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Endothelin‐1 plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the EDN1 (3A/4A; rs1800997) variant to the risk of nephrotic syndrome. This study involves 200 participants (100 healthy controls, 50 steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndromes [SSNS] patients, and 50 steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndromes [SRNS] patients]. Genomic DNA has been characterized using the PCR‐RFLP technique. The predominant genotype that is common in this study population was the EDN1 3A/3A genotype (NS [75%] and healthy controls [88%]). The prevalence of EDN1 3A/4A genotype and EDN1 4A allele was significantly increased among NS patients compared with healthy subjects (p‐value < 0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of the EDN1 (3A/4A; rs1800997) variant was statistically significant among SRNS patients (p‐value < 0.05). The EDN1 3A/4A genotype and the EDN1 4A allele were identified as independent risk factors of the nephrotic syndrome among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is heterogeneous and the existing prognostic classifiers are limited in accuracy, leading to the unnecessary treatment of numerous women. B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), an anti-apoptotic protein, has been proposed as a marker of poor prognosis, associated with resistance to therapy in most tumor types expressing BCL-2. In breast cancer, however, BCL-2 expression has been reported to be a favorable prognostic factor. This study aimed to describe the association between BCL-2 and other well-known pathological prognostic markers among different molecular sub-types of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC; NST)., Methods: BCL-2 expression, as well as that of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), were immunohistochemically (IHC) evaluated and compared with other pathological factors, including tumor size, grade, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), lymph-vascular invasion (LVI), and lymph node (LNd) metastasis, in 128 breast cancer cases diagnosed with IBC; NST. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation between BCL-2 expression and relapse-free survival (RFS) in all patients over a two-year period., Results: We found that BCL-2 expression had different pathological prognostic factor associations with different molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma. In the luminal A (i.e., hormonal receptor-positive and HER2-negative) and triple-negative subtypes, the expression of BCL-2 in tumor cells was significantly associated with tumor size, tumor grade, and TILs. BCL2-positive expression in luminal IBC; NST patients resulted in a significantly favorable two-year survival., Conclusion: BCL-2 expression in IBC; NST has different prognostic effects depending on the molecular subtype of the cancer. In cancers with a HER2-enriched phenotype, BCL-2 expression was a marker of poor prognosis, while in cancers with a hormone receptor-positive phenotype, BCL-2 expression had a better prognostic impact., (©The Author(s) 2024. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY International License.)