Search

In this work, we investigate the effect of the hydrodynamic wall–fluid friction in electro-osmotic flows. First, we present the solution to the electro-hydrodynamic equation for the electro-osmotic velocity profile, which is derived for an ionic system composed of cations immersed in uncharged solvent particles. The system (solution and walls) is kept electrically neutral using negatively charged walls and will here be referred to as a "counterion-only" system. The theory predicts the existence of a counterion concentration that results in maximum electro-osmotic flow rate, but only if the wall–fluid friction, or equivalently the slip length, is correlated with the system electrostatic screening length. Through equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we precisely determine the hydrodynamic slip from the wall–fluid friction, and then, this is used as input to the theoretical predictions. Comparison between the theory and independent non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation data confirms the existence of the maximum. In addition, we find that standard hydrodynamic theory quantitatively agrees with the simulation results for charged nanoscale systems for sufficiently small charge densities and ion charges, if the correct slip boundaries are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electro-osmotic flow (EOF) is a phenomenon where fluid motion occurs in porous materials or micro/nano-channels when an external electric field is applied. In the particular example of single-molecule electrophoresis using single nanopores, the role of EOF on the translocation velocity of the analyte molecule through the nanopore is not fully understood. The complexity arises from a combination of effects from hydrodynamics in restricted environments, electrostatics emanating from charge decorations and geometry of the pores. We address this fundamental issue using the Poisson–Nernst–Planck and Navier–Stokes (PNP–NS) equations for cylindrical solid-state nanopores and three representative protein nanopores (α-hemolysin, MspA, and CsgG). We present the velocity profiles inside the nanopores as a function of charge decoration and geometry of the pore and applied electric field. We report several unexpected results: (a) The apparent charges of the protein nanopores are different from their net charge and the surface charge of the whole protein geometry, and the net charge of inner surface is consistent with the apparent charge. (b) The fluid velocity depends non-monotonically on voltage. The three protein nanopores exhibit unique EOF and velocity–voltage relations, which cannot be simply deduced from their net charge. Furthermore, effective point mutations can significantly change both the direction and the magnitude of EOF. The present computational analysis offers an opportunity to further understand the origins of the speed of transport of charged macromolecules in restricted space and to design desirable nanopores for tuning the speed of macromolecules through nanopores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study repurposed discarded carbon fiber fabric by mechanically cutting it into short-cut carbon fibers and utilized these fibers in electro-osmosis experiments with varying lengths (5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm) and mixing ratios (0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.25%). The results indicated that increasing the length and mixing ratio of recycled carbon fibers effectively reduced the soil resistivity. Furthermore, incorporating an appropriate amount of carbon fibers not only reduced the energy consumption coefficient but also enhanced the electro-osmotic drainage performance. Increasing the length and mixing ratio of carbon fiber also improved the vane shear strength after electro-osmosis consolidation. To promote the application of carbon fiber in electro-osmosis consolidation and to provide support for the development of electro-osmosis consolidation theory and numerical analysis, a resistivity calculation model of carbon fiber-reinforced soil during the electro-osmosis process was developed based on the Ohm's Law and tunneling transmission theory. The model elucidates that during the electro-osmosis process, soil resistivity is influenced by the increase in barrier thickness, which consequently raises the tunneling transmission resistance. • The effects of carbon fiber length and mixing ratio on the soil resistivity were investigated. • A carbon fiber mixing ratio of 0.1% was suggested to enhance both electro-osmotic drainage efficiency and soil strength. • A resistivity calculation model for carbon fiber-reinforced soil, based on tunneling transmission theory, was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of electroosmosis on the peristaltic flow of unsteady micropolar nanofluid with heat transfer. The findings could enhance the design of peristaltic pumps, potentially improving drug delivery systems, simulations of blood flow in medical devices, and cancer treatments. The fluid under investigation adheres to a micropolar model and flows through a microchannel that exhibits peristalsis along its walls. Moreover, the system is subjected to various external effects, including a uniform magnetic field, the electroosmotic phenomenon, heat absorption, and a chemical reaction with activation energy. Consequently, the problem is mathematically modulated by a system of nonlinear partial differential equations governing the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. By employing wave transformation, these governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The reduced equations were solved both analytically, using the homotopy perturbation method, and numerically, using the Runge–Kutta–Merson method. A comparison was made between the solutions, which were found to be closely aligned. Furthermore, a series of figures were employed to provide visual representation and discussion of the implications of the physical properties. The calculations reveal that the electroosmotic flow (EOF) enhances the axial flow of the micropolar fluid along the direction of the applied electric field. It is also observed that the increase in the activation energy (which indicates a low reaction rate) increases the concentration profile whereas the increase in the reaction rate parameter reduces the concentration profile. Additionally, the spin velocity of the particles is diminished by either an increase in the magnetic parameter or the coupling parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a novel approach that utilizes the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to evaluate the flow characteristics of a thermally evolved blood-based nanofluid in the presence of peristalsis and electroosmosis. The Casson fluid model is employed to govern the non-Newtonian characteristics observed in the flow of blood. In addition, the thermal properties of the nanofluidic medium in contact with platelet magnetite nanomaterials are also studied in detail. Further, the effects of thermal radiation, thermal buoyancy force, magnetic field and Joule heating are also given due consideration. The mathematically formulated two-dimensional equations describing the flow of Casson liquid are brought into their dimensionless form under the lubrication theory. A dataset for the proposed ANN models is generated to explore various scenarios of the fluidic model by varying the pertinent parameters using NDSolve in Mathematica. The computational approach utilizing LMA is deployed across three distinct phases of performance assessment, distributing the data into training, testing and validation sets at the proportions of 80%, 10% and 10%, respectively. This implementation involves the utilization of 10 hidden neurons. The utilization of regression analysis for testing, mean-squared error calculation, error histograms and correlation assessment in numerical replications of the ANNs is also examined to verify their capability, accuracy, validity and effectiveness. This study is crucial for understanding the peristaltic blood transportation in small blood vessels of living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Trace additive effectively extends the cycle life of ZIBs. • The adsorbed NTA molecules reduce the de-solvation energy barrier. • NTA molecules provide a buffer layer to retard dendrite growth. Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted widespread attention due to their intrinsic safety, cost-effectiveness. However, active H 2 O in the solvated ions [Zn(H 2 O) 6 ]2+ continuously migrate to the Zn surface to trigger hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and accelerate Zn corrosion. Herein, Zn dendrites and the related by-products have been successfully inhibited by using trace amounts of Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). Theoretical research indicates that two carboxyl groups of NTA molecule strongly anchored on the Zn surface and exposed another carboxyl group outside. Due to the violent interaction of carboxyl groups of NTA with H 2 O, the de-solvation energy barrier of solvated Zn2+ ([Zn(H 2 O) 6 ]2+) on the Zn surface was obviously decreased, inhibit the active water splitting. Meanwhile, the preferential adsorption of NTA on the Zn surface increases the thickness of electric double layer EDL and provides a buffer layer to hinder the dendrite growth. Using 0.04 M NTA as additives in 2.0 M ZnSO 4 electrolyte, the cycling lifespan of both Zn||Zn symmetric and Zn||MnO 2 full cells is markedly prolonged. This study provides certain perspectives for trace amounts of electrolyte additives to satisfy the demand of long-cycle life AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study proposed a novel electro-osmosis PRD vacuum preloading method to solve dredging sludge treatment issues: difficulty in draining from soil showing large volume, non-uniform settlement, and low strength. To verify the effectiveness of the new method, four kinds of physical model tests integrating particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique of traditional vacuum preloading (VP), prefabricated radiant drain vacuum preloading (PRD-VP), electro-osmotic vacuum preloading (EO-VP), and EO-PRD-VP methods are conducted. The water discharge, average surface settlement, pore water pressure, water content, and undrained shear strength after treatment, clogging range, relationship between clogging range and water discharge rate, and relationship between clogging range and average surface settlement are investigated. For those model tests, it is demonstrated that EO-PRD-VP method has the best advantage in volume reduction, uniform settlement, and strength improvement. Water discharge is enlarged by 13–33%. The differential settlement can reach 2.3 cm, decreased by 28–56%. The undrained shear strength can reach 12 kPa, increased by 1–2 times. In addition, the clogging range development is described, for the given water discharge rate and average surface settlement, clogging range of EO-PRD-VP method is the minimum. The empirical equations between clogging range and water discharge rate, clogging range, and average surface settlement are established to predict the clogging range, which can lay the foundation for developing the consolidation theory of EO-PRD-VP method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroosmosis and surcharge preloading represent two effective soil consolidation methodologies. Their combined application has been proven to be effective in shortening the consolidation period and mitigating the degradation of electroosmotic consolidation performance due to crack generation. In this study, an axisymmetric free-strain consolidation analytical model incorporating a continuous drainage top boundary was established. A semi-analytical solution was then derived utilizing Laplace–Hankel transform and boundary condition homogenization. The validity of the proposed solution was confirmed by comparing it with three cases documented in the existing literature. Additionally, a comparison with indoor model box test results demonstrated the rationality of setting the top boundary as a continuous drainage boundary. Parameter analysis revealed several key insights: firstly, under the free strain assumption, the spatiotemporal distribution of excess pore water pressure aptly captured the coupled effects of the radial electric field. Secondly, the combination of electro-osmosis and preloading technology significantly improved consolidation efficiency, with this effect becoming more pronounced as the applied voltage increased. Lastly, the general solution based on the continuous drainage boundary proved to be suitable for addressing the consolidation of soft soils enhanced by vertical drainage, applicable to real foundation consolidation problems with top boundaries exhibiting different permeabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing solutions for electro‐osmotic consolidation assume a linear voltage distribution, which is inconsistent with the experimental findings. The present study introduces a novel two‐dimensional electro‐osmotic consolidation model for unsaturated soils, which considers the influence of non‐linear voltage distribution. The closed‐form solution is derived by employing the eigenfunction expansion method and the Laplace transform technique. The accuracy of the analytical solutions is validated through the implementation of finite element simulations. The findings from the parametric studies indicate that the excess pore water pressure (EPWP) observed in electro‐osmotic consolidation is influenced by the distribution of voltage. The dissipation rate of EPWP is observed to be higher when subjected to non‐linear voltage conditions compared to linear voltage conditions. Moreover, the impact of non‐linear voltage distribution becomes more pronounced in unsaturated soil characterised by higher electro‐osmosis conductivity and a lower ratio of kx/ky. In contrast, the excess pore air pressure (EPAP) remains unaffected by the voltage distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: The hafnium particles are suspended through carrier fluid (Williamson fluid) to discuss the momentum analysis in multiphase flow in two different types of configurations. Research gap: The analysis of the interaction of hafnium nanoparticles with the Williamson fluid model through the convergent and divergent conduits has not been discussed before. Methodology: The equation of continuity and momentum equations are used for this analysis. The solution of both fluid and particle velocities is obtained through the perturbation analytical technique. The perturbation solution is also compared with the numerical solution. Computational results: The Weissenberg number decays the velocity distribution. The suspension of hafnium particles updates the flow distribution through the conduits. The magnitude of the stream function decreases via the Weissenberg number. Applications: This study can help develop a new approach to cancer therapy by using a high atomic number of nanoparticles. Originality: This analysis is original and has neither been submitted nor published before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-line sample concentration method for capillary electrophoresis called admicelle to solvent microextraction was proposed. In this technique, analytes were trapped in the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide admicelles formed in situ on the negatively charged capillary surface. A solvent plug was then partially injected hydrodynamically to collapse the admicelles, which liberated and focused the analytes at the solvent front. Voltage was applied across the capillary, completing the stacking process. Various solvents, namely, methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile, were investigated. The optimal solvent for solvent to admicelle microextraction was 30% acetonitrile in 24 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.2). Sample injection time and solvent to sample injection ratio were also optimised. For this demonstration, the optimum sample injection time and solvent to sample injection ratio were 320 s and 1:2, respectively. Using the optimum conditions, UV detection sensitivity was enhanced 132–176-fold for the model anions. The LOQ, %intra-/inter-day (n = 6/n = 12, 2 days) repeatability, and linearity (R2) of admicelle to solvent microextraction were 0.08–2 µg/mL, 1.9–3.9%, 2.8–4.9%, and 0.992, respectively. Admicelle to solvent microextraction was applied to the analysis of various fortified water samples, with good repeatability (%RSD = 0.5–3.6%), and no matrix interferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractVacuum preloading technology is widely used for dredged soft grounds and has been widely promoted and applied in coastal countries. At present, the relationship between green, low-carbon, fast, and efficient vacuum preloading treatment technology and engineering quality is receiving increasing attention, and it promotes the deepening of theoretical refinement and functional diversification development of vacuum preloading technology, resulting in a large number of improved vacuum preloading technologies. This paper is based on the current research status, as well as the research results of the author and their research team, to summarize and analyze the reinforcement problem of conventional vacuum preloading technology. It reveals the clogging formation mechanism of prefabricated vertical drains in vacuum preloading and explores the improvement of vacuum preloading methods such as vacuum preloading combined surcharge preloading, vacuum preloading combined with electro-osmosis, air-boosted vacuum preloading, prefabricated radiation drain vacuum preloading, chemically assisted vacuum preloading, and thermal consolidation combined vacuum preloading. Based on the current development trend of dredged soft ground treatment technology, the development direction of vacuum preloading technology towards “greening”, “intelligence” and “safety” is proposed, to provide reference and guidance for research and technical personnel in the field of vacuum preloading reinforcement of soft ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and voltage are critical operational parameters that significantly influence the efficiency of the electro-osmosis dewatering process. Despite their importance, there is a lack of comprehensive research to evaluate their combined effects on enhancing electro-osmotic dewatering process efficiency. In this study, mutual effects of temperature and voltage on electro-osmotic dewatering of tailings were investigated using numerical simulation. To validate the model, output data were compared with experimental results on thermal electro-osmotic dewatering of red mud. The results indicated that increase in temperature from 25 °C to 35 °C and 25 °C to 45 °C resulted in a 12% and 27% increase in electric current, and 25% and 50% increase in fluid outflow velocity, respectively. Additionally, electric current and fluid outflow velocity increased by about 50% and 100% for all considered temperatures when voltage increased from 10.5 V to 15.75 and 10.5 V to 21 V, respectively. Furthermore, the results proved that increase in temperature was more effective than voltage in enhancing Joule's heating-induced dewatering. The study also revealed that increase in distance between electrodes by more than 1 m decreases the efficiency of electro-osmotic dewatering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of gravity based on the vector sum of gravity and buoyancy forces working spontaneously for all species was introduced into capillary electrophoresis (CE) as another important force which cooperated with electrophoretic flow and electro-osmotic flow. Their portion was adjusted by simply tilting the whole of the capillary at an angle during CE running. The related formula was proposed and verified through a series of experiments. After investigating the related parameters, results showed that the gravity effect was significantly affected by additives in the buffer, the length, and the inner diameter of the capillary, and the size of the sample molecule. This made the different ions with opposite or significantly different mobilities to be observed at a CE run. It significantly improved separation efficiencies of some small molecules, chiral compounds, macromolecules and cells when the tilt angles of the capillary were adjusted to a special range predicted through the fitting curve. In addition, micrometer level microspheres and cells were firstly separated by the new CE strategy and the resolutions were more than 1.0. After ingeniously designing the gradient of the tilting angle with time, we were able to further enhance the separation efficiency of the targets. For example, the resolution of lysozyme and ribonuclease A could be increased from 3.691 to 7.342. These indicated the huge potential of the new CE strategy and its gradient mode in separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted experimental investigations into the effects of additive materials on electro-osmotic consolidation for the flood plain near the Yangtze River. The goal was to address the insufficient soil bearing capacity and shear strength by applying nanomaterials and flocculants in silt treatment. The effectiveness of nanomaterials (Fe3O4), flocculant(APAM)and chemical solution on soft soil using electro-osmotic consolidation was evaluated based on current, water discharge, soil settlement, bearing capacity, and shear strength. Additionally, the microscopic structures of the consolidated soils were examined by using scanning electron microscope(SEM), and the pore characteristics were analyzed by using picture archiving and communication system(PACS)to investigate the microscopic mechanism of the soils. The results indicated that incorporating additive materials in electro-osmotic consolidation effectively improved the electrical conductivity of the soil, leading to increased water discharge and extending the effective drainage time. The combination of nanomaterials, flocculants, and chemical solutions resulted in the largest water discharge, the highest average current, the greatest reduction in water content, and the most uniform distribution of bearing capacity and shear strength. Moreover, the apparent porosity, pore number, and average pore area decreased significantly with the addition of chemical materials, resulting in smoother pore shapes and more complex and evenly distributed pore structures. The study identified that nanomaterials, flocculants, and chemical solutions can enhance the electro-osmotic consolidation effect, improve the discharge rate, and provide more uniform enhancement. These findings offer valuable references and suggestions for practical applications in foundation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonequilibrium interface (NI) of miscible fluids has long been of great interest; however, the acting effective interfacial tension and the deformation rate of the suspended phase in a steady immiscible state (SIS) have yet been delineated. We investigate the deformation rate and diffusion of complex fluids with a miscible surrounding fluid in a rectangular microchannel. We show here that the NI acts as a moving osmotic membrane and maintains a stable two-phase flow at a flow rate faster than the diffusion rate proportional to the osmotic pressure of the complex fluid. We report for the first time that a complex fluid suspended within a flow rate faster than the osmotic diffusion rate exhibits wet capillary thinning (WCT) behavior at the SIS. We demonstrate that either acting effective interfacial tension caused by Korteweg stress or elongational viscosity is measurable from the WCT behavior, and it was shown to be applicable to polymer solutions, animal blood, and even pure water. Our findings provide new insight into the phase behavior and managing diffusion in the flow stream of miscible fluids. The WCT technique enables precise measurement of elongational viscosity of a small amount of complex fluid, about the size of a drop without contact with the gas phase, providing a safe method for toxic, gas reactive liquid, or infected biofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in Micromachines introduces the field of electrokinetics, which studies fluid flow and particle motion driven by electricity. The section on Micro/Nanoscale Electrokinetics welcomes research on various electrokinetic phenomena in micro/nanofluidic devices, such as electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and dielectrophoresis. The editorial highlights research directions in nonlinear electroosmosis and electrophoresis in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, as well as applications like dielectrophoresis-enabled single cell analysis and protein dielectrophoresis. [Extracted from the article]

Magnetohydrodynamic flow efficiency and irreversibility improvement research are multiple problems that arise when electroosmosis forces affect Buongiorno's nanofluid in a complicated peristaltic tapered channel. Thermal energy and temperature gradients cause nanoparticles to migrate randomly, affecting flow efficiency and irreversibility. Sometimes the infected veins generate complex peristaltic waves on its walls. The mathematical model that characterizes the motion of Jeffrey magnetohydrodynamic Buongiorno's nanofluid inside a complex tapered peristaltic channel, considering the effects of electroosmotic forces, is discussed. The long wavelength and low Reynolds numbers approximation is considered. The approximate solution of the nonlinear system of partial differential formulas is obtained using the Adomian decomposition method. Also, the irreversibility of the system and entropy generation are being studied. Flow characteristics with biophysical and thermal parameters are plotted and discussed. The improvement in the interstitial distances that make up the nanofluid in turn enhances the Bejan numbers. So, one of the important results is that when the increment of Brownian motion and thermophoresis of the nanoparticles, the Bejan numbers are raised significantly. Both the Jeffrey parameter and Debye–Huckel parameter work to upsurge the loss of kinetic energy within the molecules, which reduces the temperatures inside the nanofluid and thus reduces the entropy rate, in contrast to the rest of the parameters that raise the kinetic energy inside the molecules that make up the nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of urbanization has resulted in a significant increase in the generation of engineering waste sludge. Traditional treatment methods on engineering waste sludge often fail to achieve desired dewatering targets. Electroosmosis has garnered considerable attention for its substantial potential in soft ground treatment and sludge consolidation. Consequently, both domestic and international experts have studied rapid dewatering and reducing initial moisture content. However, there is still an incomplete understanding regarding the efficiency of electroosmosis. A series of experiments were performed under different potentials with Hangzhou engineering waste sludge, using ferrum and graphite electrodes. Electro-osmotic efficiency was analyzed in terms of total energy consumption, effective energy consumption, and electrode loss. The relationship between the effective energy coefficient and effective potential was explored based on the experimental results and theoretical models. It was found that total and effective energy consumptions increase with the potential. The rates of increase are larger with higher potentials. Total and effective electro-osmotic efficiency decreases with the increasing potentials. Electrode materials possess little influence on the electro-osmotic efficiency, but have indirect impact through effective potential due to the anode material loss. A linear relationship was obtained between the effective energy coefficient and effective potential. Low voltage is a disadvantage to the electro-osmotic effect, while high voltage is a disadvantage to electro-osmotic efficiency. Therefore, both the electro-osmotic effect and efficiency should be considered when determining the optimal voltage value in practice. The experimental results on the significant reduction of the energy consumption of electroosmosis can provide a scientific basis for the further promotion and application of electroosmotic technology in practical engineering projects.

Polyelectrolytes can electrophoretically be driven through nanopores in order to be detected. The respective translocation events are often very fast and the process needs to be controlled to promote efficient detection. To this end, we attempt to control the translocation dynamics by coating the inner surface of a nanopore. For this, different charge distributions are chosen that result in substantial variations of the pore–polymer interactions. In addition and in view of the existing detection modalities, experimental settings, and nanopore materials, different types of sensors inside the nanopore have been considered to probe the translocation process and its temporal spread. The respective transport of polyelectrolytes through the coated nanopores is modeled through a multi-physics computational scheme that incorporates a mesoscopic/electrokinetic description for the solvent and particle-based scheme for the polymer. This investigation could underline the interplay between sensing modality, nanopore material, and detection accuracy. The electro-osmotic flow and electrophoretic motion in a pore are analyzed together with the polymeric temporal and spatial fluctuations unraveling their correlations and pathways to optimize the translocation speed and dynamics. Accordingly, this work sketches pathways in order to tune the pore–polymer interactions in order to control the translocation dynamics and, in the long run, errors in their measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the ion concentration profile in nanochannel plays an important role in understanding the electrical double layer and electro-osmotic flow. Due to the non-negligible surface interaction and the effect of discrete solvent molecules, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is often used as an essential tool to study the behavior of ions under nanoconfinement. Despite the accuracy of MD simulation in modeling nanoconfinement systems, it is computationally expensive. In this work, we propose neural network to predict ion concentration profiles in nanochannels with different configurations, including channel widths, ion molarity, and ion types. By modeling the ion concentration profile as a probability distribution, our neural network can serve as a much faster surrogate model for MD simulation with high accuracy. We further demonstrate the superior prediction accuracy of neural network over XGBoost. Finally, we demonstrated that neural network is flexible in predicting ion concentration profiles with different bin sizes. Overall, our deep learning model is a fast, flexible, and accurate surrogate model to predict ion concentration profiles in nanoconfinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a thorough analysis of the existing research on periodic electro-osmotic flow in rectangular microchannels, this paper offers a comprehensive investigation of the distinctive characteristics of electromagnetic electro-osmotic flow in Jeffery fluids, emphasising particularly on the combined impact of the intricate interplay between the electric field and electromagnetic forces. A precise analytical expression for the velocity has been successfully derived by employing the technique of variable separation. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis has been conducted utilising intricate calculations and image evaluation to delve into the implications of Hartmann number (Ha), Reynolds number (Re), relaxation time, electrokinetic width and retardation time on the distribution of flow velocity. The findings indicate that as Ha rises, the flow velocity initially gains momentum, but subsequently exhibits a gradual decline. When Re is 0.5, the speed increases by about 29% and then decreases by about 61%. When Re is 4.5, the speed increases by about 20% and then decreases by about 42%. The increase in electrokinetic width and relaxation time results in an increase in speed. When Ha is 0.5, the velocity rises about 29% by the effect of the electrokinetic width and about 730% by the effect of the relaxation time. When Ha is 6, the velocity rises by about 71% by the effect of the electrokinetic width and the velocity rises by about 100% by the effect of the relaxation time. However, an increase in the retardation time and Re will result in a decrease in the flow rate. When Ha is 0.5, the velocity decreases by 83% under the effect of retardation time and 80% under the effect of Re. When Ha is 6, the velocity decreases by 40% under the effect of retardation time and 25% under the effect of Re. It should be emphasised that the velocity distribution of Jeffrey fluid is mainly concentrated near the channel wall, especially when Ha increases, resulting in the fluid velocity tending to be relatively slow. It is particularly interesting that when Ha reaches a high level, the fluid velocity is almost no longer affected by changes in Re. In order to validate the accuracy of this study, the resulting findings were cross-checked with previous findings and these comparisons support that the conclusions of this paper are plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena, where electrically driven fluid flows depend nonlinearly on the applied voltage, are commonly encountered in aqueous suspensions of colloidal particles. A prime example is the induced-charge electro-osmosis, driven by an electric field acting on diffuse charge induced near a polarizable surface. Nonlinear electrohydrodynamic flows also occur in non-polar fluids, driven by the electric field acting on space charge induced by conductivity gradients. Here, we analyse the flows about a charge-neutral spherical solid particle in an applied uniform electric field that arise from conductivity dependence on local field intensity. The flow pattern varies with particle conductivity: while the flow about a conducting particle has a quadrupolar pattern similar to induced-charge electro-osmosis, albeit with opposite direction, the flow about an insulating particle has a more complex structure. We find that this flow induces a force on a particle near an electrode that varies non-trivially with particle conductivity: while it is repulsive for perfectly insulating particles and particles more conductive than the suspending medium, there exists a range of particle conductivities where the force is attractive. The force decays as the inverse square of the distance to the electrode and thus can dominate the dielectrophoretic attraction due to the image dipole, which falls off with the fourth power with the distance. This electrohydrodynamic lift opens new possibilities for colloidal manipulation and driven assembly by electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer structures are ubiquitous in constructing microfluidic devices for manipulating fluids to realize various frontier applications, including energy harvesting and invisibility cloaking. In this study, we develop a mathematical framework for analyzing electro-osmotic flow (EOF) within multilayer microfluidic structures. These structures are formed by Hele--Shaw configurations, with cross-sectional shapes that are concentric disks or confocal ellipses, and each layer is filled with a fluid material characterized by a zeta potential. The number of layers can vary, and the zeta potentials in each layer may differ. By dynamically adjusting the zeta potential, the multilayer EOF structure can effectively manipulate fluids without requiring metamaterials in microfluidic devices. Considering the impingement of an arbitrary nonuniform incident field on the multilayer structure, we first establish the representation formula of the solution of the coupled system using the layer potential techniques, and then the concept of contracted hydrodynamic Generalized Polarization Tensors (GPTs) is defined by multipolar expansion. Utilizing Fourier series and spectral theory, we derive a closed-form solution for the coupled system in the control region with multilayer concentric disks or confocal ellipses. This framework provides a convenient algebraic approach for studying hydrodynamic cloaking and shielding in multilayer structures, laying the groundwork for various microfluidic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a general mathematical framework for the design and analysis of a novel coupled-physics invisibility cloaking scheme that can simultaneously cloak microscale electric and hydrodynamic fields via scattering cancellation for the electric potential and electro-osmosis for the pressure in a Hele--Shaw configuration. As a proof of this concept, the perfect electric and hydrodynamic cloaking conditions are derived for the cloaks with the cross section being annulus or confocal ellipses using the layer potential techniques. Furthermore, we develop an optimization scheme for the design of approximate cloaks within general geometries and prove the well-posedness of the optimization problem. In particular, the conditions that can ensure the simultaneous occurrence of approximate cloaks for general geometries are established. Our theoretical findings are corroborated by several numerical results. Our results are new to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many industrially relevant microfluidic applications use concentrated solutions of macro-molecular solutes dissolved in polar solvents like water, which are typically deployed at high voltages. In this study, we investigate the effect of finite ionic sizes and solvent polarization on induced charge electro-osmotic flow around a perfectly polarizable cylinder, at high electric field strengths and ionic concentrations. The flow is actuated by means of a direct current electric field, and the step response of various flow parameters are studied numerically. Finite ionic sizes, defined through a steric factor ν , are modeled using the modified Poisson–Nernst–Planck model. Additionally, a field-dependent permittivity, characterized by a solvent polarization number A, accounts for molecular re-orientation effects. Our findings reveal an ion-size modulated decrement in charge concentration in the electrical double layer and an augmentation in the electric field. Remarkably, the resulting flow velocities increase with ion size. Solvent polarization, on the other hand, results in a marked reduction in flow velocities. Steric effects, however, dominate over a large range of parameter space (applied voltage and bulk ionic concentration) as compared to solvent polarization. Finally, we demonstrate that unequal ionic sizes result in flow asymmetries at the steady-state, thereby generating net electro-phoretic motion of suspended particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscale heat transfer is vital for the performance of smart thermal devices like heat sinks, thermosyphons, and microheat pipes. This study introduces a biothermal pumping flow model based on a multi-membrane pumping mechanism that leverages microscale heat transfer. The model describes rhythmic contraction and relaxation of membranes, combined with electro-osmosis in Jeffery fluid flow within a vertical microchannel of finite length. Two membranes on the microchannel walls, with varying amplitudes, diameters, and phase lags, generate pressure that moves fluid in both directions through contraction and expansion cycles. The model is based on the conservation of mass and momentum, using a low Reynolds number approximation to capture microscale transport phenomena at biomedical scales. Dimensionless conservation equations are analytically solved under no-slip boundary conditions, with results computed in MATLAB for clarity. Axial velocity results are simulated and verified using the optimal homotopy analysis method. The model explores the influence of key parameters ( U H S , m e , λ , G r , β) on pressure gradient, velocity distribution, volumetric flow rates, skin friction, Nusselt number, and stream function. The findings demonstrate that pressure from membrane motion is significantly affected by thermal effects and buoyancy forces, and flow and pumping characteristics are largely determined by the fluid's rheological qualities and the geometrical features of the membrane. This study provides novel ideas for enhancing the functionality and design of smart thermal devices while also advancing microscale heat transfer technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemistry of the pore fluid within clayey sediments frequently changes in various processes. However, the impacts of pore fluid chemistry have not been well included in the hydraulic permeability model, and the physical bases behind the salinity sensitivity of the hydraulic permeability remains elusive. In this study, a theoretical model for the hydraulic permeability of clayey sediments is proposed, and impacts of the pore fluid chemistry are quantitatively considered by introducing electrokinetic flow theory. Available experimental data were used to verify the theoretical model, and the verified model was further applied as a sensitivity analysis tool to explore more deeply how hydraulic permeability depends on pore fluid chemistry under different conditions. Coupling effects of pore water desalination and the effective stress enhancement on the hydraulic permeability of marine sediments surrounding a depressurization wellbore during hydrate production are discussed. Results and discussion show that the hydraulic permeability reduction is significant only when the electric double layer thickness is comparable to the characteristic pore size, and the reduction becomes more obvious when the ion mobility of the saline solution is smaller and the surface dielectric potential of clay minerals is lower. During gas hydrate production in the ocean, the salinity sensitivity of the hydraulic permeability could become either stronger and weaker, depending on whether the original characteristic pore size of marine sediments is relatively large or small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) have numerous engineering and biomedical applications such as sensors, MHD pumps, magnetic medications, MRI, cancer therapy, astronomy, cosmology, earthquakes, and cardiovascular devices. In view of these applications and current developments, we investigate the magnetohydrodynamic MHD electro-osmotic flow of Casson nanofluid during peristaltic movement in a non-uniform porous asymmetric channel. The effect of thermal radiation, heat source, and Hall current on the Casson fluid peristaltic pumping in a porous medium is taken into consideration. The effect of chemical reactions is also considered. The mass, momentum, energy, and concentration equations were constructed using the proper transformations and dimensionless variables to make them easier for non-Newtonian fluids. A lubricating strategy is used to make the system less complicated. The Boltzmann distribution of electric potential over an electric double layer is studied using the Debye–Huckel approximation. The temperature and concentration equations are addressed using the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), while the exact solution is determined for the velocity field. The study examines the performance of velocity, pressure rise, temperature, concentration, streamlines, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers for the involved parameters using graphical illustrations and tables. Asymmetric channels exhibit varying behavior, with velocity declining near the left wall and accelerating towards the right wall while enhancing the Casson fluid parameter. The pumping rate boosts in the retrograde region due to the evolution of the permeability parameter value, while it declines in the augment region. The temperature profile optimizes as the value of the heat source parameter gets higher. The concentration profile significantly falls as the chemical reaction parameter rises. The size of the trapped bolus strengthens with a spike in the parameter for the Casson fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear electrophoresis in complex fluids like nematic liquid crystals provides new pathways toward achieving precisely controlled motion and assembly of microscopic objects. The nematic host introduces a paradigm shift in the mechanism of electrophoretic transport by generating unbalanced electro-osmotic flows around the colloidal particle due to symmetry breaking of the medium caused by the induced topological defects. Rationally designed particles, which induce various types of defects and asymmetries, provide new opportunities in this regard. In this Perspective article, we discuss how the asymmetry in the shape and interfacial properties help in piloting the particles using an AC electric field. Finally, we propose some feasible strategies to achieve navigational control using magnetic and photo-responsive particles, guided by orthogonal electric, magnetic fields, and light, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electro‐osmosis approach efficiently facilitates the rapid dewatering of soil with high water content and contributes to reducing contaminant levels within the clay soil. However, the changes of chemical field caused by ion transport in the clay soil during electro‐osmosis process will also influence the clay soil consolidation effect. Existing theories predominantly tend to disregard this crucial physical process and its resultant effects, thereby restraining a comprehensive analysis of electro‐osmosis consolidation (EOC) behavior under intricate chemical conditions. This study introduces a concise model of EOC and ion transport considering chemical osmosis. The model considers the nonlinear variation of clay soil parameters such as compressibility, permeability, and effective diffusion coefficients, along with the interaction between EOC and ion transport. Meanwhile, the correctness of the model is verified from different aspects such as theoretical derivation and model comparison. Based on the proposed model, the impacts of the variation in electrical field intensity and chemical concentration on the coupled behaviors between EOC and ion transport are systematically investigated, with and without incorporating nonlinear consolidation characteristics. The results show that diffusion and electro‐migration exhibit a more pronounced effect on ion transport during EOC. Simultaneously, with the increase of ion concentration in clay soil pore solution, the effects of chemical osmosis become increasingly apparent, thereby enhancing clay soil settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiphase flow of Jeffery fluid under the impact of Magnetohydrodynamic is examined in this analysis. The nanoparticles of Hafnium metal are mixed up in the base fluid along with the impact of the electroosmotic phenomenon having a great significance in the present decade. Two different models, namely particulate and fluid phases, are considered for a convergent geometry with numerous usages in practical life, especially in modern technologies like microfluidic devices, chemical analysis, soil analysis, and other industries. The set of partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using the non-dimensional quantities and obtained the exact solution of the resulting boundary value problem. The impact of physical parameters involving in the study is highlighted through graphs. To observe the flow pattern, the streamlines are also constructed. The Hartman number and Jeffrey fluid parameter slow down the velocity of fluid and particle phases. The Helmholtz-Smoluchowski parameter reduces the streamlines while the flow pattern remains unchanged via $ {U_{HS}} $ U HS . Moreover, the results are also compared with the previously published literature and noted excellent agreement with each other. The developed mathematical will be helpful in the diverse geometries used widely in medical and engineering walks to incorporate the fluid in complicated places like species separation, biomedical lab-on-a-chip devices, DNA sequences and stimulated drugs in diverse veins colliers, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the heat and mass transfer of mixed peristaltic Casson fluid flow through a porous medium in the presence of electroosmosis. It uses the lubrication LWL-LRN analytical technique to transform flow-control equations into ordinary differential equations. The equation is simplified using a numerical solver, bvp4c, in MATLAB software. The study analyses the behaviour of momentum, thermal, solutal, and nanoparticle concentration using parameters such as the magnetic field parameter, porous, electroosmotic, Prandtl, thermal Grashof number, and solutal concentration. Comparing this work with the existing investigation reveals a high level of concordance regarding the impact of thermophoresis and Brownian variables on momentum fields. The study's novelty is the double-diffusive effects of Casson fluid, which provides a more accurate characterisation of its flow behaviour with convective boundary conditions over an inclined surface. Such observations are useful in real-life applications to capture the shear and stress-thinning properties and flow of synovial fluid in joints, as well as to understand blood flow in several physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport process electroosmosis (EO) has been suggested to be used for dewatering damp brick masonry for decades. Still, it is debated whether EO can be obtained in bricks. By use of an advanced EO laboratory cell, this paper reports that an EO flow can be generated in two types of Danish bricks. The electroosmotic permeability coefficient was shown to be dependent on both intrinsic properties of bricks, such as pore size distribution, and extrinsic properties, such as zeta potential. Results showed that the brick with a higher pore volume but with a lower surface charge has a lower EO permeability coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the complex rheological properties of viscoelastic fluids in nanochannels will facilitate the application of nanofluidics in biomedical and other fields. However, the flow of viscoelastic fluids in nanochannels has significant instabilities, and numerical simulation failures are prone to occur at high Weissenberg numbers (Wi). In this study, the simplified Phan-Thien-Tanner viscoelastic fluid model is solved using the log-conformation tensor approach, and the effects of rheological parameters of the viscoelastic fluid, such as the Weissenberg number (Wi), extensibility parameter (ε), and viscosity ratio (β), on the flow characteristics and flow instability within the nanochannel are investigated. The results indicate that the variation of rheological parameters of viscoelastic fluids has a significant effect on the flow state and flow instability of fluids in nanochannels. When the rheological parameters are in a specific range, the flow velocity and outlet current in the nanochannel exhibit relatively regular periodic fluctuations. As the flow transitions from an up-and-down moving single-vortex state to a symmetric double-vortex state, the average velocity of the central axis in the nanochannel is increased by about 15%. Furthermore, when Wi increases from 150 to 400, the length and height of the vortex increase by 50% and 100%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of induced charge into the serpentine curved micromixers driven by negative pressure (Np) can serve as an efficacious way for improving micromixing quality. To comprehensively investigate the hydraulic characteristics and mixing capacity of this model, an investigation is conducted using finite element method. The results indicate that when |−30| Pa ≤ Np ≤ |−50| Pa, active vortex pairs formed by electroosmosis flow on the conductive plate surface are fully developed, which strengthens the chaotic convection and leads to a uniform mixing. For |−50| Pa < Np ≤ |−200| Pa conditions, the compression of pressure flow causes the separation and degradation of active vortex pairs. However, increasing the electric field intensity around the conductive plate, such as forming a shrinking microchannel, or increasing the induction area of the plate, such as rotating the conductive plate, can make the active vortex play a beneficial role again, as both the Zeta potential and slip velocity on the plate surface are enhanced. For |−200| Pa < Np ≤ |−500| Pa conditions, the pressure flow gradually dominates the mixing process. But the conductive plate with combined optimal parameters can increase the mixing quality to above 0.8 when Np varies in border range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aims to investigate the physical properties of electroosmotic flow in protein nanopores using numerical simulations, particularly under varying electric field strengths and solution salt concentrations. This research is remarkable because electroosmosis is an efficient and controllable method for liquid transport, which is widely utilized in microfluidics, biomedical detection, chemical analysis, soil remediation, and water treatment, especially in high-throughput gene sequencing. By systematically examining the physical properties of nanoconfined electroosmotic flow, these applications can be optimized to enhance their performance and efficiency. However, owing to the challenges associated with nanoscale research, it is extremely difficult to directly measure the properties of electroosmotic flow in experiments. Therefore, employing theoretical and numerical simulation methods has emerged as an effective approach to address this issue. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic characteristics of electroosmotic flow in protein nanopores through numerical simulations, offering theoretical support and technical guidance for molecular separation and biomedical detection. [Methods] This study employed a coupled model of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes equations to numerically simulate the electroosmotic flow in protein nanopores using the finite element method. This research focused on charged protein nanopores, considering the effects of varying electric field strengths and solution salt concentrations. The model was established by coupling the Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes equations to obtain a mathematical representation of the nanopore system. The proposed model includes charged nanopores, electrolyte solutions containing free ions and water molecules, and external electric fields applied to both sides of the nanopore. [Results] The distribution of electroosmotic velocity and electric field strength within protein nanopores is highly uneven and substantially influenced by external potential and solution salt concentration. The specific findings are as follows: 1) Electroosmotic flow velocity distribution: in environments with high salt concentrations, the electroosmotic flow velocity considerably increases, particularly in the central region of the nanopores. The velocity profile of the electroosmotic flow along the z-axis exhibits nonlinear characteristics, with the velocity varying from the center to both ends of the nanopore. 2) Electric field intensity distribution: The electric field intensity is highest in the central region of the nanopore and shows notable nonuniformity in the surrounding areas. The electric field strength gradient greatly influences the distribution of electroosmotic flow velocity, with an increase in electric field strength leading to a substantial increase in the electroosmotic flow velocity in the central nanopore. 3) Salt concentration effect: As the salt concentration in the solution increases, the electroosmotic flow rate rises remarkably, and the velocity curve becomes steeper, particularly in the central nanopores, indicating that the electroosmotic flow rate is directly related to the ionic strength of the solution, with high salt concentrations promoting the passage of more ions through the nanopores under the influence of an electric field and enhancing electroosmotic flow. These findings deepen our understanding of the dynamics of electroosmotic flow at the nanoscale and provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing the performance of nanopore-based sensing and separation devices. [Conclusions] This study systematically investigated the electroosmotic characteristics of protein nanopores under varying potentials and salt concentrations using numerical simulations. Results indicate that the nonuniformity of electroosmotic flow velocity and electric field distribution is a key factor in determining electroosmotic flow characteristics. The electric field strength and solution salt concentration considerably affect the electroosmotic flow rate, with high salt concentration and electric field strength leading to a substantial increase in the flow rate within nanopores. By precisely controlling the electric field strength and distribution, the behavior of the electroosmotic flow can be effectively manipulated, which is crucial for optimizing the performance of nanopores in molecular separation and biomedical detection. These research findings offer deeper insights into the electrical properties within nanopores and underscore their potential applications in molecular separation and biomedical detection. In summary, this study offers theoretical support and methodological guidance for optimizing nanopore-based technologies, demonstrating notable application value. Future research can further explore the relationship between the structural characteristics and electroosmotic behavior of different protein nanopores, expanding their applications across various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to examine the peristaltic flow of an unsteady non-Newtonian TiO2 nanofluid through a uniformly symmetric channel under the influence of electro-osmosis. The fluid behavior was modeled by the Sutterby model. Furthermore, the flow took place through a porous medium, following a modified form of Darcy's law. Additionally, the impacts of Dufour and Soret effects, chemical reaction, activation energy, viscous dissipation, heat generation, and thermal radiation were considered. A wave transformation was used to simplify the governing equations describing the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. These simplified equations were then solved analytically using the homotopy perturbation method. Additionally, set figures were employed to illustrate and discuss the impact of the physical parameters involved in the problem on the obtained solutions. It is found that the presence of a modified Darcy's medium in the Navier–Stokes equation results in a porous term that is dependent on the index of the Sutterby model. Furthermore, it is found that as the thermophoresis parameter increases, the nanoparticles are more concentrated, and their flow from the hot region to the cold region is more effective. Additionally, it is observed that in the presence of thermal radiation, the activation energy and the Brownian motion parameter have similar effects on the concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oilfield Chemistry is the property of Sichuan University, Oilfield Chemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are several applications for electro-osmotic MHD flow of hybrid Ferrofluid in the present era, notably in the biochemical as drug delivery systems, microfluidic devices, biomedical diagnostics, microscale systems and medical industries. The electro-osmotic MHD flow of a hybrid Ferrofluid containing Cobalt Ferrite, magnetite nanoparticles via a vertically inclined microchannel is investigated in this study. In furthermore, the perpendicular magnetic field is considered. Investigations are also carried into the effects of mass and heat transfer in this moving fluid. Partial differential equations provide as a representation for the aforementioned physical phenomenon, using suitable dimensionless nondimensional variables. Also, the classical system is fractionalized using the generalized Fourier and Fick's law. Generalizations are made based on the account of the Caputo derivative. The solution for the velocity, concentration, and temperature outlines is developed by using the Fourier and Laplace techniques. Moreover, the parametric impact of many physical factors as the Brinkman parameter, the temperature, velocity, concentration and stress parameters (Schmidt, Grashof, and Prandtl numbers). Graphs and discussions of concentration distributions is also discussed. The Sherwood number, rate of heat transmission, and skin friction are calculated and summarized. Since the fractional models are more accurate, they also provide a broader variety of possible solutions. Considering the relevant data, these solutions could be the best. Additionally, the heat transfer rate is higher as compare to nanofluid and regular fluid. The Hybrid Ferrofluid having capability to control velocity boundary layer rapidly as compare to nanofluid and regular fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoassays based on reactions between target pathogen (antigen; Ag) and antibody (Ab) are frequently used for Ag detection. An external magnetic field was used to immobilize magnetic microbeads-tagged-antibodies (mMB-Ab) on the surface of a microchannel in the capture zone. The mMB-Ab was subsequently used for Ag detection. The objective of this numerical study, with experimental validation, is to assess the surface reaction between mMB-Ab and Ag in the presence of electro-osmotic flow (EOF). First, immobilization of mMB-Ab complex in the wall of the capture zone was achieved. Subsequently, the Ag was transported by EOF toward the capture zone to bind with the immobilized mMB-Ab. Lastly, mMB-Ab:Ag complex was formed and immobilized in the capture zone. A finite volume solver was used to implement the above steps. The surface reaction between the mMB-Ab and Ag was investigated in the presence of electric fields (E): 150 V/cm–450 V/cm and Ag concentrations: 0.001 M–1000 M. The depletion of mMB-Ab increases with time as the E decreases. Furthermore, as the concentration of Ag decreases, the depletion of mMB-Ab increases with time. These results quantify the detection of Ag using the EOF device; thus, signifying its potential for rapid throughput screening of Ag. This platform technology can lead to the development of portable devices for the detection of target cells, pathogens, and biomolecules for testing water systems, biological fluids, and biochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the application plights of electroosmosis, a cyclic and progressive electroosmosis method (CPE) was proposed and verified using laboratory experiments. The electrifying mode and number of electrodes for CPE were evaluated by analysing the water discharge, current, shear strength, and water content of the soil after treatment. The results show that CPE can concentrate the water distributed in large areas to the predetermined electrode and improve the drainage efficiency of solely this electroosmosis method. After treatment, the shear strength and water content of the soil were significantly improved by CPE. Reducing the cyclic electrifying time and decreasing the number of electrodes appropriately was helpful in reducing the cracks and maintaining the drainage channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]