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Los cuatro principales periódicos de Colombia: El Espectador, El Tiempo, El Colombiano y El País, se han lanzado a levantar muros de pago para cobrar por sus contenidos digitales. Esta tesis analiza estos cuatro casos profundizando en las estrategias de comercialización de las cuatro cabeceras. Para ello se toma como base los principios del Yield/Revenue Management y las herramientas de optimización del ingreso que se aplican con éxito, desde hace ya varios años, en otros sectores industriales. Entre los objetivos de esta tesis está apreciar si los medios colombianos analizados están desarrollando estrategias para ofertar el producto informativo adecuado, al público adecuado, en el momento adecuado y al precio adecuado. Se analiza también si las cuatro cabeceras cuentan con suficientes datos sobre sus audiencias como para poder anticipar la importancia y utilidad que éstas otorgan a los contenidos ofertados y mejorar la propuesta de valor, e incluso anticiparse a las necesidades de demanda. Para ello, a lo largo de la tesis se han analizado las estrategias de cobro por acceso que están implementado las cabeceras estudiadas y se ha entrevistado a los ejecutivos de las cuatro compañías - tanto a responsables editoriales como de negocio - así como a los representantes de las principales asociaciones gremiales de medios colombianos ( AMI y Andiarios), buscando conocer la experiencia en este sentido por parte de las personas que toman tanto decisiones editoriales como comerciales. Los resultados del trabajo permiten apreciar en primer lugar que el acercamiento al modelo de cobro por contenido en digital desde la óptica de las herramientas del YRM es nuevo en su abordaje. Por su parte, los periódicos analizados no han podido aplicar en el entorno digital un modelo de negocio distinto al que durante décadas han desarrollado en el entorno tradicional, entre otros motivos, debido a que a la hora de aplicar determinadas estrategias comerciales carecen de herramientas de métricas que les permitan anticipar el valor percibido por la audiencia con respecto a la oferta informativa. Se ha observado que la producción de contenido en las redacciones no tiene un enfoque claro en una estrategia de producción, sino que en su gran mayoría corresponde a la agenda noticiosa general de cada día, como sucede en el medio tradicional, y la cadena de valor es prácticamente la misma para los cuatro medios estudiados. Sin embargo, es claro que los periódicos, y específicamente los cuatro periódicos objeto de análisis en este estudio, comparten con las industrias que implementan técnicas del YRM algunas características que harían viable la adopción de este tipo de estrategias para mejorar los resultados del cobro por acceso. The four main newspapers in Colombia: El Espectador, El Tiempo, El Colombiano and El País, have set out to build payment walls to charge for their digital content. This thesis analyzes these four cases, delving into the marketing strategies of the four headers. This is based on the principles of Yield / Revenue Management and income optimization tools that have been applied successfully, for several years now, in other industrial sectors. Among the objectives of this thesis is to assess whether the analyzed Colombian media are developing strategies to offer the right informational product, to the right audience, at the right time and at the right price. It is also analyzed whether the four headers have enough data on their audiences to be able to anticipate the importance and usefulness they give to the content offered and improve the value proposition, and even anticipate demand needs. To do this, throughout the thesis, the access charging strategies that are implemented by the studied headers have been analyzed and the executives of the four companies - both editorial and business managers - as well as the representatives of the main trade union associations of Colombian media (AMI and Andiarios), seeking to know the experience in this regard on the part of the people who make both editorial and commercial decisions. The results of the work allow us to appreciate in the first place that the approach to the model of charging for digital content from the perspective of the YRM tools is new in its approach. For their part, the analyzed newspapers have not been able to apply in the digital environment a business model different from the one that they have developed in the traditional environment for decades, among other reasons, due to the fact that when it comes to applying specific commercial strategies they lack the tools of metrics that allow them to anticipate the value perceived by the audience with respect to the information offer. It has been observed that the production of content in newsrooms does not have a clear focus on a production strategy, but that the vast majority corresponds to the general news agenda of each day, as happens in the traditional medium, and the value chain it is practically the same for the four media studied. However, it is clear that the newspapers, and specifically the four newspapers analyzed in this study, share with the industries that implement YRM techniques some characteristics that would make the adoption of this type of strategies viable to improve the results of access charging. Programa de Doctorado en Investigación en Medios de Comunicación por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Presidenta: Marta Perlado Lamo de Espinosa.- Secretaria: Eva Herrero Curiel.- Vocal: Mª Isabel Fernández Alonso

La presente tesis se muestra el desarrollo de la investigación que tuvo como propósito, Determinar el tratamiento informativo de los acuerdos de paz en los principales medios digitales colombianos durante el periodo electoral del plebiscito del 2016, para ello se abordó un método documental- bibliográfico siguiendo el recurso de la Agenda Setting buscando encontrar la postura y su influencia en el público, a partir de artículos publicados por tres (03) Diarios digitales, El Tiempo, El Espectador y Las dos Orillas, de lo cual se obtuvieron resultados que llevaron a concluir que dichos diarios contribuyeron a clarificar las dudas y aun cuando con algunas tendencias marcadas expusieron la realidad de un país que votó por la paz, pero no por la impunidad, dejando claro que todas las víctimas de la guerra no han quedado solo en el recuerdo, sino que son las huella indeleble de un pasado que el pueblo colombiano recuerda con tristeza. This thesis shows the development of the research whose purpose was to determine the informative treatment of the peace accords in the main Colombian digital media during the electoral period of the 2016 plebiscite, for this a documentary-bibliographic method was approached following the Agenda Setting resource seeking to find the position and its influence on the public, based on articles published by three (03) digital newspapers, El Tiempo, El Espectador and Las 2 Orillas, from which results were obtained that led to the conclusion that These newspapers contributed to clarify the doubts and even when with some marked tendencies they exposed the reality of a country that voted for peace, but not for impunity, making it clear that all the victims of the war have not only remained in memory, but which are the indelible marks of a past that the Colombian people sadly remember.

La digitalización generó cambios trascendentales en la vida de las personas: en la cotidianidad, en las relaciones interpersonales, en el trabajo y en la manera como las personas consumen y producen información. Este trabajo analiza el contenido relacionado con alimentación de dos medios de comunicación digitales en Colombia: eltiempo.com y elespectador.com. La alimentación es un tema relevante y de interés general que cada vez cobra mayor importancia dados los impactos que genera la producción y consumo de alimentos, no solo en la salud de las personas, sino también en el desarrollo económico y social de las comunidades. En esa medida, los medios de comunicación están llamados a cubrir el tema con alta calidad y profundidad. #TemasAlimentaciónMediosComunicación #AlimentaciónMediosComunicaciónDigitalesColombiaEltiempoEspectador.com. World has become digital, generating far-reaching changes in people's lives: in the way we interact, in our interpersonal relationships, at work and in the way people consume and produce information. This paper analyzes the food-related content of two digital media in Colombia: eltiempo.com and elespectador.com. The impacts generated by food production and consumption, are relevant not only on people's health, but also in the economic and social development of communities. To that extent, the media are called upon to cover them with quality and rigor.

Purpose - The purpose of this investigation was the intervention of the loss of connection of the spectators with scenic works in particular with dance works. This is because current performing arts companies tend to ignore the importance of those factors that maximize attention and that in the same way direct the emotions of their viewers. Based on this, different experiments were carried out in which four variables that directly affect the creation of a choreography and that have a direct relationship with the excitement of the public observing a dance work were evaluated. This was very useful to obtain important results that allowed the construction of an effective solution. Design/methodology/approach - To face this problem, various experiments were carried out. The patterns that exist at the time of expressing different emotions with 18 participants were studied and how dancers usually express them from different dance styles. The emotional responses that various dance stagings cause in the audience were also studied, using the space of Arousal and Valencia. Finally, various dance techniques and their mechanisms for projecting and stimulating the spectator's excitement were analyzed. During the investigation, a corpus of 10 dance pieces was created, noting the essential structural variables that impact the level of public interest: number of scenes, duration, number of dancers per scene, location of dancers on stage, pulses per minute (BPM) of music per scene.

La toma del Palacio de Justicia es un episodio de la historia de Colombia que ha generado, mucha información y relatos con diferentes posiciones frente a lo sucedido. Al respecto se han escrito libros, informes y artículos -académicos y de opinión-, tratando de explicar qué y cómo sucedió. Lo cierto es que el tema continúa teniendo vigencia -34 años después-para ser investigado y debatido, por esta razón, el presente trabajo busca hacer el análisis de las narrativas que construyeron los dos diarios más importantes de Colombia, El Tiempo y El Espectador alrededor de la toma. La pregunta que se trata de responder en este trabajo es: ¿cuáles son las narrativas que construyeron los medios de los dos principales periódicos del país frente a la toma y retoma del Palacio de Justicia?, con el objetivo de identificar el relato escogido por la prensa para contar las decisiones gubernamentales tomadas alrededor de la toma del Palacio de Justicia. Para cumplir el propósito de este trabajo se realiza un análisis paradigmático de contenido, examinando similitudes y diferencias temáticas entre diferentes relatos de noticias publicadas en noviembre de 1985, a través de categorías propias del storytelling. The capture ofthe Palace of Justice is an episode ofthe history ofColombia that has generated a lot ofinformation and stories with different positions regarding what happened. In this regard, books, reports and academic and opinion have been written, trying to explain what and how it happened. The truth is that the íssue continues to be valid -34 years later-to be investigated and debated, for this reason, this work seeks to analyze the narratives that built the two most important newspapers in Colombia, El Tiempo and El Espectador around ofthe attack. The question that is about answering in this document is: ¿what are the narratives that built the media of the two main newspapers ofthe country in front ofthe capture and retake ofthe Palace of Justice?, with the aim of identifying the story chosen by the press to tell the govemment decisions taken around the taking ofthe Palace ofJustice. To fulfill the purpose of this work, a paradigmatic analysis of content is carried out, examining thematic similarities and differences between news stories published in November 1985, through categories ofstorytelling. Maestría Facultad Comunicación Social y Periodismo::Magíster en Comunicación Política

Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar la cobertura que los diarios colombianos hicieron del proceso de destitución de la expresidenta de Brasil Dilma Roussef. Para la realización del estudio, que se basa en la teoría de la agenda-setting, se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido de las publicaciones de El Tiempo y El Espectador durante la semana de la votación del impeachment, que tuvo lugar el 17 de abril de 2016. Esta investigación se justifica debido a que es importante conocer la posición editorial asumida por los medios de comunicación en América Latina respecto a este evento político. Los resultados del análisis señalan que hay diferencias significativas en la construcción de la agenda de ambos periódicos: mientras El Tiempo ayuda a construir una agenda desfavorable a la expresidenta El Espectador adopta una posición editorial más neutral. This paper has as main objective to analyze the coverage that the Colombian newspapers made of the process of impeachment of the ex-president of Brazil Dilma Rousseff. In order to carry out this study, which is based on the agenda-setting theory, a content analysis of the El Tiempo and El Espectador publications was developed during the impeachment poll week, held on April 17, 2016. It is justified the importance of this research because it is pertinent to know the editorial position of the media in Latin America in relation to this political event. The results of the analysis show that there are significant differences in the construction of the agenda of both newspapers: while El Tiempo helps build an unfavorable agenda for the former president, El Espectador adopts a more neutral editorial position.

32 páginas Las movilizaciones de 2011, que comenzaron con la Primavera Árabe y se propagaron por el mundo entero, se convirtieron en un fenómeno mediático internacional, pues centraron parte de sus estrategias de acción en alcanzar visibilidad en los medios de comunicación. Este trabajo, producto de una investigación, tuvo como objetivo analizar cómo fue el cubrimiento de las revueltas desde los principales diarios colombianos El Tiempo y El Espectador; conocer el framing y los recursos empleados para transmitir la información. Para ello, se seleccionaron todas las piezas periodísticas referentes a acciones de protesta alrededor del mundo, publicadas desde el 15 de diciembre de 2010 hasta la misma fecha de 2011 y se les aplicó una matriz de análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento dado a la información potenció la visibilidad de las manifestaciones, desde una perspectiva homogénea, presentando movimientos dispares y distantes como un fenómeno global y contagioso que traspasaba fronteras. The demonstrations of 2011, which began with the Arab Spring and spread throughout the whole world, became an international media phenomenon, since they focused part of their action strategies on achieving visibility in the media.This work, result of an investigation, aimed to analyze how was the coverage of the revolts from de main colombian journals El Tiempo and El Espectador; get to know how was the framing and resources used to transmit information, since they are the only two national circulation newspapers. For that, were selected all journalistic pieces concerning to actions of protest around the world, published from December 15, 2010 to the same date of 2011, and was applied a matrix analysis of quantitative and qualitative content. The results pointed that the treatment given to information enhanced visibility of demonstrations, from a homogeneous perspective, presenting disparate and distant movements as a global and contagious phenomenon that transcends frontiers.

La imagen que los medios de comunicación en Colombia brindan a la mujer deportista algún deporte no es clara dado que no existen estudios en los cuales se aborde la presencia del género femenino que practique un deporte en el país. De esta manera, surge este trabajo de investigación para responder a esos interrogantes. Debido que su papel en disciplinas deportivas ha crecido con el paso de los años, en los medios informativos también ha crecido el interés de publicar y hacer visible su rol en prácticas de carácter deportivo tanto a nivel local como mundial. Debido a que la información deportiva en los últimos años ha tenido una demanda importante y ha despertado el interés de las personas, se hace necesario realizar este estudio sobre el tratamiento de esta información ya que permitiría establecer vínculos importantes entre el tratamiento de la información deportiva en general con la imagen que se transmite de las deportistas. The image that the media in Colombia give to sports women is not clear given that there are no studies that address the presence of the female gender that practices a sport in the country. In this way, this research work arises to answer these questions. As his role in sports disciplines has grown over the years, interest in publishing and making his role in sports practices both locally and globally has grown in the media. Due to the fact that sports information in recent years has had an important demand and has aroused people's interest, it is necessary to carry out this study on the treatment of this information since it would allow important links to be established between the treatment of sports information in general with the image that is transmitted of the athletes. Comunicador Social Pregrado

This dissertation analyzes the way the Colombian conflict is represented in Colombian and international qualitative independent opinion articles and their influence on readers' understanding of the conflict.The Colombian government has carried on an extensive propaganda campaign to promote disinformation in order to disguise the aims of weakening the political opposition and politically and economically 'legalizing' a wide range of Mafia activities in Colombia. This shows the influence that the paramilitary mafia exercises in important areas of Colombian political and economic life. It is inherent in the high level of corruption caused by the 'Narcotraffic'. However, the US War on Drugs demands at least some results, which until now have been minimal with respect to the Narcotraffic, although very successful against the guerrillas, who are to some extent competitors of the paramilitaries in the drug traffic. Due to the War on Drugs, some drug lords have received jail sentences, although under very mild and lax conditions. This seems to be more a legalization than a punishment, at least in the case of the paramilitaries. After a short prison term, the drug dealer is "clean" again and is free to resume his illegal business. All this explains the disinformation promoted by the official propaganda and the lack of knowledge about the war on the part of the average Colombian.Given this situation, it is essential for the public to be able to rely on independent media that can expose the lies of official propaganda and inform the public about the risks of accepting the illegal as the law, the so-called Pax Mafiosa (when an illegal party won the war and imposed its order). Understanding what is happening in Colombia can help people take a stand against violence and criminality as solutions. The current military strategy and the infiltration of the paramilitary mafia into the government represent both violence and criminality.In Colombia there are independent journalists, but according to this research, they are victims of polarization and for this reason are promoting the war, although this is not their intention. Nevertheless, with the help of the international qualitative media it would be possible to reorient Colombian journalism towards a journalism pro peace. In all cases, I selected what I regard as opinion articles, because unlike news articles, opinion articles offer analyses and are very free to be critical.In all, 66 subjects participated in an experimental study designed to measure the impact of the articles on readers. Of them, 94% were German citizens, and on average they were 24 years old. All the subjects had little knowledge of the Colombian conflict. Three groups were set up. The first had to read 22 Colombian opinion articles, the second 22 international articles, and the third both sets of articles. After reading the articles, all the subjects completed the same questionnaires.According to the results of the experiment, obtained with quantitative and qualitative analysis, the Colombian articles belong to the 'journalism of attachment', and the international articles to 'journalism pro peace'.However, the international articles alone do not fully explain the conflict, because they lack the rich details that the Colombian articles offer. For this reason, a first step toward countering the official propaganda would be to combine the two types of journalism to provide Colombians readers with pro-peace, detailed and enlightening information. With more qualitative information, Colombian readers will be able to understand, in a pro-peace style, the conflict and its causes, and to avoid polarization and one-sided attributions of guilt. Additionally, they will be better prepared to look for democratic solutions, such as electing mayors, legislators and a president who are more interested in a peaceful resolution of the conflict than in the current military approach.The effort to counter propaganda is only one step on the long and very complex path to peace, but because no one wants Colombia to completely fail as a state, informing and enlightening Colombian citizens about the conflict must be a priority. The research suggests that the Colombian journalism of attachment should be reoriented in a more productive way. The results of this experiment are encouraging, and perhaps if they were transformed into praxis, they would provide an opportunity for a country that desperately needs peace.

Hace una reseña sobre el periódico "El Espectador"" de Bogotá, silenciado tras extraña impavidez, exenta de cualquier escrúpulo democrático, con que los distintos gobiernos procedieron contra este medio. Para las gentes en el PODER, un periodista de este diario era lo más próximo a un delincuente. El recorte drástico de la publicidad mató a más de un diario en Colombia."

Al difundirse por el continente la noticia de la desaparición del diario El Espectador, de Bogotá, en los medios de prensa la pregunta es: ¿por qué? Se trata de saber si la misma historia y las mismas causas de muerte se repiten en otros lugares. Es muy posible, en efecto, que el siglo XXI esté naciendo bajo el signo de nuevas amenazas contra la libertad de prensa.

RESUMEN: Este texto muestra algunas de las características más destacadas del cubrimiento que El Tiempo, El Espectador y Semana hicieron del “proceso 8.000” durante tres periodos específicos. Se inscribe en la línea del análisis de contenido y retoma las conclusiones de una investigación de doctorado defendida en la Universidad de São Paulo. El Proceso 8.000 es el nombre genérico que los medios dieron a las investigaciones judiciales sobre los ingresos de dineros del narcotráfico a la campaña electoral presidencial de 1994, de la cual salió vencedor Ernesto Samper Pizano. El texto se entrelaza permanentemente con las reflexiones que, en la época, hicieron los analistas acerca de la crisis política provocada por el 8.000 y acerca del papel de la prensa en general. Informar profusamente sobre el episodio condujo al gran acierto y al gran error de los medios: ellos permitieron que el país se enterara de lo sucedido, y, al mismo tiempo, contribuyeron a que la atención girara más en torno a asuntos coyunturales y menos en torno a las verdaderas causas que estaban en la base de la crisis. ABSTARCT: This text presents some of the most highlighted features of the coverage that the newspapers El Tiempo, El Espectador and themagazine Semana have did about the ”8,000 Trial” during threespecific periods. This text is inscribed in the analysis of content line and the conclusion are retaken from a Phd research defended at the University of Sao Paulo. The 8,000 trial is the generic name given from the media to judicial investigations about the drug trafficking income to 1994 presidential election campaign, which Ernesto Samper Pizano has emerged victorious. The text is constantly interweaved with the reflections that, at that time, the analysts did about the political crisis provoked by the 8,000 trial, and with the role in general of the press. Profusely information about this episode led to the great success and the big mistake of the media: they allowed that the country knows that happened, and, at same time, the contributed to the attention began to focus more in revolves around relevant affairs, and less in revolves around the true causes were at the base of the crisis.