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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide, being the fourth most prevalent cancer and the third most common in terms of mortality. A decrease in the incidence and mortality of CRC has been observed among adults over 50 years of age, screening colonoscopy being a contributory factor for this improvement. Adequate preparation of the colon is essential for obtaining accurate results and minimizing the risks associated with the colonoscopy procedure. Both ESGE (European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy) and UEG (United European Gastroenterology) recommend adequate preparation in at least 90% of cases, calculated both at the endoscopy center level and for each individual endoscopist. The purpose of our article is to review the literature on different bowel preparation products for colonoscopy and demonstrate the non inferiority of low-volume preparations over the standard PEG 4L. Preparations containing PEG are the most common in preparation for colonoscopy. A recent meta-analysis suggests that high-volume, mutiple-dose regimens are superior in terms of efficacy to low-volume, multiple- dose regimens, including low-volume PEG with various adjuvants and sodium phosphate, although with lower tolerability. Due to low levels of compliance, tolerability and acceptability, standard 4L single-dose regimens of PEG have been gradually and successfully replaced by newer regimens that include low-volume solutions. An example of low-volume split-dose preparation is the solution of low-volume PEG4000, sodium sulphate, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and simethicone. In several studies this 2 L low volume preparations exhibit similar effectiveness with safety profiles that are comparable to classic 4 L PEG, with lower incidence of adverse effects and good tolerability. In conclusion, adequate preparation increases the quality of colonoscopy procedures as proper patient preparation is essential to obtain an optimal visualization of the intestinal mucosa. Low-volume bowel preparation is effective, safe and well tolerated by the patients, with higher acceptability compared to the standard volume PEG.

Modern society needs new models of development management that will lead to a global adaptation to the growing threats of increased environmental degradation and living conditions. These models include sustainable development, the green economy, the bioeconomy, the circular economy. For the effective application of these models, the level of development of each area must be known in order to determine priorities and solutions. To this end, a model for assessing the level of development is proposed on the basis of indicative indicators resulting from the revenue and expenditure budget of the territorial administrative units.

Contemporary society is more and more service-oriented, with more and more opinions claiming that it is a service society, with a steadily increasing tertiary sector. Tourism has become one of the most important economic activities due to the income from European tourists. It is also one of the main sources of jobs in many countries. Though Romania has an extraordinary tourism potential, tourism services it supplies and high prices compared to the quality of the services have not turned Romania into one of the most desirable places to go to in Europe; therefore, income from tourism are much lower than income from tourism in Hungary, The Czech Republic, Poland, or Bulgaria.

PurposeThe Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale, which is widely used and highly recommended, is an appropriate tool for evaluating poststroke sensorimotor and other possible somatic deficits. It is also well-suited for capturing a dynamic rehabilitation process. The aim of this study was to first translate the entire sensorimotor FMA scale into Romanian using the transcultural and semantic-linguistic adaptations of its official afferent protocols and to then validate it using the preliminary clinical evaluation of inter- and intra-rater reliability and relevant concurrent validity.MethodsThrough three main steps, we completed a standardized procedure for translating FMA's official afferent evaluation protocols into Romanian and their transcultural and semantic-linguistic adaptation for both the upper and lower extremities. For relevant clinical validation, we evaluated 10 patients after a stroke two times: on days 1 and 2. All patients were evaluated simultaneously by two kinesi-physiotherapists (generically referred to as KFT1 and KFT2) over the course of 2 consecutive days, taking turns in the roles of an examiner and observer, and vice versa (inter-rater). Two scores were therefore obtained and compared for the same patient, i.e., being afferent to an inter-rater assay by comparing the assessment outcomes obtained by the two kinesi-physiotherapists, in between, and respectively, to the intra-rater assay: based on the evaluations of the same kinesi-physiotherapist, in two consecutive days, using a rank-based method (Svensson) for statistical analysis. We also compared our final Romanian version of FMA's official protocols for concurrent validity (Spearman's rank correlation statistical method) to both of the widely available assessment instruments: the Barthel Index (BI) and the modified Rankin scale (mRS).ResultsSvensson's method confirmed overall good inter- and intra-rater results for the main parts of the final Romanian version of FMA's evaluation protocols, regarding the percentage of agreement (≥80% on average) and for disagreement: relative position [RP; values outside the interval of (−0.1, 0.1) in only two measurements out of the 56 comparisons we did], relative concentration [RC; values outside the interval of (−0.1, 0.1) in only nine measurements out of the same 56 comparisons done], and relative rank variation [RV; all values within an interval of (0, 0.1) in only five measurements out of the 56 comparisons done]. High correlation values were obtained between the final Romanian version of FMA's evaluation protocols and the BI (ρ = 0.9167; p = 0.0002) for FMA–upper extremity (FMA-UE) total A-D (motor function) with ρ = 0.6319 and for FMA-lower extremity (FMA-LE) total E-F (motor function) with p = 0.0499, and close to the limit, with the mRS (ρ = −0.5937; p = 0.0704) for FMA-UE total A-D (motor function) and (ρ = −0.6615; p = 0.0372) for FMA-LE total E-F (motor function).ConclusionsThe final Romanian version of FMA's official evaluation protocols showed good preliminary reliability and validity, which could be thus recommended for use and expected to help improve the standardization of this assessment scale for patients after a stroke in Romania. Furthermore, this endeavor could be added to similar international translation and cross-cultural adaptations, thereby facilitating a more appropriate comparison of the evaluation and outcomes in the management of stroke worldwide.

Sustainable development of agricultural space is a matter of national interest to ensure the stability of rural communities and food security of the population. Strategies developed for this purpose need financial support from the European funds and the national budget managed by The Agency for Payments and Intervention in Agriculture (APIA) and the Agency for Financing Rural Investments (AFIR). To exemplify, APIA contributes to the support of agriculture in Prahova County, where approximately 50% of the agricultural area of the county benefited from subsidies managed by APIA Regional Center worth 119,736,149 lei in 2017.

Modern society is subject to particular pressures caused by climate change agrolimentară reduce output and population growth that increases the demand for food, fiber and bioenergy. This contradiction requires changing patterns of production and consumption by developing new concepts on global economic management.These concepts bioeconomy offers solutions to improve the efficiency of biomass through full utilization of renewable natural resources.

Spinal ependymomas are a group of mostly slow-growing tumors that can cause non-traumatic spinal cord injury with insidious clinical symptomatology ranging from neck or back pain to as-sociated sensory-motor impairment. Due to their neurological and systemic frailty, patients with spinal cord injury might be especially vulnerable to the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the resulting respiratory impairment. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 66 year old women admitted in our Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division for severe in-complete paraplegia and neurogenic bladder. She was previously diagnosed in the Neurosurgi-cal Ward with a thoracic grade II (classic) ependymoma and underwent a gross tumor resection. During the neurorehabilitation program the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19. The multi-drug related treatments were associated with supportive oxygen therapy and neuromuscular and respiratory rehabilitation techniques. RESULTS: Despite of the patient’s favorable rehabili-tation, consisting of walking abilities with support in a walking frame on short distances, her prognosis may be worsened by resting neurogenic bladder symptoms. COVID-19 has led to im-portant acute respiratory morbidity in our patient, regardless of the mild course of the disease, and might further cause a post-infectious respiratory impairment. ONCLUSION: Spinal cord in-jury remains a life-long condition and emphasizes the necessity of supporting the affected pati-ents on the long run.

Thalamo- mesencephalic hemorrhage is a devasting event, with a increased morbidity and mor-tality rate. Parinaud’s syndrome, also known as the dorsal midbrain syndrome, is characterized by a supranuclear vertical gaze disturbing, resulting from an insult to the mesencephalic tectum. Matherial and Method. We report the case of a 45-year-old man with personal antecedents of ar-terial hypertension, obesity and type 2 Diabetus mellitus, who was first admitted in the Neuro-logy Clinic Division of the Teaching Emergency Hospital Bucharest with a sudden onset of com-plete right hemiplegia, mixed aphasia and right central– type facial palsy on 17.04.2021, being diagnosed – following complex paraclinic investigations -with a left thalamo- mesencephalic hemorrhage. Results and discusssion. The patient followed a neuro- muscular rehabilitation program in our Neuro- Rehabilitation Clinic Division with favorable outcomes, the case repre-senting a real challenge regarding the complexity of the factors involved. Conclusions. The cli-nical outcomes and the quality of life of patients suffering from thalamo- mesencephalic hemor-rhage depend both on the prompt diagnosis and the efficient treatment, followed by an appro-priate rehabilitation program.

Intervertebral disc herniation is the pathological process by which fragments of the nucleus pul-posus tear the fibers of the annulus fibrosus and come into contact with the root of the spinal nerve (1). The most significant functional damage generated by the lumbar disc herniation is paraplegia and can be ameliorated by an early and staged specific rehabilitation program. Materials and Methods: This paper presents the case of a 56-year-old patient who was admitted to the Neurosurgery Clinic (NCH) III of SCUBA for low back pain and motor deficit, AIS Frankel C paraplegia. The left lower limb was more affected than the right one. It occurred following a thoraco-lumbar medullary compression and a paramedian lumbar disc herniation L3. The pa-tient was treated surgically. Subsequently, the patient was transferred to the Neuro-Muscular Recovery Clinic of SCUBA for the specific rehabilitation treatment, with indication for mobiliza-tion. He was dynamically evaluated using the following scales: quality of life assessment (QOL), modified Ashworth scale, Functional Assessment Classification, FAC, Activities of daily living (ADL), Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM), evaluation of muscle strength on Medical Re-search Council, MRC, scale, evaluation of American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). Results: The patient benefited from a complex program of neuro-muscular rehabilitation, hav-ing a favorable evolution with an improving score of the evaluating scales and finally gaining his gait balance, including ascending and descending stairs (instrumentally assisted for left plan-tar dorsiflexion movement with orthosis walking). At discharge the patient’s neurological defi-cit was reclassified as AIS D paraplegia, with the neurogenic bladder and bowel having been remitted. Discussions: The disc herniation at L3 level generated a cauda equina syndrome, which initially generated a paraplegia. When the inflammation remitted it became clear that the left L4 root was affected, with a complete deficit of plantar dorsiflexion. In conclusion it was not a case of spinal cord syndrome (as the spinal cord ends at L2 level) or conus medullaris syndrome. Conclusions: The interdisciplinary therapeutic approach together with a specific, customized re-habilitation program for a patient with AIS C paraplegia after a surgically treated disc hernia is successfully improving the neuromuscular deficit and upgrading the patient's quality of life.

Irrigations are an agriculture technique through which the water deficiency necessary for a normal development and growth of the crops are covert. The supplementary water contribution which assures the irrigation is in need of big investments through which it would take big volumes of water from naturals sources that are transported with big looses to the irrigated field. This complex process determines the necessity of expressing the irrigation system efficiency to take into consideration not just the productivity obtained by irrigations but also the efficiency of the process which contributes to the applications of watering.

The paper presents improvement solutions for the ecological reconstruction of salt land according to the characteristicsof their natural conditions. Agroameliorative, agrobiological, agrochemical and hydroameliorative methods may beused. Effectiveness of ecological restoration increases by applying complex ameliorative works. The main role of suchan undreground drainage facility is to collect the salt-loaded, leaching water. Drain distance is calculated for nonpermanentflow conditions, establishing a distance L that allows the lowering grounwater level from its highesthydraulic load to its best value, ht, withing a given time length. The sewer canals should have a depth of min. 1.2 if theland is not equipped with underground drains, and between 1.5 and 1.6 if underground drainage exists.The distancebetween the antenna and the sewer canal should be about 200 m or the length of the watering installation. Verticaldrainage consists in the use of wells with a depth of 25 m, equipped with selected gravel filter (Ø 2-7 mm) and adecanter (1.5 m in length).

Our research aims to show the uniformity of water distribution in sprinkler watering of an apple plantation. We used the sprinkling irrigation equipment in the 18 x 18 scheme under different climatic conditions for which we calculated the Christiansen uniformity coefficient and we determined the variation of the water amount supplied to the basic irrigation area. We calculated the actual irrigated area/basic plot area relation, which recorded a value of 2.51.Â

The grinds area, developed along the banks of the Danube with odds 6 to 6.5 hydrodegrees and the main confluence (Jiu, Olt, Vedea, Arges, etc.). Well developed grinds have widths of 7 to 7.5 hydrodegrees and widths 150-300 m, with slight to medium textured soils more sandy and argillaceous Danube river onto the terrace. On the grind of the Danube river, earth texture is coarse. Intermediate are occupies most of the floodplain, with relative height of 5-6 hydrodegrees and medium textured soils, loam - sandy soils, loam - argillaceous soils. Depression area has relative levels in 3-4 hydrodegrees, represented by low land of floodplain below the terrace.The medium lithologic profile of the Danube floodplain presents at its surface a clay powder complex (semipermeable) 5-15 m thick below which appears an aquifer layer which consists of sands, gravels and boulders placed on the base layer which consists of marl, clay, limestone and sandstone.

Rural developpment in Crișuri hydrographic basins, Bihor County. The study presents situation regarding the characteristics of natural factors and the effects over devloppement rural activities. This scientific paper to refer of the researches for PhD Thesis, elaborated in the POSDRU Program, nr.107/1.5/5/76888.

The Summit Conferences of Rio (1992) and Johannesburg (2002) emphasized the primordial role of the local collectivities played in boosting the projects of sustainable development. The local collectivities manage, protect and landscape their territory. Being closer to the citizens, they do have the capacity to mobilize the social and economical forces. Aware of the role played, some of the local collectivities involved themselves into the elaboration and application of a participative measure, aiming at elaborating an ample program of sustainable development, compared to the Local Agenda 21.

Landslides are coherent land masses movements down slopes, along the so-called slide surfaces which separate the slide material from the stable surface of slopes, and play a very important role both in the evolution of the relief and for the security of anthropic works. These phenomena have a strong environmental and socio-economic impact raising important risks for inhabitants and constructions, as well as technical difficulties as regards the reconstruction of lands and extremely high costs for repair works for the damaged areas.

The demographic strategy. The paper present some aspects of democratic strategy in Romania. The population is an macro economic and social variable with specific features, who influences the majority of economic and social processes, having significant effects on word market, on economic growth and şi social cohesion.

The global strategy of water management. The importance of water and multiple problems of water use determined the extensive concerns of international organizations. This paper presents some aspects regarding the global strategy of water management.

Judeţul Prahova este situat în sudul României, fiind inclus în Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud-Muntenia. Având o suprafaţă de 4694 km2 şi un relief cu altitudini variabile între 2505 m şi 68 m, judeţul Prahova are o importanţă economică deosebită, industrială dar şi agricolă şi silvică. Circa 20% din terenurile agricole şi pe circa 1% din suprafaţa ocupată de păduri sunt terenuri degradate prin eroziune, alunecări, excavaţii, poluare chimică şi cu petrol, exces de umiditate, sărături etc. Agricultura şi silvicultura constiuie cele două componente de bază ale spaţiului rural în judeţul Prahova judeţ inclus în Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud-Muntenia, caracterizată printr-o pondere a populaţiei rurale de 58,4% daţă de 45,4% media pe ţară cu o densitate a populaţiei de 100,6 locuitori/km2 faţă de media pe ţară de 94,1 locuitori/km2.

Valorificarea durabilă a resurselor naturale constituie principiul de bază al dezvoltării societăţii moderne, confruntată cu degradări în forme acute a unor componente a ecosistemelor naturale ceea ce determină efecte nedorite asupra vieţii cotidiene la diferite scări de timp.

Abstract Background Water availability is the key limiting factor for plant productivity in drylands covering ca. 40% of Earth’s land surface. For such ecosystems to retain productivity and biodiversity under climatic change, it would be valuable to identify/promote keystone plant species that (i) have developed strategies to more efficiently utilize moisture resources not easily accessible and (ii) improve moisture conditions for neighboring plants. The very deep-rooted Ziziphus lotus, considered an ecosystem engineer, is one such example. However, it is not known which biotic traits: (a) canopy interception of moisture/rainfall, (b) hydraulic redistribution of deep ground moisture by roots, or non-biotic factors: (c) soil’s volume, and (d) organic matter content, Z. lotus activates/modulates to play such a role. We, thus, selected dryland ecosystems where the plant dominates and measured for potential effects on the less deep-rooted Thymbra capitata. For assessing impacts on ecosystem productivity, we measured the spatial aggregation of ca. 3600 T. capitata plants. As a proxy for soil moisture availability and its spatial variability, we conducted a 7-year-long study using thymes’ nighttime rehydration. Sampling extended up to 15 m away from Z. lotus. Results The density of T. capitata plants growing up to 5 m around Z. lotus vs. thymes growing 10–15 m away was found significantly increased (2.5–4.5 times), while their stem/leaf moisture was ca. 10% higher at predawn compared to nightfall during the dry season. This suggests that ecosystem productivity is driven by a greater soil moisture availability around Z. lotus permitting more thyme daytime transpiration, in contrast to thymes growing further away. The phenomenon appeared only under dry topsoil (during the dry season; becoming stronger during dry years). Morning dew/rainfall interception from the canopy or soil depth/organic matter did not show significant effects, leaving only the hydraulic lift properties of Z. lotus as the most likely driver for soil moisture availability. Conclusions The deep-rooting properties and hydraulic lift potential of Z. lotus may be the key in permitting it to boost ecosystem productivity. Such hydraulic plant traits require more attention as they may prove valuable in combating desertification and restoring ecosystems in arid/semiarid regions threatened by climate change.

Background: Disordered eating has been theorised to function as a maladaptive way of coping with negative affect. The current study aimed to comprehensively assess emotional responding and distress tolerance to a cognitive and a physical distress tolerance task using physiological (heart rate), self-report and behavioural measures (latency to quit task). Methods: 56 women at high vs. 58 at low eating disorder risk completed the “Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task-Computerised” (PASAT-C) and the “Breath-holding Task” (BHT) and provided their affective ratings upon completion of the tasks. Heart rate was recorded during both tasks. Distress tolerance was assessed via a self-report measure, while latency to quit each task was used as a behavioural index of distress tolerance. Results: Participants at high risk for eating disorders had higher heart rate during both tasks and reported significantly more unpleasantness and less control after the PASAT-C compared to the low-risk group. Shorter latency to quit the PASAT-C was evidenced in the high vs. low-risk group suggesting lower tolerance for cognitive distress. Breath-holding duration did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: Greater physiological and subjective arousal to distressing situations in high-risk individuals indicates a potential hypersensitivity to negative affect, possibly increasing eating disorder vulnerability. Potential implications for eating disorder prevention and management are discussed.

The present article studies the semantic-syntactic structure of polysemantic verbs, following the stratification of their meanings. Analyzing the syntactic neighborhoods of a certain polysemantic verb, with the matrix of obligatory thematic roles, characteristic for actantial, circumstantial or predicative relations, we notice that in the process of functioning, various transformational processes of a different nature take place. Following the research, it was found that these transformations modify the argumentative structure of the verb at the referential level, changing its semantic-syntactic structure, which allows it to pass from one semantic class to another to fully reveal its communicative role. Responsible for these would be the phenomenon of actantial derivation. Only two forms of actantial derivation were discussed – transitivization and intransitivization – given that transitivity, an unmarked semantic feature, influences the ability of the verb to accumulate meanings with different syntactic patterns. It was found that there is an obvious oscillation between the positive or negative marking of transitivity and the realization of a verb as intransitive or transitive. The phenomenon of free syntactic variation also participates in the diversification of the syntactic structure of a polysemantic verb, which allows the operation of semantically equivalent but syntactically different variants.

The subject matter of the present scientific paper is the report of a sustained and persistent therapeutic rehabilitation team-run program in the case of a polytraumatized patient with severe TBI (severe psychomotor agitation and dislogia, bifrontal syndrome, post-traumatic encephalopathy) associated with locomotor and self-care dysfunction, neurogenic bladder and complicated with eso-tracheal fistula after necessity tracheostoma due to subsequent important pulmonary complications that led to a favorable progression despite the limitations imposed by the mental state of the patient during hospitalization and the presence of multiple severe pulmonary complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The Fugl-Meyer assessment scale for the evaluation of neuro-sensory-motor deficits after stroke represents, by completeness and adequate folding, both conceptually and methodologically, on the physio pathological and clinical-evolutionary reality of disability in this type of pathology, a widely used quantification tool for international level and well appreciated in many works in profile literature. Materials and methods. From the desire to implement the scale within the neurorehabilitation units in our country, some correspondence with the right holders of the use of the scale within the University of Gothenburg was initiated in 2019. Subsequently, the group proposed us to carry out an official translation according to an algorithm for achieving the unitary translation, agreed and recommended by the official administrators of the standardized forms of the scale, which will be included on the official website of the respective university along with other translations. Results. Following the initial steps, a constructive correspondence was maintained with the official administrators of the University of Gothenburg and in accordance with the mutual agreement, we carried out the translation from English into Romanian of the specific forms on the official site. The translation included, at the recommendation of the Gothenberg collective, only the component used for measuring the motor functions for the upper and lower extremities. In addition, Prof. Dr. Roxana Carare was co-opted in the team of. Currently, the confrontation of the translation version of our team with the one made by her (forward from English to Romanian) is underway. Within the confrontation of forward translation, different shades of formulations were found at different levels. Conclusions. In the later stages, the reverse confrontation from Romanian to English (backward) of the two translated variants is considered. At the same time, the coordinator of the administrators of the scale of the University of Gothenburg, Prof. Dr. Margit Alt Murphy, expressed her availability of assistance at all stages of the translation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Persons living in wheelchair are often target of hetero-aggressive behavior. The aggressors perceive persons in wheelchair as easy victims. Obiectives Acquisition of adapted self-defense techniques and procedures by young paraplegic persons, independed in wheelchair, to counteract some possible hetero-aggressive behavior against them. Material and methods. A young male person, former sportsman (familiarised with wrestling techniques), living with T11 AIS-A (complete) paraplegia after a spinal cord injury and independent in wheelchair, was instructed some various taekwondo techniques and maneuvres: blocking an attack with the hand at the head region (Olgul Jireugi), hand block (Olgul Maki), hand counteratack (Momntong Jireugi), foot attack at the head region (Olgul Dollyo Chagi), hand block (Sonnal Olgul Maki), hand counterattack (Arae Jireugi). The young female who plays the role of attacker has black belt in taekwondo, therefore the maneuvres were performed in total safety, without endangering the pacient. Both protagonists of this presentation have given written consent to be photographed and filmed, for academic purpose. The paper has the approval of the Ethics Committee of "Bagdasar-Arseni" Clinical Emergency Hospital, n.o. 17464/14.06.2019. Results: We realized photographs and films depicting the aforementioned taekwondo techniques, to demonstrate some possible scenarios of aggression. Discussion Acquisition of martial art techniques and procedures by paraplegic people, independent in wheelchair, is essential and may improve their safety, participation, self-esteem and quality of life. Conclusions: Prevention, as a self defense method, is essential. The best way is to avoid conflictual situations, but ideal is to be prepared for any situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]