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Copyright of Automotive Digest is the property of Automotive Digest Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the mitigation of magnetic field levels produced by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle (EV). In this work, an array of active coils surrounding the WPT coils is proposed as a mitigation technique. The theory and new methodological aspects are the focus of the paper. Magnetic field levels in the environment are calculated numerically without and with the presence of an array of active coils in a stationary WPT system for automotive applications. By the proposed mitigation method, the field levels beside the vehicle are significantly reduced and comply with the reference levels (RLs) of the ICNIRP 2010 guidelines for human exposure to electromagnetic fields and the magnetic flux density limits proposed by ISO 14117 for electromagnetic interference (EMI) in cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discontinuous PWM technique, with its advantage over the continuous PWM technique in reducing switching losses in power converters, is gaining popularity. However, its deterministic nature results in discrete harmonics with significant amplitudes, which leads to electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions. The randomised PWM technique is gaining more interest because of its effectiveness in spreading the harmonic spectrum and thus reducing EMI problems in power converters. This paper presents a carrier-based dual randomised discontinuous PWM (DRDPWM) method for a three-phase voltage inverter. The DRDPWM method combines the random carrier frequency (RCF-DPWM) and random pulse position (RPP-DPWM) schemes. In addition to reducing switching losses, DRDPWM can achieve a broad spread of the voltage spectrum with significantly smaller amplitudes. Furthermore, it produces less inverter output current distortion when compared to traditional DPWM and simple random (RCF-DPWM and RPP-DPWM) schemes. Simulations and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the suggested method for spreading the voltage spectrum compared to simple random schemes. Additionally, an evaluation of the performance of all randomised discontinuous schemes is conducted based on a number of assessment metrics, including the switching loss factor (SLF), the power spectral density (PSD), the harmonic spread factor (HSF), and the quality factor (QF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & EMC (1005-9776) is the property of China Electronics Standardization Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Safety & EMC (1005-9776) is the property of China Electronics Standardization Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the design process and research of RFI filters in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) measurements concerning conducted disturbances for an induction heater. In the simulation studies, the Simulink package of Matlab software was used to create computer models of the filters. The experimental studies utilized an artificial network HM 6050-2 by Hameg and a spectrum analyzer HMS 3000, allowing for precise analysis of signals in the frequency domain ranging from 150kHz to 30MHz, which was essential for assessing device compliance with EMC standards. This study introduces an innovative approach to designing RFI filters for an induction heater, focusing on the effectiveness of suppressing conducted disturbances. The novelty of the research lies in the application of a combination of low-pass filters and common-mode chokes with different parameters, which allowed for compliance with stringent EMC standards. The work examined ten different RFI filters, three of which showed satisfactory filtering characteristics. The first-order filters under study did not meet the standards; according to simulations and EMC tests, it was found that as the inductance of the filter's common-mode choke increased, its falling edge became steeper. Significantly better results were achieved with two- and three-stage filters, where the serial connection of simple filters resulted in a substantial reduction of conducted disturbances and, consequently, compliance with stringent standards. The design solutions along with electromagnetic compatibility studies were discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic fields unintentionally radiated from power-line communications used in factories interfere with wireless communications. It is important to distinguish the mechanism of this undesired and unintentional radiation from that of wired communication as it affects wireless communications. In particular, unintentional radiated emissions should be reduced in order to construct a stable wired/wireless communication network. This paper focuses on power-line communication as it is used in a factory. The power distribution network in the factory consists of multiple cables bundled together. The effects of cables other than the power cable that applies the communication signal to the radiated electromagnetic field are investigated. Some of the signal power reaching the reciever is converted into common-mode current by an imbalance mismatch. The common-mode current is one of the main causes of unwanted electromagnetic radiation. To predict this conversion, an imbalance difference model is created to account for multi-conductor transmission lines such as those in the power distribution network of the factory. The proposed model can calculate the amount of common-mode excitation associated with changes in the load condition of the power lines. To verify the proposed method, the authors measured the change in common-mode current due to the difference in pairs of power lines to which the signal is applied. The calculation using the proposed model could estimate the amount of reduction in common-mode current to within an error of 1 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & EMC (1005-9776) is the property of China Electronics Standardization Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are widely used in various power electronic systems, and the establishment of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model for MOSFETs is crucial for EMC analysis of these systems, especially high‐frequency switching circuits. In this paper, a MOSFET EMC modeling method is proposed based on electrical characteristic measurement, simplex optimization, and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to make MOSFET models meet both functionality and EMC analysis requirements. First, systematic methods for extracting SPICE parameters based on physical MOSFETs are presented, including a proposed curve‐fitting method based on PSO for extracting the CDS‐VDS and ID‐VGS characteristic parameters. Second, parametric influence analyses are conducted on some important model parameters, and the law that these parameters affect the EMC of MOSFETs is obtained. Finally, the preliminary MOSFET model was optimized comprehensively using the simplex method. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement in both time domain and frequency domain. It proves that the established model meets the requirements for model accuracy in terms of both EMC and functionality. Therefore, the proposed EMC modeling method is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA standard magnetic field generation system from 1 to 30 μT between DC and 20 kHz has been demonstrated for the calibration of DC/AC magnetometers. The system includes a laboratory-designed Helmholtz coil, shunt resistor, digital multimeter, and dedicated power source. The DC coil constant of the Helmholtz coil was determined to be 10.586 μT/A using a single-axis fluxgate magnetometer. The homogeneity analysis was carried out for the Helmholtz coil to identify the uniformity along the x, y, and z axes. The system for DC generation was standardized and compared by measuring the field values using a single-axis fluxgate magnetometer. Further, the system was validated for AC generation by a search coil with a known turn area (1.3767 ± 0.0027 m2). Moreover, the measured magnetic field values using a search coil were compared with a commercial magnetometer to identify the variation in generated and measured magnetic fields. The described system can have significant utilities in calibration, electromagnetic interference electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC) testing, magnetic susceptibility testing, and magnetic field therapy applications. The expanded uncertainty of the Helmholtz coil in generating a magnetic field was 0.2–1.6% (at k = 2) from DC to 20 kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the traditional passive filter in on-board charger(OBC) has poor low-frequency performance, an active feedback loop was added to the traditional on-board charger passive filter, a design method of on-board charger electromagnetic interference(EMI)hybrid filter based on current sensing and current injection (CSCI)was proposed, and the structure, analysis and feedback loop design process of on-board charger hybrid filter were given. The experimental results show that compared with the existing on-board charger passive filter scheme, the new EMI filter scheme proposed has greatly improved the results of conduction test and radiation test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern energy systems (e.g., electric ships, aircraft, and vehicles) are increasingly designed with interconnected power converters that are tightly packaged to form an extensive network. It enables high-efficiency multi-functional operations by integrating numerous fast-switching wide bandgap (WBG) devices. However, such a complex network could create a large common-mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) flowing into common chassis or ground. This can make unprecedently large but unknown background noise. Despite increasing background noise in a network, the state-of-the-art CM EMI characterization efforts have focused mostly on single discrete devices or single packaged modules until recently. However, a limited study has been done on a large background CM EMI noise, especially under extensive networks. Furthermore, it has not been fully characterized; it has become a major technical bottleneck in electrified transportation. Due to a limited understanding of such background noise dynamics, most resort to bulky and costly passive filters with considerable tradeoffs between size, weight, and cost. These are not viable. This paper proposes a simple but effective approach to characterize the background CM EMI noises and new mitigation methods to address the emerging challenge. Specifically, this will be achieved by 1) understanding how the CM EMI background noises from many converters may dynamically change in extensive networks and 2) exploring new network control strategies to mitigate the large amounts of CM EMI carriers. The proposed method will not 1) impact system missions, 2) require performance tradeoffs, and 3) use bulky/heavy/costly filters. The new features and findings will be theoretically, experimentally, and rigorously validated through a 1.2 kV Medium Voltage (MV) CM EMI Network testbed.

This paper deals with the mitigation of magnetic field emission in dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems. DWPTs are used to charge electric vehicles (EVs) in motion along electrified roads. A critical aspect of these systems is the magnetic field that must be compliant with regulation limits. In this work, a formulation for fine tuning of the LCC compensation is adopted to control magnetic field emission while maintaining high electrical performances and without varying the input impedance of the system. The numerical results demonstrate the proposed approach’s effectiveness in mitigating magnetic field emissions to comply with electromagnetic field (EMF) safety limits, while also improving power transfer efficiency.

Over-the-air (OTA) testing and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements are widely performed in classical reverberation chambers. A less-known reverberation chamber, yet a considerably efficient environment for generating multipath conditions, is the vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber (VIRC). This article thoroughly investigates the radio propagation channel inside the VIRC. The specific channels studied are narrowband single-input single-output (SISO) systems operating in the frequency range from 670–2740 MHz. A relevant application is OTA testing wireless baseband algorithms or modems for wireless sensor networks, specifically low-power wide-area networks such as Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT), Long Range (LoRa) and Ultra-Narrowband (UNB). The focus is on the first- and second-order temporal and spectral channel characteristics: coherence time, Doppler spectrum, Doppler spread, frequency autocovariance function, coherence bandwidth, rejection rate of chi-squared goodness-of-fit test for Rician distribution, Rician $K$ -factor, and channel gain. Besides the impact of the frequency of operation, the investigation considers the effect of the rotational speed of the VIRC motors, two loading conditions, on the channel characteristics. An analysis of the measurement results shows that the stirring efficiency degrades while the coherence time increases at slow rotational speeds, with loading, and/or at low frequencies. Moreover, empirical models closely fitting the behavior of various investigated characteristics are proposed, for which we provide foundational physical interpretations. A further investigation is carried out to demonstrate the generality and briefly illustrate the potential usability of these models for both EMC and OTA testing.

One of the threats to industrial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which require a high level of safety, is the degradation of control wireless communication performance due to electromagnetic interference. Self-jamming caused by unintentional electromagnetic (EM) noises from the multiple electronic devices installed in a UAV, such as the power supply and camera, is a fundamental issue independent of the surrounding environment. UAVs are susceptible to self-jamming since electronic devices as noise sources are densely mounted inside their chassis. Therefore, evaluating the self-jamming problem and taking countermeasures to achieve high safety in wireless communication performance are important. In this paper, we focus on mobile communications used for UAV operation and evaluate the impact of EM noise generated by a commercial industrial UAV on the receiver sensitivity of an onboard mobile communication device. It was found that EM noise generated by the UAV degrades the sensitivity in the three communication bands, 800 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz, used over the air. In particular, receiver sensitivity was degraded by up to 29 dB in the 800 MHz band. These results indicate that the self-jamming problem is not negligible for the safe operation of industrial UAVs. In addition, countermeasures for self-jamming were taken at the mechanical design level to suppress EM noise to a level that does not degrade mobile communication performance. This paper clarified that countermeasures for self-jamming are an important element for safe UAV operation.

Copyright of e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are widely used in various electronic systems, and the establishment of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model for BJTs is crucial for EMC analysis of these systems, such as high‐frequency circuits. In this paper, a BJT EMC model that satisfies both functionality and EMC analysis requirements was established based on physical characteristic measurement. First, comprehensive and systematic methods for measurement and extracting SPICE parameters based on physical BJTs are presented, including a proposed curve‐fitting calculation method for extracting barrier capacitance parameters. Second, an analysis of the impact of major BJT electrical characteristics parameters was conducted, leading to the identification of important model parameters affecting BJT functionality and EMC. Finally, the primary BJT model was optimized using the simplex method, and a method for EMC analysis and verification of the BJT model was presented. The experimental and simulation results are in good agreement, and the established model meets the accuracy requirements for both EMC and functionality. Therefore, the proposed method is feasible and suitable for the EMC modeling of BJTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new advanced functionalities, miniaturization, and the aim of obtaining optimized performance in electronic devices significantly impacts their electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). As electronic components become more densely packed on a printed circuit board (PCB), unintended coupling between components can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI). These requirements result in design restrictions that make using a board level shield (BLS) essential in reducing intra-system EMI in PCB designs. This contribution focuses on studying and characterizing a BLS solution based on combining a noise suppression sheet (NSS) with an aluminum layer to reduce intra-system EMI coupling. This hybrid solution has the advantage of providing a shielding option that does not require any electronic redesign. It does not need a footprint or a ground connection as it can be affixed over the EMI source. The solution is expected to provide higher attenuation levels than using only an NSS by combining the absorbing properties of the magnetic material and the loss mechanism of the metal. In order to verify the effectiveness of the hybrid BLS proposed solution, the magnetic near-field emissions of an EMI source are analyzed in this study. The experimental measurements and simulated results demonstrate a significant increase (51.6 dB at 1 GHz) in the shielding effectiveness (SE) provided by the proposed solution compared to a conventional NSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with problems related to electromagnetic compatibility, which is a very important issue due to the fact of ensuring the proper coexistence of devices and systems in a given electromagnetic environment. The devices manufactured today can, on the one hand, be a source of electromagnetic disturbance emissions and, on the other hand, be susceptible to disturbance signals from the environment. A large group of receivers in which electronic specialised circuits are used are LED lamps. The operation of an RGB LED lamp due to higher harmonic current emissions has been analysed in this paper. Lamp tests were carried out in several stages. In each of them, the values of the generated higher harmonics were analysed and related to the parameters of the current flowing through the lamp. It was shown how the parameters of the current pulse affect the generated harmonics when the value of the luminous flux was changed, its colour was changed, or the built-in function was turned on. It is also shown how, for example, changing the value of an electronic component in the lamp's power supply changes the parameters of the current and thus the value of the generated higher harmonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a unified predictive modeling for Common-Mode (CM) and Differential-Mode (DM) impedance estimation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with random wounds used in aeronautic applications. This methodology combines 2D Finite Element modeling and generated lumped parameter circuits in a Spice environment. It is then used to determine the consequences of design choices and evaluate the importance of controlling the winding process in PMSM manufacturing. By doing so and by changing parts of the PMSM design, the overall high-frequency response of the system with regard to input parameters can help in satisfying ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) high-frequency constraints (between 1 kHz and 10 MHz).This paper presents evidence demonstrating the importance of design parameters such as the number of wires in parallel used by turns and the overall placement of the conductor not only with regard to the slot but to other wires within the slot [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-frequency standard magnetic links were recently considered viable candidates for construction of the medium-voltage power converters, rather than link with the common dc specialized magnetic materials, like nano-crystalline and the amorphous materials. This provides a new route of portable and lightweight incorporation of renewable systems into the direct grid, stepping-up transformer. The main objective is to propose an ideal design approach for magnetic links and to validate their viability by the evaluation of a sample. This will discuss a specific approach to design, research, and implementation. The predicted result is that the proposed architecture strategy will be implemented effectively in the future with clean energy generation schemes and intelligent grids. The current approaches have some critical disadvantages, including voltage mismatch, minimum overall power extraction, and general mode problems because of several direct grid and common dc connections. With emphasis on implementing renewable energies, exploring different forms of configuring structures for efficiency and output is becoming increasingly relevant. Both technologies employ grid-based voltage converters, but conventional equipment poses several problems in terms of voltage balance and maximum power output. Magnetic connections are a viable solution to minimize the costs, reliability, and consistency of the network. Instead of several dc links, these can be solved. Thus, the plan will depend on its optimal design to monitor system costs while improving efficiency by adding a new magnet-powered voltage converter. Particularly the voltage mismatch and typical mode problems of converter systems are minimized. The electromagnetically designed common magnetic links are, however, a multi-physics challenge, affecting device performance and costs. The paper objectives are to propose an ideal design approach for magnetic links and to validate their viability by the evaluation of a sample.

This paper deals with the mitigation of magnetic field levels produced by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle (EV). In this work, an array of active coils surrounding the WPT coils is proposed as a mitigation technique. The theory and new methodological aspects are the focus of the paper. Magnetic field levels in the environment are calculated numerically without and with the presence of an array of active coils in a stationary WPT system for automotive applications. By the proposed mitigation method, the field levels beside the vehicle are significantly reduced and comply with the reference levels (RLs) of the ICNIRP 2010 guidelines for human exposure to electromagnetic fields and the magnetic flux density limits proposed by ISO 14117 for electromagnetic interference (EMI) in cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).

Internal replaceable electronic module substitutions can impact EMC (ElectroMagnetic Compatibility) qualification testing and results if EMC testing is conducted at the cabinet level. The impact of component substitutions on EMC qualification results therefore should be evaluated. If a qualitative evaluation is not adequate to ensure that the modified product will not impact the cabinet level EMC qualification results, a new qualification testing should be conducted. Component level retesting should be conducted under electromagnetically equivalent conditions with the cabinet level test. This paper analyzes the propagation of conducted susceptibility test waveforms in a representative cabinet and evaluates the impact of component substitutions on cabinet level EMC qualification results according to the location of the replacement items. A guideline for a qualitative evaluation of the impact of component substitutions is described based on the propagation of the conducted susceptibility test waveforms. A module level test method is also described based on an analysis of the shielding effectiveness of the cabinet.

With the development of vehicular communication technology, the electromagnetic compatibility requirements of vehicular communication systems are becoming more demanding. The traditional four-level electromagnetic compatibility evaluation model is widely applied in many scenarios. However, this model neglects the mutual interference of electronic devices inside a vehicle, and it cannot evaluate whether reduced radio receiver sensitivity, antenna isolation, and communication distance satisfy the system requirements for vehicular communication, thus making it unsuitable for digital communication systems. With the development of remote sensing technology, high-precision digital maps are easy to acquire and thus widely used. In this work, a modified five-level evaluation model based on digital maps is proposed, where digital maps are employed to support receiver sensitivity, antenna isolation, and communication performance evaluation. Through remote sensing technology and digital maps, a terrain profile is obtained, and a more accurate vehicle communication propagation model is established. In the experiment, an actual armored vehicular communication system example is applied to verify the performance of the proposed five-level evaluation model. Compared with the free-space propagation model, the error of the actual power received by the receiver is reduced by 0.97%, and the error of the communication distance where the sensitivity of the receiver is reduced by more than the system EMC threshold is reduced by 16.78%. The calculated antenna isolation degree is basically consistent with the actual measurement data. The model is able to evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility of an armored vehicular communication system more quickly, accurately, and comprehensively compared to previous evaluation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a theoretical approach to estimate the power level of electromagnetic waves radiated into a structure by a specific external source. The target structure is a multistory building on a university campus that is used primarily for academic purposes and is much larger than the target wavelength. To verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed theoretical approach, measurements were carried out and a commercially available simulation tool, Wireless Insite, was adopted. We then analyzed the influence of an area of vegetation as an external environmental factor that could affect the radiated electromagnetic waves because of its location in front of the target structure. For this, a precise simulation environment was designed to derive the quantitative values of the electromagnetic attenuation caused by the external environmental factor. Furthermore, those values were applied to the theoretical approach. The results of the theoretical approach accounting for the external environmental factor were similar to those of the actual measured results. The results were also similar to those of the simulation tool, Wireless Insite, but the theoretical approach provided more efficient analysis results in terms of time consumption and computer resources.

In the paper, a simulation-based design procedure for the implementation of a TEM cell (the Crawford cell) is presented. The empirical approach uses computer simulations carried out in the CST Microwave Studio to design the cell that operates in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 400 MHz. Following the developed procedure, the TEM cell was implemented, and the cell was tested experimentally. The TEM cell can be used for electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) measurements, where the DUT is irradiated by the field in a wide frequency band. The DUT is tested to operate without the performance degradation under the influence of electromagnetic disturbances. In addition, the cell can be used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements focused on interference emissions generated by the DUT.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is generated and mitigated in power converters. EMI problems are related to high-speed power converters. This article focuses on conducted electromagnetic interference in adjustable-speed drive (ASD) systems. The electromagnetic compatibility of three-phase/level grid-connected drive inverters is investigated. The test setup is built per the CISPR16-1–2 standard, and the interferences produced from the inverter to the grid are measured. The main dependencies of conducted emissions of a power inverter, changes in the length/shape of main cables, and motor speed have been investigated under load and no load conditions. Factors affecting EMI performance and filter design issues will be addressed. A statistical approach to quantifying the frequency domain impact of conducted emission noise created on the three-phase system by operating various emission sources. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied for time–frequency domain conversion, and to evaluate with a statistical approach Minitab software was used. Then, a filter design is created to prevent these interferences from being conducted to the grid. Also, the noise attenuation of the EMI filter has been validated in the simulation. Briefly, this study fills in the blanks of uncertainties involved in measuring three-phase emissions, which helps the engineers at the design stage of three-phase converters.

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Performing in-situ radiated emissions measurements, that is, in locations different from a standard test site, can be a challenging task because of the high electromagnetic noise levels in the ambient. A harsh electromagnetic environment characterizes such sites, and it usually results in difficulties when discerning between emissions from the equipment under test (EUT) and electromagnetic fields generated by surrounding devices. Moreover, communication signals from broadcasting services are generally significantly higher than the standard emission limits, making it even harder to determine compliance. In this article, we present different techniques leveraging the advantages of time-domain measurement systems to provide effective and practical solutions to mitigate ambient noise’s effect on radiated electromagnetic interference measurements. First, the test method used is described, and pragmatic considerations are given to ensure reliable and repeatable measurements. Multichannel time-domain measurement systems are introduced as the fundamental tool for the proposed strategies. Subsequently, different study cases are evaluated with real test examples, highlighting several criteria intended to reduce the impact of ambient noise on the actual emissions measures produced by the EUT. Finally, a real application of those strategies for measuring a photovoltaic system is described. Overall, the methods employed and the main advantages of using full-time-domain FFT-based receivers are reviewed. In addition, the possibility of incorporating this article’s outcomes into forthcoming electromagnetic standards about in-situ radiated emission measurements is also debated.

The primary side and secondary side of the 10-kV digital circuit breaker is deeply integrated. Wherein, an electronic transformer is deployed together with the breaker inside a cabinet, and a digital unit is closely connected to the output port of the electronic transform. This compact and close arrangement makes the secondary side face a severe electromagnetic environment during the switching operation of the breaker. In this paper, we report the measured electromagnetic disturbances resulting from the opening/closing of 20 kA current by the breaker. The results show that the disturbance voltage at the secondary side port of the voltage transformer has the waveform of damped oscillatory waves, a peak value of up to 1.1kV, and dominant frequencies of 4.4 MHz and 15 MHz. The disturbance voltage at the secondary side port of the current transformer has a peak value of 350 V. The peak value of dH/dt of the spatial magnetic field is 0.387 kA $\cdot \text{m}^{-1}\cdot \mu \text{s}^{-1}$ . By comparing the measured waveforms with these specified in IEC 61000-4-18 and IEC 61000-4-10 standards, we advise that the level of immunity test is the third level of the fast-damped oscillatory wave for voltage port and the fourth level of the damped oscillatory magnetic for enclosure port.

This article proposes an accelerated statistical eye diagram estimation method for efficient signal integrity (SI) analysis. An eye diagram is a critical metric in the SI analysis, however obtaining an eye diagram is time-consuming in simulation. The required time might be a few weeks depending on the complexity. Because the eye diagram is obtained by superposition of the received waveforms. Statistical eye diagram estimation methods were proposed to make the eye diagram acquisition efficient, however, it still has a limited improvement due to a large number of convolution operations. To address this limitation, the proposed method includes two approaches: ( $i$ ) an increased voltage step in the amplitude PDF with a compensation factor and (ii) skippable and replaceable convolution operations. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified by comparing the derived result with that of a conventional transient simulation. The previous estimation method requires 1,065 s while approaches ( $i$ ) and (ii) reduce the required time to 88 and 510 s, respectively. When both approaches are applied, the required time is reduced to 17 s in comparison to the simulation time of 259,200 s required for a transient simulation. Approach (ii) reduces the number of convolution operations from 768,000 to 103,000. Therefore, the proposed method successfully reduces the required simulation time and the required number of convolutions to obtain a statistical eye diagram.

Summary: High‐frequency characteristics of passive components are crucial to the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of an electronic system, and modeling of passive components is of significance for EMC analysis. However, challenges remain in the modeling of passive components with multiple resonant frequencies. In this paper, a method for establishing equivalent models of multi‐resonant frequency passive components, including capacitors, inductors, and resistors, is proposed. Firstly, high‐frequency equivalent circuit topologies of the multi‐resonant frequency passive components, which are simple, easy to understand, and can be applied to the modeling of passive components with various impedance characteristics, are developed. Secondly, a calculation method of equivalent circuit parameters based on least squares and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented, which is not sensitive to the initial value, only needs the estimated range of the equivalent circuit parameters, and very suitable for getting the parameters of equivalent circuit models accurately and efficiently. Finally, to validate the method, some SPICE models of single components are established, and a PCB‐level EMC analysis is implemented. The comparisons of the simulated and experimental results show the validity and accuracy of the method. The method is very useful for future components modeling when doing EMC design or other high‐frequency designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document presents a cost-effective methodology to diagnose the various parameters that influence the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) of a datalink using the frequency hopping transmission technique in drone applications. The innovative method is applied during the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) pre-compliance test of a drone datalink. The paper outlines essential guidelines for establishing a reliable and affordable EMC test bench setup. It focuses on modifying specific parameters of the frequency hopping datalink that are typically not considered in conventional EMC testing. The results obtained reveal important new parameters of the datalink that utilizes hopping spread spectrum transmission techniques, including the communication protocol, datalink frequency bandwidth, and the number of transmission channels. By manipulating these key parameters, the electromagnetic immunity of the datalink used in experiments significantly improves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study and measurement of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of planar materials is required to predict the suitability of a certain material to form an enclosed electromagnetic shield. One of the most widely used standards for measuring the SE of planar materials is ASMT D4935-18. It is based on a coaxial sample holder (CSH) that operates up to 1.5 GHz. Due to this standard's frequency limitations, new variants with higher frequency limits have been developed by decreasing the size of the CSH conductors and the samples. However, this method and its high-frequency variants require two types of samples with very specific geometries and sizes. This method is unsuitable for certain types of nanomaterials due to their complex mechanization at such undersized scales. This contribution proposes an alternative SE measurement method based on an absorber box that mitigates the problems presented by the ASTM D4935-18 standard. The SE of rigid nanomaterial samples based on several concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and two different fiber reinforcements have been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G3-powerline communication (G3-PLC) is a robust communication protocol originally developed for smart metering in low-voltage power distribution networks. Modeling G3-PLC modems is an essential task to investigate electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues related to the coexistence of the PLC signal with the high-frequency noise affecting low-voltage networks, mainly due to the presence of power converters and non-linear loads. Since detailed information on the modem internal architecture is usually not available to the end-user, this work investigates the possibility of developing behavioral (black-box) models of G3-PLC modems, whose parameters can be estimated starting from measurements carried out at the modem output ports. To this end, suitable test benches are set up and used for model-parameter extraction as well as for validation purposes. Experiments have proven that an equivalent representation involving non-ideal voltage sources (i.e., in terms of extended Thevenin/Norton equivalent circuits) is no longer feasible for the transmitting modem, since the presence of a closed-loop control system invalidates the linearity assumption. Hence, while the receiving modem is still modeled through an impedance matrix (since it behaves as a linear device), an alternative representation is proposed for the transmitting modem, which resorts to the use of two ideal voltage sources in accordance with the substitution theorem. Experimental results prove that the proposed modeling strategy leads to satisfactory predictions of the currents propagating on the PLC system in the frequency interval of interest. Hence, it could be used in combination with high-frequency models of the other components in the network to investigate EMC and the coexistence of the PLC signal with the high-frequency noise generated by power converters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, a simulation-based design procedure for the implementation of a TEM (Crawford) cell is presented. The empirical approach uses computer simulations carried out in CST Microwave Studio to design the cell that operates in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 400 MHz. Following the developed procedure, the TEM cell was implemented and tested experimentally. The TEM cell can be used for electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) measurements, where the device under test (DUT) is irradiated by the field in a wide range of frequencies. The DUT is tested to operate without the performance degradation under the influence of electromagnetic disturbances. In addition, the cell can be used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements focused on interference emissions generated by the DUT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved equivalent source (ES) model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict the radiated emissions of a 2.4 GHz ISM band patch antenna. The proposed model uses near-field data to extract an equivalent set of infinitesimal electric dipoles representation. Characterized by their positions, orientations, and currents, these dipoles can reproduce the same field distribution as the target device under test (DUT). To build an accurate equivalent dipole model, a numerical experiment is performed and presented in this paper, where many variable selections of observation points and dipole numbers and locations of the dipole plane are examined, with the aspiration of determining a suitable conversion problem. Based on the proper combination of the two methods (ES-PSO), the complete modeling procedure consists of the application of the pseudo-inverse method to find the minimum norm solution to the least-square problem. Then, the obtained solution is provided to the PSO algorithm to initialize the search for the best-fit dipole parameters. The PSO method can further enhance the stability of the obtained dipole solution and improve the accuracy of the far field prediction. Promising and encouraging results in terms of field prediction at higher planes above the DUT are obtained. • Model the radiated emissions from a patch antenna using an equivalent source method. • Solving an inverse problem from field to source for near field-far field conversion. • Mitigating the effect of ill-conditioned system by preforming numerical experiment. • Improving the stability of the equivalent sources using particle swarm optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multi-core twisted wire model with random non-uniform twists is established. The random combination of complete and non-complete pitch sections is used to accurately simulate the randomness of actual multi-core twisted wires. On the basis of the model, the cross section of the cascaded MTL is obtained, and a neural network algorithm is used to describe the complex relationship between the arbitrary position of the multi-core twisted wires and the unit length parameters. The unit length parameters at any position are obtained by cross section rotational transformation and random transposition transformation between conductors. Finally, the crosstalk in electromagnetic compatibility performance is calculated, and different termination impedances are analyzed. The results show that the crosstalk of multi-core twisted wires is susceptible to the effects of twisting and termination impedance at high frequencies, and the reliability of the proposed method is verified by comparison with fullwave simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parasitic parameters of an IGBT power module cause various problems, especially for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) concerns. The high-variations in voltage and current produced by the inductances/capacitances near switches in the transient process are the main sources of high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI). To overcome the problems, the parasitic parameters of the module should be accurately characterized. In this paper, a precise detailed model of a commercial half-bridge IGBT module is presented. It includes the parasitic inductances of leads, bond wires, DBC plates, and the parasitic capacitances of the module and IGBTs. The new simplified analytical equations to calculate the partial inductance and parasitic capacitance are proposed and compared with ANSYS Q3D results. To evaluate the accuracy of the model, all the parameters are also derived from a two-port measurement-based parasitic extraction method. The results show an acceptable match between the simulated and experimental values. Finally, the proposed model is implemented by state-space dynamic coupling in ANSYS Simplorer circuit simulator, and a double-pulse test circuit is used to verify the model. By comparing the simulated current and voltage waveforms with experiment, it is proved that the proposed model is applicable to simulate the switching transients for EMC study.