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Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion (DE) is often used for hydrophilic bioactives encapsulation. However, the stabilization of food-grade DE is difficult due to its complex structure and limited emulsifier choices. Thus, this paper studies the stabilization of DE containing ethanolic kenaf leaves extract by emulsifier mixture (EM) containing sodium caseinate, Tween-20, and β-cyclodextrin. The particle size, polydispersity index, creaming index, encapsulation efficiency, and droplet morphology were observed for 5 weeks storage. Overall, all DE samples did not undergo phase separation, with a noticeable increase in viscosity throughout storage. The morphology and functional groups also showed spherical droplet shape and interaction changes after emulsification. DE stabilized by 2.5% and 4.0% (w/w) EM had consistent droplet size and distribution, encapsulation efficiency > 98%, and highest viscosity value up to 35-day storage at 25℃. Specifically, DE with 4.0% (w/w) EM showed good resistance under pH changes. In conclusion, double emulsion stabilized by sodium caseinate, T20, and β-cyclodextrin are stable up to 5 weeks at 25°C, potentially to be applied in food and beverage applications.

Nanoemulsion is a versatile emulsion-based delivery system that can be structured or prepared with different compositions, methods, or processing variables. Although single nanoemulsion has been a promising delivery carrier in numerous industries, the innovation of double nanoemulsion is introduced to provide different benefits. However, the nanoemulsion must be optimized in terms of the composition and emulsification methods to maintain the integrity of the delivery system. Therefore, the optimization of nanoemulsion can range from deciding the type and concentration of compositions (aqueous, lipid, surfactants) to the processing conditions during emulsification. The current options of emulsification methods, processing parameters, and optimization process of nanoemulsion are highlighted and elaborated in this chapter. This allows readers to understand the fundamental principles of nanoemulsion preparation and encourage future studies and applications in the related field.

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. Currently, there is no definitive cure available to treat Alzheimer’s disease. The available medication in the market has the ability to only slow down its progression. However, nanotechnology has shown its superiority that can be applied for medical usage and it has a great potential in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, specifically in the disease diagnosis and providing an alternative approach to treat Alzheimer’s disease. This is done by increasing the efficiency of drug delivery by penetrating and overcoming the blood-brain barrier. Having said that, there are limitations that need to be further investigated and researched in order to minimize the adverse effects and potential toxicity and to improve drug bioavailability. The recent advances in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease using nanotechnology include the regeneration of stem cells, nanomedicine, and neuroprotection. In this review, we will discuss the advancement of nanotechnology which helps in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease as well as its challenges.

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. Currently, there is no definitive cure available to treat Alzheimer’s disease. The available medication in the market has the ability to only slow down its progression. However, nanotechnology has shown its superiority that can be applied for medical usage and it has a great potential in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, specifically in the disease diagnosis and providing an alternative approach to treat Alzheimer’s disease. This is done by increasing the efficiency of drug delivery by penetrating and overcoming the blood-brain barrier. Having said that, there are limitations that need to be further investigated and researched in order to minimize the adverse effects and potential toxicity and to improve drug bioavailability. The recent advances in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease using nanotechnology include the regeneration of stem cells, nanomedicine, and neuroprotection. In this review, we will discuss the advancement of nanotechnology which helps in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease as well as its challenges.

Objectives. We assessed the utilization of home care by the elderly in Brazil after implementation of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Methods. Data were derived from a cross-sectional study in a southern city in Brazil. Using the χ2 test and a logistic regression with different levels of determination, we tested the hypothesis that the FHS increased the utilization of home care compared with utilization under the Traditional Primary Health Care (TPHC) system. Results. We interviewed 1593 residents aged 60 years and older. Home care utilization under the FHS was 2.7 times the rate of utilization under the TPHC (95% confidence interval = 1.5, 4.7; P = .001), and utilization increased among the older group, the less educated, those with history of hospitalization, and those with functional limitations. Conclusions. Improvement in access to care resulted in greater utilization of home care. Our findings have policy implications that include expanding the coverage of the FHS throughout big cities where coverage is limited. These findings are important because the population is aging and the family strategy operates in poorer areas; thus, it can promote equity in access to home health care among the elderly.