Pollenallergikere udgør her en særlig risikogruppe, idet op til halvdelen reagerer allergisk på visse typer af frisk frugt og grøntsager, hvilket kan udløse oralt allergisyndrom. Krydsreaktioner kan potentielt også udløses i forbindelse med tandbehandling som følge af eksponering for de forskellige materialer, der anvendes i tandlægepraksis. Det er væsentligt at skelne mellem fødevareallergi og fødevareintolerance. Ved fødevareallergi aktiveres immunsystemet via et IgE-medieret respons. Fødevareintolerance er derimod en form for hypersensibilitet over for et eller flere fødeemner, enten pga. manglende nedbrydning i mave-tarm-kanalen som fx ved laktoseintolerance eller pga. en autoimmunbetinget inflammation i tarmen som ved cøliaki. Den præcise forekomst af fødevareintolerance kendes ikke, men skønnes at være lavere end for fødevareallergi. De mest almindelige former for fødevareintolerance er laktoseintolerance og cøliaki. Udiagnosticeret og ubehandlet kan disse tilstande medføre malabsorption og dermed orale manifestationer som bl.a. emaljedefekter og aftøs stomatitis. Nærværende artikel gennemgår de mekanismer, der ligger til grund for fødevareallergi og -intolerance, de relaterede symptomer og orale manifestationer samt udredning og behandling af disse tilstande.

BACKGROUND: Medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD), xerostomia (sensation of oral dryness), and subjective sialorrhea cause significant morbidity and impair quality of life. However, no evidence-based lists of the medications that cause these disorders exist.OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compile a list of medications affecting salivary gland function and inducing xerostomia or subjective sialorrhea.DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published until June 2013. Of 3867 screened records, 269 had an acceptable degree of relevance, quality of methodology, and strength of evidence. We found 56 chemical substances with a higher level of evidence and 50 with a moderate level of evidence of causing the above-mentioned disorders. At the first level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system, 9 of 14 anatomical groups were represented, mainly the alimentary, cardiovascular, genitourinary, nervous, and respiratory systems. Management strategies include substitution or discontinuation of medications whenever possible, oral or systemic therapy with sialogogues, administration of saliva substitutes, and use of electro-stimulating devices.LIMITATIONS: While xerostomia was a commonly reported outcome, objectively measured salivary flow rate was rarely reported. Moreover, xerostomia was mostly assessed as an adverse effect rather than the primary outcome of medication use. This study may not include some medications that could cause xerostomia when administered in conjunction with others or for which xerostomia as an adverse reaction has not been reported in the literature or was not detected in our search.CONCLUSIONS: We compiled a comprehensive list of medications with documented effects on salivary gland function or symptoms that may assist practitioners in assessing patients who complain of dry mouth while taking medications. The list may also prove useful in helping practi

OBJECTIVES: Medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD) causes significant morbidity resulting in decreased quality of life. This systematic review assessed the literature on the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of MISGD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for articles related to MISGD through June 2013. Four independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, study population, interventions, outcomes, and conclusions for each article. Only papers with acceptable degree of relevance, quality of methodology, and strength of evidence were retained for further analysis.RESULTS: There were limited data on the epidemiology of MISGD. Furthermore, various methods were used to assess salivary flow rate or xerostomia. Preventive and therapeutic strategies included substitution of medications, oral, or systemic therapy with sialogogues, use of saliva substitutes or of electro-stimulating devices. Although there are promising approaches to improve salivary gland function, most studies are characterized by small numbers and heterogeneous methods.CONCLUSIONS: Physicians and dentists should identify the medications associated with xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction through a thorough medical history. Preferably, health care providers should measure the unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates of all their patients so that these values can be used as a baseline to rate the complaints of patients who subsequently claim to experience xerostomia or salivary gland dysfunction as well as the possibilities of effectively treating this condition.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: MISGD remains a major burden for the population. This systematic review provides a contemporary in-depth description of the diagnosis and treatment of MISGD.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the available literature on the clinical implications of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD).STUDY DESIGN: The systematic review was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (through June 2013). Studies were assessed for degree of relevance and strength of evidence, based on whether clinical implications of MISGD were the primary study outcomes, as well as on the appropriateness of study design and sample size.RESULTS: For most purported xerogenic medications, xerostomia was the most frequent adverse effect. In the majority of the 129 reviewed papers, it was not documented whether xerostomia was accompanied by decreased salivary flow. Incidence and prevalence of medication-induced xerostomia varied widely and was often associated with number and dose of medications. Xerostomia was most frequently reported to be mild-to-moderate in severity. Its onset occurred usually in the first weeks of treatment. There was selected evidence that medication-induced xerostomia occurs more frequently in women and older adults and that MISGD may be associated with other clinical implications, such as caries or oral mucosal alterations.CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review showed that MISGD constitutes a significant burden in many patients and may be associated with important negative implications for oral health.

In this study, we look at the effects of the adoption of the revised IAS 1 rules, which has been in effect since January 1, 2009. The revised IAS 1 requires that all changes in equity, excluding changes in equity arising from transactions with owners, should be recognized in comprehensive income statement. Revised IAS 1 requires companies to report total comprehensive income that is a sum of net income and other comprehensive income. Total comprehensive income includes all unrealized gains and losses recognized under IFRS. Before the amendment, some of the unrealized gains and losses were shown in a statement of changes in equity but not in the income statement. We hope to answer the question whether inclusion of the components of other comprehensive income provides investors with useful information. We investigate if stock prices have an association with the components of other comprehensive income. We investigate how effective are attempts of IASB to increase the relevance of accounting information about corporate income. We hope that results from the study will be of interest to the standard-setter. In this study, we use data from annual reports and year-end reports for companies listed on the Large and Mid Cap segment at NASDAQ OMX Stockholm and that covers the years 2009 to 2011. We use two regression models to test value relevance of components of other comprehensive income.We have found some evidence that the share price statistically relates to such component of comprehensive income as the change of the fair value of cash flow hedges. This can also be interpreted as that the change of the fair value of cash flow hedges has some value relevance. We also found some evidence that the share price significantly associates with winning cash flow hedging position. We did not find that the share price associates with some other components of other comprehensive income.