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This review considers the recent investigations in the scope of biodegradability of synthetic polymers, spanning polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and their corresponding composites, with a focus on the influence of oxo-additives (mostly transition metal salts). The types of oxo-additives and the mechanisms of oxidation acceleration are discussed. Furthermore, the influence of oxo-additives on both physicochemical and biological stages of degradation is evaluated (laboratory and field experiments with microorganisms/fungi action) with recent standards suggested for degradation estimation. Comparisons of the metal salts are given with respect to catalysis, as well as the synergetic influence of additives. The additives presented on the commercial market are also discussed.