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A series of benzimidazole-based Schiff base derivatives (1–18) were synthesized and structurally elucidated through 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HREI-MS analysis. Subsequently, these synthetic derivatives were subjected to evaluation for their inhibitory capabilities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). All these derivatives showed significant inhibition against AChE with an IC50 value in the range of 123.9 ± 10.20 to 342.60 ± 10.60 µM and BuChE in the range of 131.30 ± 9.70 to 375.80 ± 12.80 µM in comparison with standard Donepezil, which has IC50 values of 243.76 ± 5.70 µM (AChE) and 276.60 ± 6.50 µM (BuChE), respectively. Compounds 3, 5 and 9 exhibited potent inhibition against both AChE and BuChE. Molecular docking studies were used to validate and establish the structure–activity relationship of the synthesized derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary probiotic Bacillus subtilis and propionic acid on growth performance, microflora microbial count, some hematological, biochemical, immune response parameters and the health status of gastrointestinal tract tissues in quail. In a completely randomized design, 200 one-day old Japanese quail chicks were divided into 4 groups (each group consists of 50) and reared in 20 cages of 10 birds each and caged for 35 days. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet without any additives, the control diet + 1 g/kg probiotic, the control diet + 2 g/kg probiotic and the control diet +1 g/kg propionic acid. On the day 35, body weight gain and feed intake of chicks were calculated. On the same day, the quails from each cage were bled to determine the hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters. Feed conversion ratio for birds fed a diet of probiotic and propionic acid differed (p <0.05) from control birds. The body weight gain was higher in birds fed probiotic and propionic acid feed additives than that in the control diet (p>0.05). There were significant differences in RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils in treated groups specially in the group fed 2g/kg feed probiotic Bacillus subtilis and the group fed 1g/kg feed propionic acid compared to those in the control group. Also, there was a significant increase in immune parameters in birds received dietary treatments compared to those in the control group. Finally, the histological structure of gastrointestinal tract was highly improved and the health status was better in birds fed probiotic and propionic acid feed additives than those in the group receiving the control diet. In conclusion, based on the results of the experiment, probiotic and propionic acid have the potential to be used as feed additives in quail chick’s diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to investigate possible positive pharmacological effects of the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera (M oleifera) against the toxic effects of sodium fluoride in sea bream Sparus auratus L exposed to 1/10 LC50 dose of sodium fluoride at 96 hr (6.1 mg/L). Also, the changes in anti-oxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gills and aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and Creatinine were studied. In addition, the amelioration of sodium fluoride toxicity by addition of M. oleifera to the ration of exposed fish by the rate of 1% was investigated. The results showed that sodium fluoride decreased total protein in the serum of sea bream. On the other side, the level of AST, ALT and creatinine were increased. SOD and CAT in gills in sodium fluoride exposed group were lower than those in the group where M. oleifera was supplemented. Exposure of sea bream to sodium fluoride for eight weeks resulted in significant changes in mRNA abundance for a limited subset of the analyzed hepatic sea bream genes. GSR mRNA levels decreased in liver upon incubation with sodium fluoride, irrespective to the length of the treatment, whereas the corresponding levels in sea bream fed with M. oleifera were indistinguishable from controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are harmful auxiliary metabolites delivered by species of filamentous organisms developing on grains some time recently collect and in capacity. The study was planned to evaluate the protective role of lycopene (LYC) against Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces oxidative stress, hepatic toxicity, and apoptosis in Japanese quail. Sixty Japanese quail chicks (three-week-old) were randomly allocated into four groups; Negative control group; Aflatoxin -B1 (AFB1) group (1 mg/kg feed) as positive control; lycopene supplemented group (200 mg/kg feed) and AFB1 (1 mg/kg feed) with lycopene supplemented group (200 mg/kg). The growth performance parameters, serum biochemical indices, and liver antioxidant activities as well as histopathological studies, and immunohistochemical pictures were performed. The results showed a significant increase on growth performance and a significant decrease on feed conversion ratio (FCR) in aflatoxin inclusion with lycopene supplemented group. Moreover, the liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly decreased, while superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities increased in liver tissues. Furthermore, when compared to the aflatoxin-inclusion with the lycopene supplemented group had improved liver tissue and lower levels of cytokine production (IL-6 and TNF-). In conclusion, these findings implied that dietary administration of lycopene has significantly alleviated AFB1-triggered oxidative stress, inflammatory response and liver apoptosis in Japanese quail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]