Search

Lishan Asefa,1 Teshome Nedi2 1Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Lishan Asefa, Email lishanasefa2005@gmail.com; lishan.asefa@aau.edu.etBackground: The diuretic activity of the Cucumis dipsaceus leaf, which is used in indigenous medicine, has been claimed but has not yet undergone scientific evaluation.Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the diuretic activity of the aqueous and 80% methanol extracts derived from the leaves of Cucumis dipsaceus in rats.Methods: For the extraction process, the maceration technique was employed to obtain the aqueous and 80% methanol extracts from the Cucumis dipsaceus leaves. Male rats were then divided randomly into eight groups, with six rats in each group. These groups consisted of a negative control group, a positive control group, and three different groups for each extract at varying doses. The urine output volumes, the concentrations of urinary electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride) and urinary pH, were measured and analysed to compare the results among the different groups.Results: Both the aqueous and 80% methanol extracts of Cucumis dipsaceus leaves demonstrated a significant increase in urinary output at doses of 200mg/kg body weight (p< 0.01) and 400mg/kg body weight (p< 0.001). When comparing the urinary electrolyte excretion with the negative control group, the groups treated with the 400mg/kg body weight dose of the aqueous extract showed significant differences in the urinary excretion of sodium (p< 0.05), chloride (p< 0.01), and K+ (p< 0.01). Similarly, the urinary excretion of K+ and Cl- also exhibited significant differences at moderate doses (K+: p< 0.01, Cl-: p< 0.05) and the highest doses (both: p< 0.01) of the 80% methanol extract. Furthermore, the highest doses of both the aqueous (p< 0.01) and 80% methanol (p< 0.01) extracts demonstrated significant differences in saluretic effect.Conclusion: Both crude extracts of C. dipsaceus leaves have significant diuretic activity, providing support for the traditional use of the plant as a diuretic agent.Keywords: Cucumis dipsaceus, diuretic activity, electrolyte excretion, Na+/K+ ratio

After lactation, many children consume fructose-rich processed foods. However, overconsumption of these foods can predispose individuals to noncommunicable chronic diseases, which can have different repercussions depending on the sex. Thus, we evaluated the effects of fructose overload introduced after weaning on the renal function of young rats of both sexes. Methods: After weaning, male and female offspring of Wistar rats were assigned to drink water (the male/water and female/water groups) or 20% D-fructose solution (male/fructose and female/fructose groups). Food and water or fructose solution was offered ad libitum. Rats were evaluated at 4 months. Parameters analyzed: blood pressure, body weight, triglyceride levels, glomerular filtration rate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium excretion, macrophage infiltration, and eNOS and 8OHdG expression in renal tissue. CEUA-UNIFESP: 2757270117. Results: Fructose intake affected the blood pressure, body weight, and plasma triglyceride in all rats. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced in males that received fructose when compared to that of the control group. Sodium and potassium excretion decreased in all fructose-treated rats; however, the excreted load of these ions was significantly higher in females than in males. In the female control group, calcium excretion was higher than that of the male control group. Fructose overload increased magnesium excretion in females, and also increased macrophage infiltration and reduced eNOS expression in both males and females. Conclusion: Fructose overload introduced after weaning caused metabolic and renal changes in rats. Renal function was more affected in males; however, several significant alterations were also observed in the female-fructose group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After lactation, many children consume fructose-rich processed foods. However, overconsumption of these foods can predispose individuals to non-communicable chronic diseases, which can have different repercussions depending on the sex. Thus, we evaluated the effects of fructose overload introduced after weaning on the renal function of young rats of both sexes.Methods: After weaning, male and female offspring of Wistar rats were assigned to drink water (the male/water and female/water groups) or 20% D-fructose solution (male/fructose and female/fructose groups). Food and water or fructose solution was offered ad libitum. Rats were evaluated at 4 months. Parameters analyzed: blood pressure, body weight, triglyceride levels, glomerular filtration rate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium excretion, macrophage infiltration, and eNOS and 8OHdG expression in renal tissue. CEUA-UNIFESP: 2757270117.Results: Fructose intake affected the blood pressure, body weight, and plasma triglyceride in all rats. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced in males that received fructose when compared to that of the control group. Sodium and potassium excretion decreased in all fructose-treated rats; however, the excreted load of these ions was significantly higher in females than in males. In the female control group, calcium excretion was higher than that of the male control group. Fructose overload increased magnesium excretion in females, and also increased macrophage infiltration and reduced eNOS expression in both males and females.Conclusion: Fructose overload introduced after weaning caused metabolic and renal changes in rats. Renal function was more affected in males; however, several significant alterations were also observed in the female-fructose group.

Netsanet Fekadu, Hirut Basha, Asfaw Meresa, Sileshi Degu, Biruktawit Girma, Bekesho Geleta Directorate of Traditional and Modern Medicine Research, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Abstract: Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. is a medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of different ailments such as hypertension and diabetes in Ethiopia. This study aims to assess the diuretic activity of the aqueous crude extract and hot tea infusion of M. stenopetala leaves in saline-loaded rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into ten groups (n = 5). The control group received distilled water (5 mL/kg), whereas the reference group received Furosemide (10 mg/kg). Groups III–X orally received different doses of aqueous crude extract (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and hot tea infusion (1, 2, 4, and 6 teaspoons [Tsp]) based on community use. Urine volume was recorded every hour until the end of the 5th hour, and total urine volume of each animal was calculated. The diuretic activity and diuretic action were determined based on the urine output. Additionally, concentration of urinary sodium, chloride, and potassium ions was determined. The urinary Na+/K+ ratio and carbonyl anhydrase activity (Cl−/(Na+/K+)) were also assessed. The findings verified that the aqueous crude extract as well as the hot tea infusion of the leaves of M. stenopetala possesses significant (P < 0.01) diuretic, natriuretic, and kaliuretic effects. The aqueous crude extract (125 mg/kg) and hot tea infusion (2 Tsp) displayed the highest diuretic activity (101% and 96%, respectively) comparable to the reference drug, Furosemide (10 mg/kg). They also displayed a good natriuretic activity. The aqueous crude extract and hot tea infusion revealed a significant Na+ urinary excretion (P < 0.001) and Na+/K+ ratio (P < 0.05) at all test doses. There was also a significant (P < 0.01) Cl− urinary excretion at all test doses of aqueous crude extract except 62.5 mg/kg and all test doses of hot tea infusion except higher doses (4 and 6 Tsp). Thus, the aqueous crude extract as well as the hot tea infusion of the leaves of M. stenopetala causes a plausible increase in the urine volume and concentration of urinary electrolytes in rats. Keywords: Moringa stenopetala, urine volume, electrolyte excretion, diuretic activity, rats, dose simulation

Amelework Eshetu Melka,1 Eyasu Makonnen,1 Asfaw Debella,2 Netsanet Fekadu,2 Bekesho Geleta2 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Directorate of Traditional and Modern Medicine Research, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the diuretic activity and acute toxicity profile of the crude aqueous extract and solvent fraction of the leaves of Thymus serrulatus in saline-loaded Swiss albino mice. Mice of either sex were divided into six groups (five animals in each group). The control group received normal saline (25 mL/kg), while the reference group received hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg). Group III to Group VI received the test substances at dose levels of 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg orally, respectively. At the end of the fifth hour, urine was collected, and total volume of urine excreted by each animal was recorded. Concentrations of urinary Na+ and K+ were determined, and the Na+/K+ ratio was calculated to make comparison among the groups. The acute toxicity of the most active fraction was also evaluated. The findings demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of T. serrulatus leaves showed significant diuretic (P

After lactation, many children consume fructose-rich processed foods. However, overconsumption of these foods can predispose individuals to non-communicable chronic diseases, which can have different repercussions depending on the sex. Thus, we evaluated the effects of fructose overload introduced after weaning on the renal function of young rats of both sexes. Methods : After weaning, male and female offspring of Wistar rats were assigned to drink water (the male/water and female/water groups) or 20% D-fructose solution (male/fructose and female/fructose groups). Food and water or fructose solution was offered ad libitum. Rats were evaluated at 4 months. Parameters analyzed: blood pressure, body weight, triglyceride levels, glomerular filtration rate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium excretion, macrophage infiltration, and eNOS and 8OHdG expression in renal tissue. CEUA-UNIFESP: 2757270117. Results : Fructose intake affected the blood pressure, body weight, and plasma triglyceride in all rats. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced in males that received fructose when compared to that of the control group. Sodium and potassium excretion decreased in all fructose-treated rats; however, the excreted load of these ions was significantly higher in females than in males. In the female control group, calcium excretion was higher than that of the male control group. Fructose overload increased magnesium excretion in females, and also increased macrophage infiltration and reduced eNOS expression in both males and females. Conclusion : Fructose overload introduced after weaning caused metabolic and renal changes in rats. Renal function was more affected in males; however, several significant alterations were also observed in the female-fructose group., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Monteiro, Barbosa, Lichtenecker, Argeri and Gomes.)

The antihypertensive effect of indapamide has never been clearly understood, particularly in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus. A total of 565 patients were randomly selected to receive either indapamide 1.5 mg or enalapril 10 mg daily for 12 months. Brachial blood pressure (BP) and plasma and urinary electrolytes were measured at baseline and at the end of follow–up. Sodium and potassium levels and excretion rates were measured in overnight urine collections. After 12 months' treatment, similar significant reductions were observed in systolic and diastolic BP and pulse pressure levels in both treatment arms ( P < .001). However, age, body mass index, diabetes duration, and plasma sodium reductions were shown to be major, independent factors influencing BP reduction with indapamide, but not with enalapril. Regression coefficients were positive for age and plasma sodium reductions ( P ≤ .009) but negative for body mass index and diabetes duration ( P ≤ .008). Similar findings were observed for pulse pressure. These results were more notable in elderly patients, did not differ regardless of whether BP reduction was measured in absolute or percent values, and were associated with increased sodium and potassium excretion rates.Indapamide is more effective than enalapril at reducing BP in elderly diabetic hypertensives with marked sodium retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Alismatis rhizoma or Alisma orientale (Zexie in Chinese), the dried rhizome of Alisma orientale Juzepzuk (Alismataceae), is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and is used as an agent for diuresis and for excreting dampness in Asia and Europe. In this paper, we report the diuretic activities of the ethanol extract (EE) and the aqueous extract (AE) of A. rhizoma (AR). Materials and methods: The EE and AE were orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Results: The results showed that EE could increase the urine output at 2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg doses but decrease the urine output at 20, 40 and 80mg/kg doses compared with the control group. The 5 and 10mg/kg doses of EE increased the urine electrolyte excretion, but the effects on Na+/K+ values were too weak to reach statistical significance. The Na+ excretion and Cl− excretion were markedly decreased with the 20, 40 and 80mg/kg doses of EE, but the effect on K+ excretion was notably slight. All of the tested doses of AE produced an increase in urinary excretion, but the increase did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: This study identified that EE but not AE presents a notable diuretic effect, and EE had diuretic and anti-diuretic effects, which appears to be related to the sodium–chloride co-transporter in the renal distal convoluting tubule. This study demonstrated for the first time that the EE of AR has a dual effect on renal function, including promotion of diuretic activity at lower doses and inhibiting diuretic activity at higher doses, and the AR dose should be given more attention in clinical applications. This study will play a critical and guiding role in the dosing of AR as a diuretic drug in clinical applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Context. Verbascum nigrum L . (Scrophulariaceae) is a perennial plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of kidney diseases due to its presumable diuretic properties. Objective: We investigated the diuretic activity and toxicity of extracts from different parts of V. nigrum and identified a group of compounds responsible for the biological effect. Materials and methods: Five ethanol extracts from herb, roots, flowers, leaves and stems as well as five fractions of polar compounds isolated from herb of V. nigrum were orally administrated as a single dose of 50 mg/kg to rats. Urinary excretion and electrolyte content were measured at 3 and 6 h after the treatment. The acute toxicity of the V. nigrum extracts and fractions was evaluated in mice. Results: All extracts, except the one prepared from the roots, showed a significant increase of the urine output within first 3 h after their administration. The extract from stems was the most active, inducing urine output of 14.6 ± 0.8 ml/kg BW versus 5.2 ± 1.4 ml/kg BW of the control. It also demonstrated saluretic activity with a natriuretic index 4.1 and a kaliuretic index 3.8. The diuretic activity was correlated with the flavonoid content in the plant organs. Flavonoid fractions demonstrated significant activity; the higher content of flavonoids (expressed as hesperidin) translated into more pronounced diuretic (35.9 ± 2.1 ml/kg BW) and saluretic effects (natriuretic index 4.5 and kaliuretic index 5.4). Conclusion: The diuretic activity of traditionally used V. nigrum was validated experimentally. The pharmacological effect was attributed to flavonoids, which accumulated in aerial parts of the plant, mainly in stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Verbascum nigrum L . (Scrophulariaceae) is a perennial plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of kidney diseases due to its presumable diuretic properties. Objective: We investigated the diuretic activity and toxicity of extracts from different parts of V. nigrum and identified a group of compounds responsible for the biological effect. Materials and methods: Five ethanol extracts from herb, roots, flowers, leaves and stems as well as five fractions of polar compounds isolated from herb of V. nigrum were orally administrated as a single dose of 50 mg/kg to rats. Urinary excretion and electrolyte content were measured at 3 and 6 h after the treatment. The acute toxicity of the V. nigrum extracts and fractions was evaluated in mice. Results: All extracts, except the one prepared from the roots, showed a significant increase of the urine output within first 3 h after their administration. The extract from stems was the most active, inducing urine output of 14.6 ± 0.8 ml/kg BW versus 5.2 ± 1.4 ml/kg BW of the control. It also demonstrated saluretic activity with a natriuretic index 4.1 and a kaliuretic index 3.8. The diuretic activity was correlated with the flavonoid content in the plant organs. Flavonoid fractions demonstrated significant activity; the higher content of flavonoids (expressed as hesperidin) translated into more pronounced diuretic (35.9 ± 2.1 ml/kg BW) and saluretic effects (natriuretic index 4.5 and kaliuretic index 5.4). Conclusion: The diuretic activity of traditionally used V. nigrum was validated experimentally. The pharmacological effect was attributed to flavonoids, which accumulated in aerial parts of the plant, mainly in stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae) is a well-known medicinal fungus, the epidermis (“Fu-Ling-Pi” in Chinese) of the sclerotia is used as a diuretic for treating oedema and promoting the diuretic process. In this paper we report on the diuretic activity in rats of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the remaining fractions of the ethanol extract from the epidermis of Poria cocos. Materials and methods: Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the remaining fractions of the ethanol extract of Fu-Ling-Pi were orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and the pH and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Results: In this study, all the tested fractions of Fu-Ling-Pi increased the urinary excretion rate. The three doses of the ethyl acetate fraction all produced remarkable urinary output in 6h, and all produced a remarkable increase in Na+ excretion and Cl− excretion. The Na+/K+ value in the experimental group was significantly enhanced compared with that of the control group, but the three doses of the ethyl acetate fraction had no effect on the K+ excretion. The 25-mg/kg and 50-mg/kg doses of the n-butanol fraction showed notable urinary output and produced a remarkable increase of Na+ excretion and Cl− excretion, but the two doses did not produce a remarkable effect on the Na+/K+ value. The petroleum ether and remaining fractions did not show remarkable diuretic activities compared with the control group. Conclusions: This study confirmed that the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions present a remarkable diuretic effect, showing that they are the diuretic bioactive fractions of Fu-Ling-Pi. This finding appears to indicate at least two mechanisms for the observed diuretic activity, and the K+-saving diuretic effect may be related to the triterpenoid components of intermediate polarity contained in this fungus, particularly the lanostanes tetracyclic triterpenoids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In a previous study it was shown that low crude protein (LCP) intake affected the systemic and renal electrolyte handling (EH) in growing goats. The present study aimed to evaluate the consequences of these changes on the electrolyte excretion and its in vivo regulation by functional studies. Growing male Saanen-type goats were fed diets high or low in crude protein content, and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) balance trials were performed to investigate electrolyte excretion. Additionally, plasma urea, Ca, phosphate (Pi) and endocrine regulators of electrolyte homeostasis including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), calcitriol, cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were determined. Renal adaptation to LCP intake was investigated by determining the protein expression of the sodium-dependent Pi transporter types IIa and IIc (NaPi IIa and IIc) and the PTH receptor (PTHR) by Western blotting. To demonstrate associations between the measured variables and thereby to identify the possible pathways of electrolyte handling in goats, linear regression analyses were performed. While N metabolism was adapted to LCP intake, the plasma IGF-1 and, by trend, calcitriol concentration decreased and also the renal PTHR protein expression declined. However, Ca and P excretion and retention remained unaffected. Linear regression analyses showed that calcitriol and IGF-1 concentrations were associated with further key factors of systemic and renal EH. In summary, LCP intake in growing goats led to an adaptation of the systemic and renal EH, and IGF-1 and calcitriol appeared to play significant roles. However, these adaptations seemed to be counterbalanced by the whole systemic network regulating the electrolyte handling and therefore did not have any impact on the functional electrolyte excretion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, we analyzed the correlation of sodium(Na), potassium(K) and calcium(Ca) amounts with spot urine(SU) and 24-hour urine(24-HU) collected as 8-hour portions. 21 hypertensive patients and 21 normotensive individuals were enrolled in the study. Na, K and Ca were studied in three sequential 8-hour urine samples and with the sum of three, 24-HU samples of the cases. Sodium/creatinine, potassium/creatinine, and calcium/creatinine were studied in fasting SU and serum Na, K and creatinine were studied. A significant correlation was found between the SU sodium/creatinine ratio and the Na amount in each 8-hour urine collection, and the Na amount in the 24-hour urine in hypertensive patients, the control group, and when all patients were evaluated together. When all group were evaluated together for Ca, a significant correlation was determined between the SU calcium/creatinine ratio and the Ca amount in all three 8-hour urine collections. The Na amount in the 24-HU may be estimated both with the SU Na/creatinine ratio and the 8-hour urine collection; SU does not have clinical significance for potassium. However, it may be estimated with 8-hour urine collections; SU may help roughly for calcium, and the collected urine gives higher correlation coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to show if fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) could increase bone electrolyte density during prolonged hypokinesia (diminished movement). To this end, measurements were carried out of bone electrolyte density, electrolyte absorption, plasma electrolyte concentrations and electrolyte excretion in healthy subjects during prolonged hypokinesia (HK) and a daily FSS. Studies were conducted during pre-hypokinesia and hypokinesia (HK). Healthy male volunteers numbering 30, 25.3 ± 6.4 years of age, were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into three groups: unsupplemented active control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS). SHKS and UHKS were walking average distances of 0.7 ± 0.2 km.day-1. UACS were running average distances of 5.8 ± 1 .2 km.day-1. SHKS consume daily 30 ml water and 0.1 g sodium chloride (NaCI) per kg body weight. Bone electrolyte density of lumbar vertebrae (L1 - L4), ulna and radius, tarsal and metatarsal, tibia and fibula, 1,25dihydro- xyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), mineral absorption, plasma, urinary and fecal sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), plasma protein, plasma osmolality, and whole blood hematocrit (Hct) levels did not change in UACS compared with their baseline values. Bone mineral density, plasma hormone levels, and mineral absorption increased significantly (p < 0.05), and plasma, urinary and fecal Na, Ca, P levels, plasma protein, osmolality and whole blood Hct levels decreased significantly (p <0.05) in SHKS compared with the values in UHKS, and they remained unchanged compared with their pre-HK values and the values in UACS. Conversely, bone mineral density, plasma hormone levels, and electrolyte absorption decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and plasma, urinary and fecal Na, Ca, P levels, and plasma protein, osmolality and whole blood Hct levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in UHKS compared with their pre-HK values and the values in UACS and SHKS. The measured variables were fluctuated throughout HK period, but at no time they were reverted back to control values. Increased mineral loss with decreased bone mineral density shows decreased mineral deposition. Higher electrolyte absorption in SHKS than in UHKS shows that electrolytes were deposited more with FSS than without. The higher bone electrolyte density in SHKS than in UHKS shows that bone electrolyte density increases significantly more with FSS than without. Because SHKS have shown a significantly higher electrolyte absorption and significantly greater bone mineral density than UHKS, it was assumed that bone electrolyte density is inversely related to the hydration, i.e. the higher the body hydration the greater the ability for increased bone electrolyte density. It was concluded that FSS may be used to increase electrolyte absorption and bone electrolyte density during HK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NHERF-1 binds numerous renal protein targets, including the proximal tubule transporters Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) and Na+-phosphate cotransporter 2a (Npt2a). Young NHERF-1-/- male mice display defective targeting of Npt2a to apical membranes in the renal proximal tubule and manifest hypophosphatemia and increased urinary excretion of phosphate. The present studies describe the changes in the urinary excretion of phosphate, calcium, uric acid, and sodium in male and female wild-type and NHERF-1 null mice over a time period from 12 to 54 wk of age. Young male and female NHERF-1-/- mice demonstrated increased urinary excretion of phosphate and urine phosphate/creatinine ratios. There was an age-related decline in the phosphate/creatinine ratio in mutant mice such that there were no differences between wild-type and NHERF-1-/- by 24 to 30 wk of age despite the continued presence of hypophosphatemia. Male and female NHERF-1 null mice also demonstrate increased urine calcium/creatinine and uric acid/creatinine ratios compared with wild-type controls. These studies indicate defects in the renal tubule transport of phosphate, calcium, and uric acid in NHERF-1+ male and female mice that could account for the increased deposition of calcium in the papilla of null mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is positive correlation between high dietary intake of sodium and prevalence of hypertensive disease. Dietary potassium shows a negative correlation with this prevalence. Racial background of subjects may affect such relationships. This is a study of the relationships between ethnicity and blood pressure in young adults of six ethnic groups in Hawaii. Body weight, electrolyte excretion, which may reflect intake, and blood pressure of the subjects are reported here. Caucasians and Hawaiians and part-Hawaiian young adults tended to be taller and heavier than the Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, and Koreans. Both systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly higher in males than in females (all races combined). No significant differences between sexes or races were found in urinary excretion of sodium and potassium or in urinary sodium:potassium ratios. Body weight and Quetelet's Index but not sodium:potassium ratio correlated significantly with diastolic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In newborn infants of various ages, the influence of repeated administration of water and electrolytes on renal excretion of urine, sodium, potassium, free and bound hydrogen ions and on urine osmolarity was studied. In 14- and 21-day-old infants the repeated administration of water and electrolytes was followed by diminution of renal excretion of hydrogen ions and potassium, possibly caused by stimulation of hormonal regulation of ion exchange in the kidney. In animal studies performed with a larger water and electrolyte load, stimulation of renal excretion of sodium was caused by the pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relative contributions of feed-induced and feed-independent changes to the pattern of electrolyte excretion have been determined in sheep maintained for extended schedules providing feeds at intervals of 24, 19, 4 and 1 hr. Power spectral analysis indicated that the pattern of electrolyte excretion was predominantly fixed by the feeding cycle. Frequent small feeds reduced the peak levels of excretion. However, feed-independent periodicities on hourly feeding regimes included a 24 hrs rhythm in urinary total solids, K, Cl and HCO and a 32 (or 64) hrs periodicity in a wide range of components. None of these occurred in all animals. It would appear that the sheep studied were not as closely influenced by normal 24 hrs environmental cycles as are human subjects. Furthermore, the sheep electrolyte rhythms were not correlated with the 24 hrs variation in adrenal steroid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studty compares the effects of the three main types of the naturally occurring prostaglandins on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine output, excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride, and on osmolar and free water clearance in dogs. The prostaglandins were infused into the renal artery in maximally effective doses. None of them influenced GFR significantly. PGA increased renal blood flow by an average of 32% despite a slight decrease of blood pressure, but had only weak effects on fluid and electrolyte excretion. PGF increased preferentially fluid and electrolyte excretion with only little effect on renal blood flow. PGE, however, increased both, blood flow through the kidney and excretion, and was more effective than both others, PGA and PGF. It is concluded that the prostaglandin involved in the regulation of renal hemodynamics would presumably be one of the A series whereas prostaglandins involved in the regulation of excretion would rather belong to the E or F series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of torasemide have been studied in 7 healthy controls and 9 patients with stable chronic renal failure of various degrees. After a control period of 3 days torasemide 20 mg i. v. caused a dramatic increase in diuresis and electrolyte excretion without affecting the glomerular filtration rate. The duration of action of torasemide, τ, averaged 6 h and was independent of the creatinine clearance, CL. When related to τ the drug-induced excretion of Cl, Na, K, Ca and Mg showed strong linear dependence on CL. Both the kaliuresis and the calciuresis during τ were tightly correlated with the natriuresis over the broad range of CL. Similarly, the excretion of Mg was dependent on the kaliuresis. The torasemide-induced kaliuresis amounted to 12% of natriuresis, as after furosemide. The kaliuretic effect of loop diuretics is smaller than that of the thiazides. After τ, e. g. over a 24 h period, kaliuresis was not correlated with natriuresis. The magnitude of the rebound effect was diminished with increasing renal impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of chronic furosemide treatment on the circadian cycle of lithium clearance (CL) and electrolyte excretion has been examined in 8 young, male volunteers, by performing two 24 h clearance experiments, before and after one week of treatment with furosemide 80 mg once daily. After 8 days on furosemide there was a significant decrease in creatinine clearance (−21%), plasma Na (−8.4 mM) and plasma K (−0.58 mM). At that time, however, there were no changes in 24 h-values of CL or Na excretion, although the magnitude of the circadian variation in CL and other renal parameters was increased. Both CL and CL were increased in the first 3 h following furosemide administration and thereafter they fell below the control level in the remaining hours of the experiment. From the absolute and fractional changes in CL it is suggested that compensatory Na conservation in response to chronic furosemide treatment occurs between doses, and that it involves decreased output from the proximal tubules combined with increased fractional Na reabsorption in the distal nephron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diuretic effects of torasemide and of furosemide were compared in a double blind cross-over study in 13 patients with stable chronic heart failure. Single doses of 10 mg and 20 mg of torasemide and of 40 mg of furosemide were given orally, in a randomized order on 3 consecutive days. In addition, a placebo was administered on the day preceding the 3 active drug treatment days to obtain control data. Each experimental day was divided into three urine collection periods - 0 to 4 h, 4 to 12 h and 12 to 24 h. Urine output, ion excretion and clearance were measured during each of the 3 periods as well as for the 24-h period. Torasemide 20 mg was distinctly more active in each of the 3 collection periods and in the 24-h period than furosemide 40 mg, whereas no significant difference was found between furosemide 40 mg and torasemide 10 mg for most of the experimental data. From 0 to 4 h, both torasemide and furosemide significantly increased the urinary flow rate and the urinary excretion of sodium, chloride and calcium, while they decreased the urinary osmolality when compared to placebo. All the effects persisted in the 4 to 12 h period after torasemide 20 mg in contrast to furosemide, whose effects were limited to the 0 to 4 h period. In the third period (12-24 h), the urine volume fell below the placebo value after furosemide but not torasemide, and only torasemide 20 mg was followed by a persistent decrease in the urine osmolality. Both diuretics increased the free water clearance, but this phenomenon was slightly greater after torasemide. Finally, urinary potassium excretion was increased by both doses of torasemide and furosemide, with no significant difference between the three experiments. Torasemide and furosemide were well tolerated; no clinical or biochemical adverse effects occurred after administration of either of the compounds. Torasemide is a new loop diuretic which may constitute a good alternative to furosemide in the treatment of oedema in chronic heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a single oral dose of 40 mg xipamide on urinary excretion of Na, K, Cl, Ca and Mg in healthy subjects and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment was compared with various conventional diuretics. Xipamide caused marked excretion of Na and Cl, whereas the diuretic produced only moderate kaliuresis; urinary excretion of Ca was increased in proportion to Na, like the loop diuretics. Xipamide affected electrolyte excretion even in patients with a creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min, as do the loop diuretics, too. Therefore, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of xipamide are more like those of a loop diuretic than of a thiazide. Xipamide was good bioavailable, its t was 7 h and urinary recovery of the undegraded drug was 40% of the given dose. In renal insufficiency, t increased from 7 to only 9 h, yielding a moderate increase in the AUC. Urinary recovery of the drug was reduced in proportion to the reduction in the creatinine clearance of the patient. Therefore, significant extrarenal elimination of the diuretic must be postulated, which suffices to prevent significant drug accumulation in renal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy-six anesthetized Wistar rats were subjected to hypothermia to determine its effect on renal function and on the diuretic action of furosemide. Cooling in an icewater bath to a body temperature of 30° C diminished glomerular filtration rate, total renal plasma flow, urine flow, and renal excretion of potassium and sodium. These parameters were further reduced with cooling to 26° C. Additionally, at this body temperature, blood pressure and the plasma potassium concentration decreased, while the concentration of plasma sodium increased. Fractional tubular sodium and water reabsorption remained constant at all temperatures. At 30° C, the diuretic effect of furoseminde was diminished, and completely eliminated at 26° C. This is thought to be the consequence of the reduced glomerular filtration rates in hypothermia which are further decreased by injections of furosemide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linaria ramosissima (Wall.) Janch., Scrophulariaceae, a folklore plant, has been claimed for its diuretic activities by traditional practitioners. The present study was undertaken to investigate the diuretic activity of L. ramosissima leaves in albino rats. Suspension of leaf powder in 2% gum acacia was administered to experimental rats orally at doses of 450 mg/kg. The diuretic effect was evaluated by measuring the urine volume, pH of urine, and urinary electrolyte excretion. Administration of the test drug increased the urine volume in a non-significant manner, while it enhanced the urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium significantly, in comparison to the control group. From the present study it can be concluded that the leaves of L. ramosissima have a significant diuretic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linaria ramosissima (Wall.) Janch., Scrophulariaceae, a folklore plant, has been claimed for its diuretic activities by traditional practitioners. The present study was undertaken to investigate the diuretic activity of L. ramosissima leaves in albino rats. Suspension of leaf powder in 2% gum acacia was administered to experimental rats orally at doses of 450 mg/kg. The diuretic effect was evaluated by measuring the urine volume, pH of urine, and urinary electrolyte excretion. Administration of the test drug increased the urine volume in a non-significant manner, while it enhanced the urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium significantly, in comparison to the control group. From the present study it can be concluded that the leaves of L. ramosissima have a significant diuretic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]