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Traditional prices at the distribution level cannot efficiently guide the comprehensive cost recovery. To this end, this paper proposes a novel integrated nodal price by solving a comprehensive investment problem. The proposed integrated nodal price can be inherently decomposed into three price components: i) extended distribution locational marginal price of electricity, ii) distribution locational price of carbon, and iii) distribution locational price of investment. Specifically, the extended distribution locational marginal price enables to recover the power generation cost and on–off cost of generation units via a convexified mixed-integer optimal power flow model; the distribution locational price of carbon enables to recover the carbon emission cost through a carbon footprint tracing method; and the distribution locational price of investment enables to recover the investment cost of distribution network via a reverse power flow tracking method. These three price components work in a complementary manner and are coupled with each other through the shared optimal power flow results. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed extended distribution locational marginal price can reduce the production cost by 10.41% in contrast to the traditional distribution locational marginal price.

According to the South Khorasan Province Electricity Distribution Company report, almost all the villages of the province are eqipped with electricity and related services. Since the density of settlements as well as industrial and service centers and consequently the electricity distribution network in the Shahroud watershed located in Birjand county is higher than other basins of the province, as well as, considering the damage caused to the masts and transmission beams of the electricity network in the past years, this study investigated the zoning of the vulnerability of the electricity distribution network against natural hazards in the Behdan watershed as a case to implement the model and estimate possible damages. To conduct this research, first, a map of the bases, the 20 kV network and other facilities of the electricity distribution company was prepared, topographical maps were used and matched with the electricity distribution network, and the effective lines were identified. Due to the absence of a hydrometric station in the studied area, the flood discharge of the studied basin was determined using the exfaimental-analytical method. In order to determine the flood zones, the transverse profile of the canals was first taken using the DGPS device. Using a photogrammetry drone, images were taken and, a digital elevation model was prepared. Then, the 100-year flood height model in each sub-basin was determined using Hec Ras software, and the flood area was determined using Hec Geo Ras extension in ArcGIS. Finally, the facilities related to the electricity distribution company exposed to flood damage and the possible costs caused by the flood were calculated for a representative basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e importance of energy supply for both end-users and electricity distribution entities, as well as the need for reliable energy quality parameters, is significant. This study delves into scenarios where these parameters cannot be met, outlining formulas for calculating compensation and other financial obligations that distribution companies may incur. The study highlights various types of interruptions that disrupt energy supply continuity within electricity distribution networks and elucidates their impacts on the network infrastructure. The establishment of alternative energy sources and the enhancement of the network infrastructure through coupling are recommended to mitigate the consequences of these interruptions. Investments in alternative energy sources and network improvements are compared to penalty amounts incurred when the quality parameters for energy supply continuity cannot be met. The F13/F14 Ring Network, a proposed coupling approach that can improve energy supply, is identified and its installation costs are compared with the existing conditions. Additionally, the magnitude of fines that distribution companies may potentially face is estimated. As a result, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis is conducted, integrating these comparisons to evaluate the economic sustainability and advantages associated with the proposed F13/F14 Ring Network coupling method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic emission dispatch problem is one of the most crucial problems for the future smart power network. The integration of renewable energy resources and the use of electric vehicles (EVs) are various techniques that have been suggested to deal with the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. However, to carefully examine various scenarios of integration of the above elements is important to reduce emission rates while considering economic constraints. In this research, the effectiveness of the use of photovoltaics (PVs) and EVs' discharging/charging behavior is investigated from various perspectives in a hybrid economic emission dispatch. Here, a multi-objective model includes the optimization of two objectives: cost and pollution is suggested. Based on a penalty factor, we convert the multi-objective function into a single objective. For solving this non-convex, nonlinear and on-smooth problem, a modified whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is exerted to gain the optimum results. The idea of two sub-modifications is derived from Lévy flight algorithm and the mutation operator of the genetic algorithm. The verification of the suggested model is performed by the IEEE 30-bus system with 6-units. The simulated results illustrate that the incorporation of PV along with EVs in economic dispatch problem can improve the pollution emission, the economic costs, and convergence rate, effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of sizing and placement of constant and switching capacitors in electrical distribution systems is modelled considering the load uncertainty. This model is formulated as a multicriteria mathematical problem. The risk of voltage violation is calculated, and the stability index is modelled using fuzzy logic and fuzzy equations. The instability risk is introduced as the deviation of our fuzzy-based stability index with respect to the stability margin. The capacitor placement objectives in our paper include: (i) minimizing investment and installation costs as well as loss cost; (ii) reducing the risk of voltage violation; and (iii) reducing the instability risk. The proposed mathematical model is solved using a multi-objective version of a genetic algorithm. The model is implemented on a distribution network, and the results of the experiment are discussed. The impacts of constant and switching capacitors are assessed separately and concurrently. Moreover, the impact of uncertainty on the multi-objectives is determined based on a sensitivity analysis. It is demonstrated that the more the uncertainty is, the higher the system cost, the voltage risk and the instability risk are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the ever-increasing demand for electricity in large cities is leading the electricity distribution network (EDN) to an operational state of fatigue, especially at peak load times. In this context, load congestion, technical losses, and voltage deviations across the EDN can contribute to the high waste of electricity as well as to the worsening of the supply service. To face this problem, this paper proposes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model that aims to reshape the demand profile (i.e., load reduction in peak periods without load rebound in the remaining periods of the day) of total consumers while the voltage deviations and technical losses are minimized. In the proposed model, the demand profile reshaping is carried out through direct (DC) and indirect (IC) bulk control of residential, commercial, and industrial loads, while the load factor (LF), i.e., indicator related to the efficient use of electricity, is improved. Due to the scheduling of these loads at certain times of the day, the occurrence of voltage deviations and technical losses can be mitigated by the efficient control of capacitor banks (CBs). To corroborate the applicability of the proposed MILP model, the 33-node IEEE test system was used. The results show the technical and economic gains for the distribution company (DISCO) and the total number of consumers. • A MILP model is proposed to reduce electricity waste in EDN. • DC and IC of bulk loads to reduce peak demand without occurrence of load rebound. • Control of CBs to mitigate EDN under and over voltages due to load variation. • Improvement of LF related to the EDN demand profile to alleviate operational stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly spatially resolved data from across Great Britain (GB) are combined with a distribution network modelling tool to assess impacts of distributed photovoltaic (PV) deployment up to 2050 on local networks, the costs of avoiding these impacts, and how these depend upon context. Present-day deployment of distributed PV, meter density, and network infrastructure across GB are found to be highly dependent on rurality, and data on these are used to build up three representative contexts: cities, towns, and villages. For each context, distribution networks are simulated, and impacts on these networks associated with PV deployment and growth in peak load up to 2050 calculated. Present-day higher levels of PV deployment in rural areas are maintained in future scenarios, necessitating upgrades in ambitious PV scenarios in towns and villages from around 2040, but not before 2050 in cities. Impacts of load growth are more severe than those of PV deployment, potentially necessitating upgrades in cities, towns, and villages from 2030. These are most extensive in cities and towns, where long feeders connect more customers, making networks particularly susceptible to impacts. Storage and demand side response are effective in reducing upgrade costs, particularly in cities and towns. • Real data is used to simulate representative local networks across GB rurality contexts. • PV and load growth impacts and integration costs are calculated in scenarios to 2050. • PV deployment necessitates network upgrades in towns and villages from 2040. • Load growth necessitates network upgrades in cities, towns, and villages from 2030. • Storage and DSM bring greatest network upgrade savings in city and town contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accomplishing highly reliable distribution grids is more and more important to today's modern society. Along the same line, self‐healing is one of the most distinguishing features of the smart grid that could improve the reliability of the system up to a logical extent. In this study, the reliability of the electrical distribution grid has been improved by optimal allocation of automatic switches and parking lots (PLs). Thus, the optimal places of switches and PLs are determined with the purposes of minimising a combined effect of the customer‐based (system average interruption duration index) and cost‐based [total reliability cost (TRC)] reliability indices. The TRC includes customer interruption costs, PLs and automatic switches investment costs, and the total cost of PLs incorporation in the service restoration process. The proposed approach is implemented in three different planning scenarios: switch placement, PL placement, and joint switch and PL placement. The particle swarm optimisation method is employed to solve optimisation problems. Finally, a standard reliability test system bus number four of the Roy Billinton test system (RBTS 4) is used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuity of supply plays a significant role in modern distribution system planning and operational studies. Accordingly, various techniques have been developed for reliability assessment of distribution networks. However, owing to the complexities and restrictions of these methods, many researchers have resorted to several heuristic optimization algorithms for solving reliability-constrained optimization problems. Therefore, solution quality and convergence to global optimality cannot be guaranteed. Aiming to address this issue, two salient mathematical models are introduced in this paper for topology-variable-based reliability evaluation of both radial and radially-operated meshed distribution networks. Cast as a set of linear expressions, the first model is suitable for radial networks. The second model relies on mixed-integer linear programming and allows handling not only radial networks but also radially-operated meshed distribution grids. Therefore, the proposed formulations can be readily incorporated into various mathematical programming models for distribution system planning and operation. Numerical results from several case studies back the scalability of the developed models, which is promising for their further application in distribution system optimization studies. Moreover, the benefits of the proposed formulations in terms of solution quality are empirically evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indisputable environmental concerns have forced the imminent proliferation of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EV). However, the high penetration of such uncertain and variable sources, can pose significant challenges for maintaining supply–demand balance in electrical distribution networks (EDNs). To address these challenges, this paper presents a distributionally robust optimization (DRO) method for multi-objective scheduling in integrated electricity and natural gas distribution networks (IENGDNs). The proposed approach aims to minimize environmental-economic objectives while taking into account the high penetration of EVs and RESs. The impact of a smart EV charging strategy is evaluated to reduce operating costs and maximize the use of RESs. Additionally, demand response programs (DRPs) are used in the EDN to prevent overlapping of peak load hours between the EDN and natural gas distribution network (NGDN). Linepack technology is also used to store natural gas in NGDN pipelines, which increases the short-term flexibility of the entire IENGDNs. The proposed problem is mathematically structured as a second-order conical programming (SOCP) model to benefit from the reliable and efficient convex optimization solution. The simulations were conducted on a 123-EDN and a 40-NGDN systems. Different simulation cases show that the proposed economic-environmental framework can bring down the total emissions by 10.02%. [Display omitted] • Proposing an eco-friendly schedule for combined gas and power grids. • A convex second-order cone programming model is taken. • Adopting a distributionally robust optimization framework for uncertain energy prices. • Deployed smart EV fleet charging to boost renewable energy integration. • Simulations were conducted on standard test system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With regard to the global environmental challenges, low cost of the natural gas and fast developing of new gas‐fired power generation technologies, conduce to unwanted integration of gas and electricity network. Moreover, one of the benefits of emerging distribution network as microgrids (MGs) would be self‐healing capability. So, in this research a model has been formulated as Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem which determines optimally the power generation of micro turbines (MTs), Energy Storages (ESs) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units during the normal operation of MGs with consideration of combined gas and electricity network. In case of fault occurrence in MG/MGs and need to compensate the power generation shortage the model determines the power transferring rate of all MGs with normal operation mode, adjacent to the faulty MG/MGs, according to the cost‐based optimization. In critical situations load shedding procedure will be applied to the faulty MG/MGs. It would be considered that CHPs supply both heat and electricity loads and the remaining heat demands will be supplied by natural gas network. The proposed model has been applied to the test system with six MGs as three scenarios and also verified by applying to the network with 30 MGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a natural disaster occurs in a distribution network, a widespread power interruption may occur for a few days or weeks. This study presents a bi‐level optimisation‐based model for reconfiguration of the distribution network to improve the resilience of electricity distribution network against severe weather events such as storm and hurricane with the aim of minimising the cost of load outage. To achieve this, a model is first presented for evaluating the vulnerability of distribution network poles to estimate the damages imposed by the threat. Then, in the first level, according to the forecasting of possible failed lines and based on the predicted wind speed before the storm, a network reconfiguration strategy is employed to minimise the expected cost of load outage. In the second level, a new reconfiguration is carried out to restore the system loads and minimise the cost of load outage after the storm. The proposed model is then applied to a standard 33‐bus radial distribution system using the GAMS software. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in increasing network resilience and highlight the importance of network reconfiguration in the face of extreme natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and large wind or ice storms, typically cause damages to a large number of components in electricity distribution networks. Since power cannot be restored until these damages are repaired, strategically scheduling the repairs by available crews could reduce the harm done to the affected community. Considering the radial structure of many distribution networks, we model this repair and restoration process as a scheduling problem with soft precedence constraints. As a benchmark, we first formulate this problem as a time-indexed integer linear program (LP) with valid inequalities. Three approximation algorithms with performance guarantees are then proposed to solve this problem: first, an LP-based list scheduling algorithm, second, a single to multi-crew repair schedule conversion algorithm, and third, a dispatch rule based on $\rho$ -factors which can be interpreted as component importance measures. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Electrification involves many activities that have detrimental impacts on environment. Over the last few years, many studies have been conducted to understand, estimate and mitigate the carbon footprint of electricity distribution but other environmental aspects of electrification remain almost neglected. In recent years, electricity distribution companies have adopted many waste management techniques to reduce the amount of waste generated in their key processes. However, the causes of waste and the necessary corrective actions to alleviate the waste generation in electricity distribution have not been studies in an integrated framework. In current study, which was conducted to fill this research gap, the value stream and critical processes of the electricity distribution were scrutinized thoroughly in order to identify the attitude, routines and situations that lead to waste generation and the strategies that can be adopted to reduce the waste amount. Previous studies showed that if people underestimate their role in the waste generation, they do not participate in waste minimization effectively. Therefore, the perceptions of various groups of people whose attitudes affect the waste generation were studied and meaningful differences were identified. Current study showed that under-design, improper installation and utilization, damaging intact components in disconnection process, over-ordering, supplying component with inferior quality and over-load are important causes of waste in electricity distribution. Finally, there are meaningful differences between people perceptions about the causes of waste so distribution companies should promote the awareness of people about waste in order to implement an effective waste minimization system. Highlights • Twenty-six major situations, routines and attitudes cause waste in the value steam of electricity distribution. • Thirty-one approaches can be adopted for waste minimization in electricity distribution. • Various groups of experts have different perceptions about the causes of waste. • Majority of identified strategies are important for both building services and electricity distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to increase the connectable capacity (i.e., hosting capacity) of distributed generation in order to decarbonise electricity distribution networks. Hybrid generation that exploits complementarity in resource characteristics among different renewable types potentially provides value for minimising technical constraints and increasing the effective use of the network. Tidal, wave and wind energy are prominent offshore renewable energy sources. It is of importance to explore their potential complementarity for increasing network integration. In this work, the novel introduction of these distinct offshore renewable resources into hosting capacity evaluation enables the quantification of the benefits of various resource combinations. A scenario reduction technique is adapted to effectively consider variation of these renewables in an AC optimal power flow-based nonlinear optimisation model. Moreover, the beneficial impact of active network management (ANM) on enhancing the renewable complementarity is also investigated. The combination of complementary hybrid generation and ANM, specifically where the maxima of the generation profiles rarely co-occur with each other and with the demand minimum, is found to make the best use of the network components.

Dwindling fossil fuel resources and concern of climate change resulting from the burning of fossil fuels have led to significant development of renewable energy in many countries. While renewable energy takes many forms, solar and wind resources are being harvested in commercial scale in many parts of the world. Government incentives such as renewable energy certificates and feed‐in tariffs have contributed to the rapid uptake. In Australia many residential customers have taken up roof‐top photo‐voltaic (PV) systems. These residential PV generations are embedded in the low voltage (LV) networks that are not designed to take intermittent, two‐way flow of electricity. Utility engineers are faced with the challenge of a legacy electricity distribution network to connect increasing amount of embedded PV generation. This study focuses on two aspects of the technical limitation – steady state voltage delivery and phase imbalance – and proposes how the technical limitations can be improved by optimising the existing voltage control schemes, the balancing of loads and generations between the supply phases, and finally the adoption of smart grid methodologies. This prioritised approach provides a cost effective means of addressing the impact of embedded PV generation. The proposed method is verified by computer simulation on a realistic LV distribution network in the state of Victoria, Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trend of developing electricity distribution networks towards a concept of smart distribution networks has been noted for quite some time. Tendency to integrate all different systems installed in electricity distribution network has also been observed as a part of the trend. This creates the opportunity for distribution system operators to efficiently utilise the data from all the different systems and all the electronic devices, installed in electricity distribution networks, for more comprehensive and accurate network power quality (PQ) monitoring. This paper presents the possibilities of implementation of Integrated Power Quality Monitoring System (IPQMS), which should integrate all the PQ data from all the available systems in smart distribution grids. The concept of advanced IPQMS is also presented. Apart from integration of PQ data, it would also estimate the state of PQ in an analysed area, perform localisation of disturbance sources and suggest mitigation measures. Furthermore, the paper presents the possibilities, advantages and needs for implementation of such a system based on real measurement results from the electricity distribution networks of the Public Electric Utility Elektroprivreda of Bosnia and Herzegovina d.d. - Sarajevo (JP Elektroprivreda BiH d.d. - Sarajevo). The conclusion is that the implementation of IPQMS system is necessary if the complete information about the state of PQ in electricity distribution networks of the future is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the most important objectives of electricity distribution companies is to improve the reliability of the distribution networks. To this end, the electricity distribution companies try to optimally use the existing financial resources in the planning of preventive maintenance (PM) programs to reduce the imposed costs on the system due to the failure of network components and to improve the network reliability. In fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (fuzzy AHP) method, the degree of network reliability and the effectiveness of PM budget in the improvement of network reliability are selected as decision criteria in the budget allocation procedure. The areas served by the power distribution network are prioritized relative to each other and are assigned weights based on these priorities. The PM budget is determined based on the obtained weights. The medium voltage distribution network of seven areas in the city of Tehran have been selected for the implementation of the proposed method and the analysis of the obtained results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 36-46, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in renewable generation will necessitate significant electricity network reinforcement or generation curtailment unless alternative approaches can be found to bypass electricity network constraints. This paper describes the problems of integrating further distributed generation to an electricity distribution network and demonstrates the effectiveness of using electrolysis to alleviate these problems. Power flow analysis was used to run half hourly simulations over the period of one year. This analysis focuses on network thermal limits and network voltage limits. Four case studies were considered with different levels of generation and control strategies for the distributed energy resources connected to the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered until recently, only a service to consumers, the electricity must be regarded more as a product, which imposed certain quality parameters to best meet consumer demands. The electricity delivered in any point of a three-phase electrical network it is characterized by the following quality parameters: the supply voltage, frequency, the degree of unbalance phase voltage system, the degree of deformation of the voltage wave and continuity of supply. The voltage level of the power grids in different nodes depends on operating conditions of the power plants, the active and reactive power load, and the transit of active and reactive power on transmission and distribution elements and available control of voltage in transmission systems and power distribution (transformers and auto transformers, synchronous compensators, capacitor banks and reactors). Voltage variation above or below the rated value has negative consequences on the normal functioning of the consumer and the grid. For this reason, in principle, the purpose of regulating the voltage in the electrical network is to keep the voltage variations within certain limits imposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in distributed generation and the pro-active role of consumers call for smarter networks. Consequently, regulation must change to promote this evolution. This article performs a critical overview of the Italian regulation of electricity distribution and its effectiveness in encouraging efficiency, quality and innovative investments. The analysis shows that the regulator has followed a building-block approach: throughout different regulatory periods, it has added new modules to its previous regulatory mechanism to take care of the constantly increasing set of objectives. This does not give DSOs a unitary and coherent regulatory framework and has led to the overlapping of different incentive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper proposes an optimization model for reliability-centered maintenance. • Failure mode analyses are considered in the model. • Hotline and coldline strategies are assigned to high-risk failure modes. • Total maintenance and outage costs are minimized in the proposed model. • Time, budget, and practical constraints are addressed in the proposed method. Owing to the impressive development in the electricity distribution network, the managers of the system should be able to handle the costs of the network effectively. The practical implementation of the reliability-centered maintenance is one of the ways to address this concern. In this paper, we initially use the multi-criteria decision-making method of gray relative analysis to prioritize failure modes and obtain their risk factor in the network. Various failure modes in network equipment such as insulators, jumpers, cutout fuses, switches, transformers, and the cables are considered. Then, to select optimal strategies for each failure mode, we present an optimization based on the energy not supplied of electrical distribution feeder, the maintenance cost, the outage cost, the safety cost and the risk factor of failure modes. Hotline, coldline, and neutral are among the strategies to be implemented in the current research. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, we utilize various scenarios to investigate the impacts of maintenance duration, hotline safety costs and practical restrictions on the results. Findings indicate that total maintenance costs, compared to those of the business as the usual strategy, can be reduced by at least 7% when the propose method is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracing a schematic display of an electricity distribution network is a cumbersome task and does not empower the engineer to take fast decisions to control the dynamic network because of the difficulty in reading the displayed circuits. This paper presents four different new approaches, which achieve an intelligent logical dynamically derived network connections and display for Electrical Distribution Networks. The four approaches were designed and implemented using the Object Oriented approach and programmed using Delphi graphics components. The system developed is dynamically interactive and allows switching operations as well as displays. This paper focuses on the display issues only. The logical display approaches presented in this paper eliminate the well-known difficulties of adding and retiring stations which are awkward operations in the schematic display. The four new approaches are compared in terms of speed, readability and space utilization. To our knowledge there is no similar work done previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to increase the connectable capacity (i.e., hosting capacity) of distributed generation in order to decarbonise electricity distribution networks. Hybrid generation that exploits complementarity in resource characteristics among different renewable types potentially provides value for minimising technical constraints and increasing the effective use of the network. Tidal, wave and wind energy are prominent offshore renewable energy sources. It is of importance to explore their potential complementarity for increasing network integration. In this work, the novel introduction of these distinct offshore renewable resources into hosting capacity evaluation enables the quantification of the benefits of various resource combinations. A scenario reduction technique is adapted to effectively consider variation of these renewables in an AC optimal power flow-based nonlinear optimisation model. Moreover, the beneficial impact of active network management (ANM) on enhancing the renewable complementarity is also investigated. The combination of complementary hybrid generation and ANM, specifically where the maxima of the generation profiles rarely co-occur with each other and with the demand minimum, is found to make the best use of the network components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessing the sustainability of Electricity Distribution Networks via NDEA model. • Proposing performance criteria for Electricity Distribution Network evaluation. • Considering undesirable, external and inter-related inputs/outputs criteria. • Analyzing the results to review improvement proposals. In recent years, most organizations have been dealing with many economic, environmental and social problems. Iran's Electricity Distribution Network (EDN) with different supply stages involving generation, transmission, and distribution is a good case of a complex system engaging in sustainable activities; they must incorporate environmental and social concerns into traditional economic objectives. Assessing the sustainability of EDNs is complicate because it involves a variety of inputs, outputs and inter-related inputs/outputs at any stage of the network for which the importance of each stage may vary. This paper proposes a new network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) model for assessing the sustainability of EDNs and their components. The proposed method has the following characteristics: All generation, transmission, and distribution stages, as well as the overall performance of the network, are evaluated in a unified framework; Undesirable outputs, re-work, and external inputs are considered in the model; Different weights for stages, determined by decision-makers, have been implemented to cause different effects on the network performance; The strengths and weaknesses of EDNs' components are identified; The effect of each dimension of sustainability on the performance of EDNs' components is investigated. The result of this study indicates that the Gharb EDN with an efficiency score of 0.8487 has the best performance and Mazandaran EDN with an efficiency score of 0.4667 has the worst performance. Based on the results, the paper proposes how to reduce inefficiencies in each stage of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]