Search

In addition to their antibiotic effect, macrolides appear to modulate the inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis (CF) and could influence oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to assess oxidation biomarkers and levels of inflammation and to determine whether there is an association between these parameters and the intake of macrolides.The subjects included in this cross-sectional study were, on the one hand, clinically stable patients with CF and, on the other, healthy controls. The following serum and plasma inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured: interleukin-6 (IL-6), reactive C protein (RCP), tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), together with markers of lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]). Clinical, anthropometric, lung function, radiological, and analytical variables (albumin, prealbumin, vitamins, and zinc) were also recorded.We studied 36 adults with CF and 41 controls. No differences were observed in age, gender, or anthropometric variables. The patients had significantly higher levels of IL-6, TNF-α, RCP, TBARS, and isoprostanes, and lower levels of SOD than the controls. Twenty-three of the patients were treated with azithromycin, and they had more severe clinical and radiological parameters than those who were not but nevertheless presented significantly lower levels of TNF-α. No differences were observed in the markers of oxidation.Inflammation and oxidation biomarkers were increased in patients with CF compared with controls. The use of azithromycin was associated with reduced TNF-α levels and did not influence oxidation parameters.Makrolitlerin, antibiyotik etkilerine ek olarak, kistik fibrolizlerde (KF) enflamatuvar yanıtı değiştirdikleri görülmektedir ve oksidatif stresi etkileyebilirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı enflamasyon düzeylerini ve oksidasyon biyobelirteçlerini değerlendirmek ve bu parametreler ile makrolit alımı arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını belirlemektir.Bu kesitsel çalışmaya klinik olarak stabil kistik fibrozis (KF) hastaları ve sağlıklı controller dahil edildi. Şu serum ve plazma enflamatuvar ve oksidatif stres biyobelirteçleri ölçüldü: Lipid peroksidasyon belirteçleri (8-isoprostanler ve TBARs) ile birlikte, interlökin-6 (IL6), C-reaktif protein (CRP), tümör nekroz factor alfa (TNF-α), glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx), total antioksidan kapasite (TAC), katalaz (CAT) ve süperoksit dismutaz (SOD). Aynı zamanda klinik, antropometrik, akciğer fonksiyonu, radyolojik ve analitik değişkenler de (albümin, prealbümin, vitaminler ve çinko) kaydedildi.Otuz altı yetişkin KF hastası ve kırk bir kontrol grubu hastası ile çalışma yapıldı. Yaş, cinsiyet ve de antropometrik değişkenler açısından farklılık gözlenmedi. Kontrollerle kıyaslandığında, KF hastalarında IL-6, TNF-α, RCP, TBARS ve izoprostan düzeyleri önemli ölçüde daha yüksekti ve SOD düzeyleri daha düşüktü. Hastaların 23’üne azitromisin tedavisi verildi ve bu tedaviyi almayan hastalara göre daha ağır klinik ve radyolojik parametreler sergilediler, ancak TNF-α düzeyleri anlamlı ölçüde daha düşüktü. Oksidasyon belirteçlerinde farklılık gözlenmedi.Enflamasyon ve oksidasyon biyobelirteçleri KF hastalarında kontrollere göre yüksekti. Azitromisin kullanımı düşük TNF-α düzeyleri ile ilişkili bulundu ve oksidasyon parametrelerini etkilemedi.

To date it is not clear what the role of dairy products is in metabolic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the association between dairy product consumption and those pathologies. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 5081 adults included in the di@bet.es study, from 100 health centers around Spain. Food frequency questionnaires were carried out concerning consumption habits, which included dairy product consumption. Logistic regression models were used for the association analyses between the variables controlling confounding variables. Women had a higher consumption of milk, cheese, or yogurt than men (p &lt, 0.0001), but men consumed more sugar dairy products (p &lt, 0.001). People who live in the North of Spain consume more dairy products than those who live in the East. Dairy product consumption was inversely associated with the presence of hypertension regardless of age, sex, geographical region, and body mass index (BMI) (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.743, p = 0.022). The presence of obesity was inversely associated with dairy consumption regardless of age, sex, and geographical region (OR 0.61, p &lt, 0.001). Milk consumption was not associated with diabetes. Our results show that consuming dairy products is associated with a better metabolic profile in the Spanish population.

Introduction Few studies assessing the relationship between oxidative stress and glycemic variability in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are available, and most of them reported no significant results. Objective To assess the relationship between glucose control, glycemic variability, and oxidative stress as measured by urinary excretion of 8-iso-prostanglandin F2-alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) in children with T1DM. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study including 25 children with T1DM. Participants were evaluated during five days in two different situations: 1st phase during a summer camp, and 2nd phase in their everyday life at home. The following data were collected in each study phase:. – Six capillary blood glucose measurements per day. Mean blood glucose (MBG) levels and glucose variability parameters, including standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), were calculated. – Capillary HbA1c level. – 24-h urine sample to measure 8-iso-PGF2α. Results There were no statistically significant differences in urinary 8-iso-PGF2α levels (142 ± 37 vs. 172 ± 61 pg/mg creatinine) and glucose control and glycemic variability parameters between both phases. In the 2nd phase, statistically significant correlations were found between urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and HbA1c levels (r = 0.53), MBG (r = 0.72), standard deviation (r = 0.49), and MAGE (r = 0.42). No significant correlations between glucose control, glycemic variability and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α excretion were found in the 1st phase. Conclusions A significant correlation was found between glycemic variability and HbA1c level and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α excretion in a group of children with T1DM during their daily lives. Additional studies are needed to confirm this finding and to explore its long-term impact on health.

Few prospective cohort studies have evaluated dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine concentrations in the general adult population. We assess the evolution of urinary iodine excretion and factors that may influence it in an adult population followed for 11 years.A population-based cohort study was undertaken in Pizarra (Spain). In the three study phases (baseline (n = 886), and 6 (n = 788) and 11 years later (n = 501)), participants underwent an interview and a standardized clinical examination that included a food questionnaire, and thyroid hormone and urinary iodine determinations. Subjects with thyroid dysfunction, palpable goiter or urinary iodine excretion400 μg/L were excluded.Urinary iodine increased over the years (100.6 ± 70.0 μg/L at baseline vs. 125.4 ± 95.2 μg/L at 6 years and 141.6 ± 81.4 μg/L at 11 years; p0.0001). Urinary iodine was significantly higher in subjects who reported iodized salt consumption and in subjects with a higher intake of dairy products (p0.05). Consumption of iodized salt (Risk ratio (RR) = 1.23, 95% CI [1.01-2.05]) and dairy products (RR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.01-4.23]), and a baseline urinary iodine concentration ≥100 μg/L (RR = 1.26, 95% CI [1.04-1.53]) were significantly associated with urinary iodine concentrations ≥100 μg/L at 11 years. There is no correlation between thyroid function (TSH, free triiodothyronine or free thyroxine levels) and urinary iodine concentrations in conditions of iodine sufficiency.The increase in urinary iodine concentrations over eleven years is associated with an increase in iodized salt intake and with the dairy products intake, and possibly with a higher iodine content of dairy products. However, individual variability in urinary iodine excretion was not fully explained by dietary iodine intake alone; previous urinary iodine concentrations were also important.

The satiating effects of cow dairy have been thoroughly investigated; however, the effects of goat dairy on appetite have not been reported so far. Our study investigates the satiating effect of two breakfasts based on goat or cow dairy and their association with appetite related hormones and metabolic profile. Healthy adults consumed two breakfasts based on goat (G-Breakfast) or cow (C-Breakfast) dairy products. Blood samples were taken and VAS tests were performed at different time points. Blood metabolites were measured and Combined Satiety Index (CSI) and areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated. Desire to eat rating was significantly lower (breakfast & time interaction p < 0.01) and hunger rating tended to be lower (breakfast & time interaction p = 0.06) after the G-breakfast. None of the blood parameters studied were different between breakfasts; however, AUCGLP-1 was inversely associated with the AUChunger and AUCdesire-to-eat after the G-Breakfast, whereas triglyceride levels were directly associated with AUCCSI after the C-Breakfast. Our results suggest a slightly higher satiating effect of goat dairy when compared to cow dairy products, and pointed to a potential association of GLP-1 and triglyceride levels with the mechanisms by which dairy products might affect satiety after the G-Breakfast and C-Breakfast, respectively.

Scope Epigenetic processes may be affected by environmental factors. DNA methylation measured in LINE-1 elements (LINE-1, long interspersed nucleotide element-1) correlates with LINE-1 DNA methylation. Variations in stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) activity (a key enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism) may be involved in various processes that can lead to diseases such as obesity. We evaluated whether changes in diet after a nutritional intervention would be associated with changes in LINE-1 DNA methylation and/or specific methylation of SCD1 gene promoter. Methods and results Design: Prospective cohort intervention study with a control group. We recorded phenotypic, anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional information at baseline and 1 year later. DNA methylation was quantified by pyrosequencing. LINE-1 DNA methylation and SCD1 gene promoter methylation levels were similar at the beginning of the study in both populations, whereas after a year these levels were higher in the control group (p < 0.001). In the intervention group, those subjects who lost weight showed higher levels of SCD1 gene promoter methylation after the intervention. Subjects with lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet experienced larger changes in LINE-1 methylation. Conclusion DNA methylation levels were associated with weight change and with adherence to a Mediterranean diet.

cope Low circulating sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mediterranean diet has been associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the increase of circulating MUFA associated with olive oil consumption (primary fat source in Mediterranean diet) increases SHBG serum levels. Methods and results A total of 315 men were included. In these patients, nutrition data and plasma samples for SHBG assessment were obtained. In vitro studies to examine the effects of oleic and linoleic acid on SHBG production using HepG2 cells were performed. We provided evidence that SHBG serum levels were significantly higher in subjects using olive oil for cooking in comparison with subjects using sunflower oil. The SHBG levels correlated positively with MUFA (p < 0.001) and negatively with saturated fatty acids (p = 0.003). In the multiple regression analysis, MUFA were independently associated with SHBG levels and accounted for the 20.4% of SHBG variance. In vitro studies revealed that oleoyl-CoA increases SHBG production by downregulating PPAR-γ levels in HepG2 cells. Conclusion Olive oil consumption is associated with elevated SHBG serum levels. PPAR-γ downregulation induced by oleoyl-CoA is an important underlying mechanism of such regulation.

Prospective longitudinal studies evaluating the relevance of "Metabolically Healthy but Obese" (MHO) phenotype at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases are few and results are contradictory.As a representative of the general population, 1051 individuals were evaluated in 1997-1998 and re-evaluated after 6 years and 11 years. Subjects without known T2D were given an oral glucose tolerance test. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured. Four sets of criteria were considered to define MHO subjects besides body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2): A: Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR)90th percentile; B: HOMA-IR90th percentile, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol40 mg/dL in men and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol50 mg/dL in women, triglycerides150 mg/dL, fasting glucose110 mg/dL, and blood pressure ≤140/90 mm Hg; C: HOMA-IR90th percentile, triglycerides150 mg/dL, fasting glucose110 mg/dL, and blood pressure ≤140/90 mm Hg; D: HOMA-IR90th percentile, triglycerides150 mg/dL, and fasting glucose110 mg/dL. Subjects with T2D at baseline were excluded from the calculations of incidence of T2D.The baseline prevalence of MHO phenotype varied between 3.0% and 16.9%, depending on the set of criteria chosen. Metabolically nonhealthy obese subjects were at highest risk for becoming diabetic after 11 years of follow-up (odds ratio = 8.20; 95% confidence interval = 2.72-24.72; P.0001). In MHO subjects the risk for becoming diabetic was lower than in metabolically nonhealthy obese subjects, but this risk remained significant (odds ratio = 3.13; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-9.17; P = .02). In subjects who lost weight during the study, the association between MHO phenotype and T2D incidence disappeared, even after adjusting for HOMA-IR.The results suggest that MHO is a dynamic concept that should be taken into account over time. As a clinical entity, it may be questionable.

The factors regulating TNF alpha (TNFa) levels could be considered therapeutic targets against metabolic syndrome development. DNA methylation is a potent regulator of gene expression and may be associated with protein levels. In this study we investigate whether the effect of dietary fatty acids on TNFa released from adipocytes might be associated with modifications of the TNFa promoter DNA methylation status. A group of rats was assigned to three diets with a different composition of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Samples of visceral adipose tissues were taken for adipocyte isolation, in which released TNFa levels were measured, and for methylation and expression studies. In addition, 3 T3-L1 cells were treated with palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, with and without 5-Azacitydine (5-AZA). After treatments, cells and supernatants were included in the same analyses as rat samples. TNFa promoter methylation levels, gene expression and secretion were different according to the diets and fatty acid treatments associated with them. Cells treated with 5-AZA displayed higher TNFa levels than in the absence of 5-AZA, without differences between fatty acids. According to our results, dietary fatty acid regulation of adipocyte TNFa levels may be mediated by epigenetic modifications of the TNFa promoter DNA methylation levels.

Aim To determine the association between serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort from southern Spain (Pizarra study). Materials and methods The study formed part of the Pizarra cohort study, a prospective study started in 1995 with a follow-up of 11 years. Anthropometric and metabolic variables were measured at baseline and at 6 years and 11 years of follow-up. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Serum levels of TNFα and its receptors, hs-CRP, IL-6, leptin, adiponectin and FABP4 were measured at 6 years of follow-up. Results After adjusting for age, sex and obesity, subjects with levels of hs-CRP> 2.9 mg/L in the second study (2003–4) had a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes by the third study (2008–9) (OR = 7.97; 95% CI = 1.72–36.89; P = 0.008), and subjects with adiponectin levels > 13.2 mg/L had a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.23, P = 0.02). High values of hs-CRP and high values of adiponectin were associated positively (OR = 8.26; 95% CI = 1.84–37.19; P = 0.006) and negatively (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.04–0.69; P = 0.01), respectively, with the risk of having HbA1c ≥ 6.5% at 11 years of follow-up. Conclusions Subjects with high serum hs-CRP levels and low serum adiponectin levels have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes within five years.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The increasing prevalence worldwide is generating a great health and social concern. Clinical intervention studies such as the UKPDS have shown that although the metabolic control of DM2 may improve with intensive intervention programs, these are highly expensive and do not lead to an optimal metabolic control. For this reason, one of the main challenges in DM2 at present is its prevention. The natural history of DM2 is sufficiently well known and we know that before it is diagnosed, there is a former, often lasting years, "pre-diabetic state" that behaves as a vascular risk factor. In recent years numerous studies have shown that prevention of DM2 is possible. We critically review here the current situation of the disease.

The aim of this prospective, adult population-based study was to analyse the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in relation to the intake of cows' milk and the prevalence of anti-beta-lactoglobulin (anti-β-LG) antibodies. Measurements were made of weight, height, levels of anti-islet antibodies, anti-β-LG antibodies and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in all the participants. The likelihood of having positive anti-β-LG antibodies was higher in subjects who consumed milk more frequently. Subjects who consumed milk less than once per day were more likely to have type 2 diabetes than those who consumed milk more than once per day. The levels of TNF-α were significantly higher in individuals with positive anti-β-LG antibodies and in those who consumed milk more often. The prevalence of anti-β-LG antibodies was associated with the intake of milk and with the TNF-α levels, but not with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd., This study was supported by the CIBER in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (Instituto de Salud Carlos III); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (JCI-2010-08372) and Consejería Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa (P09-CTS-5125).

ObjectiveChanges in eating habits may be influential in the ever-increasing rate of childhood obesity. Our aim was to determine whether those children who consume olive oil have a lower risk of weight gain compared with children who consume other oils.Design and methodsThe study included 18 girls and 74 boys, all aged 13–166 months. A survey was completed for each subject about eating habits and physical activity. A sample of subcutaneous adipose tissue was also obtained for cellular study. Data were recorded on the mean size of the adipocytes, the number of preadipocytes, and the concentration of particular fatty acids. The weight and height of the children were measured 13 months later.ResultsThe likelihood that after 1 year the children would have increased their body mass index (BMI)Z-score above the initial score was less in the children who consumed only olive oil (odds ratio (OR)=0.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08–0.63;P=0.005). These results remained after adjusting for age, physical activity and BMI (OR=0.19; 95% CI: 0.06–0.61;P=0.005) and after adjusting for age, physical activity and adipocyte volume (OR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.04–0.52;P=0.003).ConclusionsDiets with mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich olive oil could reduce the risk of obesity in childhood.

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (1): 79–85 Abstract Aim To evaluate the association between serum levels of testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and calculated bioavailable testosterone (bioT), and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in a prospective cohort from southern Spain (Pizarra study). Research design and methods The study was performed in the Pizarra Cohort Study, a prospective study started in 1995 with a follow-up of 11 years. Anthropometric and metabolic variables were measured at baseline and at 6 and 11 years of follow-up. Total testosterone (TT), SHBG and calculated bioT were determined at the 6-year follow-up. Results The levels of TT and bioT in men were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, T2D and the metabolic syndrome. In women, the levels of TT and bioT were associated positively with the risk of insulin resistance. The levels of SHBG were associated negatively with the risk of T2D, obesity and insulin resistance in both men and women. For all groups, the association was higher at the 11-year follow-up. Conclusions Low levels of testosterone and SHBG increase the risk of T2D in men, and high levels of testosterone increase the risk of insulin resistance in women. The association between TT levels and the risk of T2D is not completely independent of other variables, such as exposure time, adiposity, insulin resistance or SHBG levels. This study also shows that the different responses between men and women are probably because of the protective effect of SHBG, levels of which are higher in women than in men.

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (11): 1202–1209 Abstract Background Different studies, mostly cross-sectional, have found an association between low levels of thyroid hormones, even within the normal range, and a greater body mass index. The aim of this study was to determine the association between thyroid function and the risk for obesity. Materials and methods In this population-based prospective study, measurements were made of anthropometric parameters, thyroid hormone function and urinary iodine in a cohort of the Pizarra Study (n = 937), and repeated 6 years later (n = 784). At the second point, measurements were also made of leptin and adiponectin. Results Among the persons who were not obese at the start of the study, the odds ratio (OR) of becoming obese for those in the fourth quartile (Q4) for free triiodothyronine (FT3) (versus those in Q1) was 2·94 (1·46–5·90) (P = 0·005). The OR of becoming obese in persons in Q4 of FT4 (versus those in Q1) was 3·06 (1·23–7·43) (P = 0·01). Those persons in Q4 of weight gain had a higher FT3 at the 6-year follow-up than those whose weight gain was in Q1 (P

Background Insulin has several biological functions besides glycaemic control. We investigated and compared the effects of six different commercial insulins on adipocyte cell differentiation, the lipolytic activity of differentiated cells, and the expression levels of genes involved in adipogenesis and associated with insulin activity. Materials and methods 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate with six commercial insulins: glargine, lispro, aspart, detemir, NPH and regular recombinant human insulin (used as control). Cell differentiation, lipolysis and gene expression were measured at day 7 (D7) and day 10 (D10) after induction of differentiation in these cells. Results The highest values of cell differentiation and lipolysis were found at D10 for all the insulins used. Preadipocyte differentiation differed at both times depending on the insulin used, with detemir insulin being the least adipogenic. The PPARγ mRNA level varied according to the insulin and was a good genetic marker of adipogenesis at D7. Cells treated with glargine insulin showed the highest lipolysis and HSL expression on both days. Gene expression levels of InsR, SREBP-1c and SCD-1 differed depending on the insulin studied. Conclusions Detemir insulin was the least adipogenic of the insulins tested, whereas treatment with glargine insulin tended to produce the highest lipolysis levels. Under these experimental conditions, the modifications made in commercial insulins to improve glycaemic control also affect adipocyte differentiation, the lipolysis level of differentiated cells, and the expression of different genes that can modify metabolic pathways independently of glucose metabolism. © 2011 The Authors. European Journal of Clinical Investigation © 2011 Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation.

the evaluation of hospital menus should be performed periodically to suit the needs of patients. Goat cheese may have nutritional benefits, compared to cow cheese.to evaluate patient satisfaction with the hospital menu and with the inclusion of goat cheese, given like dessert in hospital vs menu with cow cheese.a survey of hospital menu satisfaction and dessert (goat cheese (GC) vs cow cheese (CC)) in patients with basal diets was conducted.334 surveys were analyzed. 46.7% were women. The average age was 58.16 ± 15.15 years and the average stay of 11.21 ± 11.53. Acceptance of the hospital menu was rated as "good" in a high percentage of respondents (91% Temperature, presentation 94%, humidity 75% and 84% schedule). Overall satisfaction lunch (1 to 10) was 7.31 ± 2.10 en CC vs 7.39 ± 1.75 GC (ns) and dessert satisfaction was 6.93 ± 2.89 vs 6.88 ± 3.52 (ns) (respectively).the overall satisfaction with the hospital menu is high and the acceptance of new dessert (QC) is equivalent to acceptance obtained with cow cheese, which could be included in the code of diets.Introducción: la valoración de los menús hospitalarios debe realizarse periódicamente para adecuarlos a las necesidades de los pacientes. El queso de cabra podría tener ventajas nutricionales, en comparación con el de vaca. Objetivos: evaluar la satisfacción de los pacientes con el menú hospitalario y con la incorporación del queso de cabra, dado como postre en el menú hospitalario vs queso de vaca. Material y métodos: se realizó una encuesta de satisfacción del menú hospitalario y del postre (queso de cabra (QC) vs queso de vaca (QV)) en pacientes con dietas basales. Resultados: se analizaron 334 encuestas. El 46,7% fueron mujeres. La edad media fue de 58,16 ± 15,15 años y la estancia media de 11,21 ± 11,53. La aceptación del menú hospitalario fue valorado como buena en un alto porcentaje de los encuestados (temperatura 91%, presentación 94%, humedad 75% y horario 84%). La satisfacción global del almuerzo (1 al 10) fue 7,31 ± 2,10 en QV vs 7,39 ± 1,75 QC (ns) y del postre 6,93 ± 2,89 vs 6,88 ± 3,52 (ns) respectivamente. Los pacientes que habitualmente no toman queso de cabra (57%) tampoco tomaron postre en el 50% de los casos, frente a los que sí toman en su domicilio (42,98%), que no ingirieron nada del postre solo en el 8% (p0.01) Conclusiones: la satisfacción global con el menú hospitalario es alta y la aceptación del nuevo postre (QC) es equivalente a la obtenida con el queso de vaca, por lo que podría incluirse en el código de dietas.

In the last years, epigenetic processes have emerged as a promising area of complex diseases research. DNA methylation measured in Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element 1 (LINE-1) sequences has been considered a surrogate marker for global genome methylation. New findings have suggested the potential involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a crucial interface between the effects of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Our study evaluated whether global DNA methylation predicted increased risk from T2DM or other carbohydrate metabolism disorders in a cohort study. We used a prospective cohort intervention study and a control group. We collected phenotypic, anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional information from all subjects. Global LINE-1 DNA methylation was quantified by pyrosequencing technology. Subjects that did not improve their carbohydrate metabolism status showed lower levels of global LINE-1 DNA methylation (63.9 ± 1.7 vs. 64.7 ± 2.4) and they practiced less intense physical activity (5.8% vs. 21.5%). Logistic regression analyses showed a significant association between LINE-1 DNA methylation and metabolic status after adjustment for sex, age, BMI, and physical activity. Our study showed that lower LINE-1 DNA methylation levels were associated with a higher risk metabolic status worsening, independent of other classic risk factors. This finding highlights the potential role for epigenetic biomarkers as predictors of T2DM risk or other related metabolic disorders.

Background Several recent studies have related short sleep duration with different health problems, though the results related with the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are far from conclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between night-time sleep duration and the incidence of obesity and T2D in a prospective study with a follow-up of 11 years. Material and methods The study comprised 1145 people evaluated in 1997–1998 and re-evaluated after 6 years and 11 years. At the three study points, subjects without known diabetes mellitus (KDM) were given an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured. The subjects were asked about their number of hours of night-time sleep. Results After adjustment, the OR of becoming obese was significantly higher in subjects who slept ≤7 hours per night, at both the 6-year follow-up (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.12–3.55) and the 11-year follow-up (OR = 2.73; 95% CI = 1.47–5.04). The incidence of T2D at the 6-year follow-up in subjects without T2D at baseline was higher in those who slept ≤7 hours per night (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.10–3.50). However, this association was not independent of obesity, weight gain or abnormal glucose regulation at baseline. At the 11-year follow-up however there was no association between night-time sleep duration and the incidence of T2D. Conclusions The incidence of obesity over the 11-year follow-up increased in subjects with fewer hours of night-time sleep. The incidence of T2D according to the hours of night-time sleep depended on obesity and the carbohydrate metabolism phenotype.

Little is known about the association between iodine and human milk composition. In this study, we investigated the association between iodine and different markers of oxidative stress and obesity-related hormones in human breast milk. This work is composed of two cross-sectional studies (in lactating women and in the general population), one prospective and one in vitro. In the cross-sectional study in lactating women, the breast milk iodine correlated negatively with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and with adiponectin levels. An in vitro culture of human adipocytes with 1 μM potassium iodide (KI, dose similar to the human breast milk iodine concentration) produced a significant decrease in adiponectin, GSH-Px, SOD1, and SOD2 mRNA expression. However, after 2 months of treatment with KI in the prospective study, a positive correlation was found between 24-h urinary iodine and serum adiponectin. Our observations lead to the hypothesis that iodine may be a factor directly involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and adiponectin levels in human breast milk. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 847–853.

The aim of the study was to analyze the association between aging and insulin resistance estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). This work involved two studies: (1) the Di@bet.es study is a cross-sectional study including 4,948 subjects, comprising a representative sample of the adult Spanish population; (2) the Pizarra study is a population-based cohort study undertaken in Pizarra (Spain), in which 1,051 subjects were evaluated at baseline and 714 completed the 6-year follow-up study. Study variables included a clinical and demographic structured survey, a lifestyle survey, a physical examination, and an oral glucose tolerance test in subjects without diabetes. In the Di@bet.es study overall, an increase occurred in blood glucose until the age of 50, after which it remained stable (data adjusted for gender, body mass index, abnormal glucose regulation [AGR]). The HOMA-IR increased significantly with age (p = 0.01), due to a higher prevalence of obesity (p

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The increasing prevalence worldwide is generating a great health and social concern. Clinical intervention studies such as the UKPDS have shown that although the metabolic control of DM2 may improve with intensive intervention programs, these are highly expensive and do not lead to an optimal metabolic control. For this reason, one of the main challenges in DM2 at present is its prevention. The natural history of DM2 is sufficiently well known and we know that before it is diagnosed, there is a former, often lasting years, "pre-diabetic state" that behaves as a vascular risk factor. In recent years numerous studies have shown that prevention of DM2 is possible. We critically review here the current situation of the disease.

Summary Background & aims To investigate the relationship between levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a Spanish population. Methods We undertook a population-based prospective study in a population from southern Spain. The first phase of the study (1996–1998) included 1226 individuals. Of this original cohort, 988 persons were reassessed in 2002–2004 and 961 in 2005–2007. Measurements were made of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone in 2002–2004 and an oral glucose tolerance test was done in three time points. Results The incidence of diabetes in subjects with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels ≤18.5 ng/mL (percentile 25) was 12.4% vs 4.7% in subjects with levels >18.5 ng/mL. The likelihood of having diabetes during the four years of follow-up was significantly lower in the subjects with higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [OR = 0.17 (0.05–0.61)]. None of the subjects with levels higher than 30 ng/mL developed diabetes. Conclusion In this prospective study, we found a significant inverse association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk for type 2 diabetes in a population from the south of Spain.

To evaluate the association between serum levels of testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and calculated bioavailable testosterone (bioT), and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in a prospective cohort from southern Spain (Pizarra study).The study was performed in the Pizarra Cohort Study, a prospective study started in 1995 with a follow-up of 11 years. Anthropometric and metabolic variables were measured at baseline and at 6 and 11 years of follow-up. Total testosterone (TT), SHBG and calculated bioT were determined at the 6-year follow-up.The levels of TT and bioT in men were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, T2D and the metabolic syndrome. In women, the levels of TT and bioT were associated positively with the risk of insulin resistance. The levels of SHBG were associated negatively with the risk of T2D, obesity and insulin resistance in both men and women. For all groups, the association was higher at the 11-year follow-up.Low levels of testosterone and SHBG increase the risk of T2D in men, and high levels of testosterone increase the risk of insulin resistance in women. The association between TT levels and the risk of T2D is not completely independent of other variables, such as exposure time, adiposity, insulin resistance or SHBG levels. This study also shows that the different responses between men and women are probably because of the protective effect of SHBG, levels of which are higher in women than in men.

Insulin has several biological functions besides glycaemic control. We investigated and compared the effects of six different commercial insulins on adipocyte cell differentiation, the lipolytic activity of differentiated cells, and the expression levels of genes involved in adipogenesis and associated with insulin activity.3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate with six commercial insulins: glargine, lispro, aspart, detemir, NPH and regular recombinant human insulin (used as control). Cell differentiation, lipolysis and gene expression were measured at day 7 (D7) and day 10 (D10) after induction of differentiation in these cells.The highest values of cell differentiation and lipolysis were found at D10 for all the insulins used. Preadipocyte differentiation differed at both times depending on the insulin used, with detemir insulin being the least adipogenic. The PPARγ mRNA level varied according to the insulin and was a good genetic marker of adipogenesis at D7. Cells treated with glargine insulin showed the highest lipolysis and HSL expression on both days. Gene expression levels of InsR, SREBP-1c and SCD-1 differed depending on the insulin studied.Detemir insulin was the least adipogenic of the insulins tested, whereas treatment with glargine insulin tended to produce the highest lipolysis levels. Under these experimental conditions, the modifications made in commercial insulins to improve glycaemic control also affect adipocyte differentiation, the lipolysis level of differentiated cells, and the expression of different genes that can modify metabolic pathways independently of glucose metabolism.

Little information is available as to whether doses of iodide similar to those recommended in clinical practice for the prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women affect thyroid function. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether doses of iodide can affect thyroid function in adults, and evaluate its effect on plasma markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and acute-phase proteins. A total of thirty healthy volunteers (ten men and twenty women) with normal thyroid function were randomly assigned to three groups (n10). Each group received a daily dose of 100, 200 or 300 μg of iodide in the form of KI for 6 months. Free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) levels at day 60 of the study were higher in the groups treated with 200 and 300 μg (P = 0·01), and correlated with the increase in urinary iodine (r0·50,P = 0·007). This correlation lost its significance after adjustment for the baseline FT4. The baseline urinary iodine and FT4 correlated positively with the baseline glutathione peroxidase. On day 60, urinary iodine correlated with C-reactive protein (r0·461,P = 0·018), and free triiodothyronine correlated with IL-6 (r− 0·429,P = 0·025). On day 60, the changes produced in urinary iodine correlated significantly with the changes produced in α1-antitrypsin (r0·475,P = 0·014) and ceruloplasmin (r0·599,P = 0·001). The changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone correlated significantly with the changes in α1-antitrypsin (r− 0·521,P = 0·005) and ceruloplasmin (r− 0·459,P = 0·016). In conclusion, the administration of an iodide supplement between 100 and 300 μg/d did not modify thyroid function in a population with adequate iodine intake. The results also showed a slight anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action of iodide.

International audience; ABSTRACT Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide. No homogenous reference values have yet been established and no studies of values have been done in Spain involving a large number of participants. Objective: To study the population concentrations of vitamin D in a representative sample of the Spanish population. Subjects/Methods: The study involved two cohorts from Spain. The Asturias Study and the Pizarra Study are two prospective, population-based studies with 2260 participants. In 1262 subjects(age:20-83 years) we studied 25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone (PTHi), calcium, phosphorus and creatinine. Results: The median population values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PTHi were 22.46 ng/mL and 42.29 pg/mL, respectively. The values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly higher in summer and correlated with age (beta=-0.050.01, p