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Nanofluids are utilized in cancer therapy to boost therapeutic effectiveness and prevent adverse reactions. These nanoparticles are delivered to the cancerous tissues under the influence of radiation through the blood vessels. In the current study, the propagation of nanoparticles within the blood in a divergent/convergent vertical channel with flexible boundaries is elaborated computationally. The base fluid (Carreau fluid model) is speculated to be blood, whereas nanofluid is believed to be an iron oxide–blood mixture. Because of its shear thinning or shear thickening features, the Carreau fluid model more precisely depicts the rheological characteristics of blood. The arterial section is considered a convergent or divergent channel based on its topological configuration (non-uniform cross section). An iron oxide (Fe2O3{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}}_{2}{{\rm{O}}}_{3}) nanoparticle is injected into the blood (base fluid). To eliminate the viscous effect in the region of the artery wall, a slip boundary condition is applied. An analysis of the transport phenomena is preferred using the melting heat transfer phenomena, which can work in melting plaques or fats at the vessel walls. The effects of thermal radiation, which is advantageous in cancer therapy, biomedical imaging, hyperthermia, and tumor therapy, are incorporated in heat transport mechanisms. The governing equation for the flow model with realistic boundary conditions is numerically tickled using the RK45 mechanism. The findings reveal that the flow dynamism and thermal behavior are significantly influenced by melting effects. Higher Re\mathrm{Re} can produce spots in which the track of the wall shear stress fluctuates. The melting effects can produce agitation and increase the flow through viscous head losses, causing melting of the blockage. The maximum heat transfer of 5%5 \% is achieved with We{\rm{We}} when the volume friction is kept at 1%1 \% . With higher estimation of inertial forces Re\mathrm{Re}\hspace{1em}and same volume friction, the skin drag coefficient augmented to 34%34 \% . The overall temperature is greater for the divergent flow scenario.

Phase change materials (PCMs) are now being extensively used in thermal energy storage (TES) applications. Numerous researchers conducted experiments using various circumstances and materials to optimize storage performance. A study was conducted to compare the numerical research of the melting process of paraffin wax using a hybrid nano-integrated paraffin PCM with graphene oxide (GO) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a TES unit. Hence, this research focuses on a sustainable TES system using hybrid nanomaterials (PCM + GO, PCM + SWCNTs, PCM + GO + SWCNT) with varying concentrations of nanoparticles. The objective is to improve the thermal characteristics of PCMs. The main aim of this study is to examine the numerical analysis of the system inside a TES that has a rectangular form. The numerical experiments were conducted using the finite-volume solver Ansys Fluent. The obtained findings show the thermophysical characteristics fluctuations with respect to the solid volume fractions, liquid fraction, temperature, and velocity inside the TES system. Implementing an effective heat transfer mechanism from the point of capture to storage and later consumption necessitates the employment of a heat transfer fluid. The inclusion of SWCNT particles at a concentration of just 10% has been seen to expedite the melting phenomenon. Furthermore, incorporating GO in conjunction with SWCNT alleviates this phenomenon, resulting in a melting behavior that resembles that of unadulterated paraffin. Additionally, the introduction of just 1% GO, combined with SWCNT, leads to a rapid alteration in surface heat transfer coefficient compared to the scenario with single SWCNT and paraffin. These insights hold practical relevance for the development of TES systems in various applications.

The need for efficiency in nanotechnology has spurred extraordinary development. Hybrid nanofluids, which are base fluids injected with nanoparticles, have a great potential for thermal enhancement in thermal systems. Particularly promising for magnetic thermal engineering are magnetic hybrid nanofluids. Understanding dynamic transport in Graphene Oxide (GO)–Fe3O4/H2O and GO/H2O nanofluids over stretching and shrinking surfaces, with severe entropy consequences, is still uncharted territory. To fully grasp this complexity, our study examines the numerical investigation of entropy formation in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hybrid nanofluids. The aim of this study is to establish a mathematical framework for understanding entropy production in the context of MHD, unsteady, incompressible flow of hybrid nanofluid flow over surfaces that experience both stretching and shrinking. The investigation encompasses the influence of MHD effects and nonlinear thermal radiation on flow behavior. The governing modeled form is modified into solvable representations in Cartesian configuration and then addressed utilizing the built-in bvp4c approach in MATLAB. For numerous quantities of the relevant parameters, several key features of flow and heat transmission are explored, discussed, and illustrated utilizing tables and graphs. Furthermore, the heat transfer properties in a magnetic field have been improved dramatically. The comprehensive entropy generation rate was condensed by up to 41% as opposed to refined water, according to the findings from the analysis.

3D printing is one of the plastic recycling processes that deliver a mechanically sustainable product and may be used for 4D printing applications, such as self-assembly, sensors, actuators, and other engineering applications. The success and implementation of 4D printing are dependent on the tendency of the shape memory with the action of external stimuli, such as heat, force, fields, light, and pH. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) are the most common materials for fused filament fabrication-based 3D printing processes. However, the low-shaped memory tendency on heating and weaker and less rigidity of ABS limit the application domains. PLA is an excellent responsive behavior when the action of heat has high stiffness. The incorporation of PLA into ABS is one of the solutions to tune the shape memory effect for better applicability in the 4D printing domain. In this study, the primary recycled PLA was incorporated into the primary recycled ABS matrix from 5 to 40% (weight%), and composites were made by extrusion in the form of cylindrical filaments for 4D printing. The tensile and shape memory properties of the recycled ABS–PLA composites were investigated to select the best combination. The results of the study were supported by fracture analysis by shape memory analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. This study revealed that the prepared ABS–PLA-based composites have the potential to be applied in self-assembly applications.

A mathematical model is envisaged that discusses the motion of 3D nanofluids (NFs) with anisotropic slip influence magnetic field past a stretching sheet. The heat transportation phenomenon is analysed by melting effect, heat generation, and chemical reaction. The main motivation of this study is to analyse the behaviour of liquid motion and heat transfer (HT) of NFs because this study has huge applications in boiling, solar energy, and micropower generation, which are used in the engineering process. The physical governing partial differential equation is transformed into a coupled non-linear system of ordinary differential equations using suitable appropriate transformations. The translated equations are calculated using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method via shooting procedure. The physical characteristics of various parameters on velocities, concentration, and thermal fields are explored in detail. The HT is high in NFs when compared to pure or regular liquids for ascending values of heat source parameter and slip factor. Also, the skin friction coefficients via coordinate axes and rate of Nusselt number were analysed.

The construction industry commonly employs concrete as a construction material, which sometimes may be subjected to fire exposure. It is important to adopt fire safety measures while planning and constructing such structures to ensure the safety of the occupants and the structural integrity of the concrete. So, determining its performance at elevated temperatures is of utmost importance. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of mineral incorporations, namely, nano bentonite clay (NBC) and nano fly ash (NFA), on the retained properties of concrete at normal (27°C) and at elevated temperatures. The feasibility of partly substituting ordinary Portland cement utilizing a mixture of NBC (0–5%) and NFA (0–50%) in concrete was assessed under the exposure to an elevated temperature ranging from 200 to 600°C. Several parameters were examined, including compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile capacity, water penetration, loss of mass, ultrasound pulse velocity, and microstructure properties. After the experimental analysis, it was observed that the fire endurance was shown to be improved with the inclusion of nanoparticles (BC and FA). A reduction in the loss of mass by samples subjected to elevated heat was observed with the addition of nano bentonite and NFA. The mechanical strength results were obtained as maximum for the concrete specimens with 2% NBC and 20% NFA and further, the specimens performed better when exposed to elevated temperature as compared with normal concrete specimens. The microstructure of the concrete also upgraded with better impermeability owing to the use of NBC and NFA.