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DOC file, 112KB, Enzymes involved in DNA and chromatin folding, which are targeted by dietary agents.

PDF file, 67KB, MDA-MB- 231 cells were treated for 48 h with phytochemicals in indicated concentrations (μM).

Dietary phytochemicals exhibit chemopreventive potential in vivo through persistent low-dose exposures, whereas mechanistic in vitro studies with these agents generally use a high-dose single treatment. Because the latter approach is not representative of an in vivo steady state, we investigated antitumor activity of curcumin, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), genistein, or indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, exposed in long-term culture to low concentrations, achievable in vivo. Curcumin and EGCG increased cell doubling time. Curcumin, EGCG, and I3C inhibited clonogenic growth by 55% to 60% and induced 1.5- to 2-fold higher levels of the basal caspase-3/7 activity. No changes in expression of cell cycle–related proteins or survivin were found; however, I3C reduced epidermal growth factor receptor expression, contributing to apoptosis. Because some phytochemicals are shown to inhibit DNA and histone modification, modulation of expression by the agents in a set of genes (cadherin-11, p21Cip1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and interleukin-6) was compared with changes induced by inhibitors of DNA methylation or histone deacetylation. The phytochemicals modified protein and/or RNA expression of these genes, with EGCG eliciting the least and DIM the most changes in gene expression. DIM and curcumin decreased cadherin-11 and increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels correlated with increased cell motility. Curcumin, DIM, EGCG, and genistein reduced cell sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage without affecting DNA repair. This model has revealed that apoptosis and not arrest is likely to be responsible for growth inhibition. It also implicated new molecular targets and activities of the agents under conditions relevant to human exposure. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(11):3071–9]

PDF file, 93KB, MDA-MB-231 cells were grown in the presence of curcumin, DIM or DMSO.

DOC file, 111KB, Effect of dietary phytochemicals on metastasis and apoptosis in primary tumors in animal models.

In Irkutsk, Siberia, there is a high prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection. Mobile health (mHealth) strategies have shown promise for increasing linkage to and engagement in care for people living with HIV (PLWH) in other contexts. We evaluated outcomes for a cohort of PLWH, TB, and substance use in Irkutsk after participation in a multi-feature mHealth intervention called MOCT. Sixty patients were enrolled during hospitalization for TB. We evaluated participant app usage, linkage to HIV care postdischarge, perception of self-efficacy related to HIV care, and HIV-related clinical outcomes at 6 months. We also performed an exploratory analysis to compare a subset of 49 patients with a pre-intervention cohort matched for age and gender. Participants demonstrated engagement with app features examined at 6 months. The majority linked to HIV care by 6 months (83%). Self-scoring of confidence in ability to communicate with HIV providers improved from baseline (median score 8, scale 1–10) to 6 months (10, p = 0.004). A higher proportion of the MOCT subset refilled antiretroviral therapy (69% vs. 43% in pre-intervention cohort, p = 0.01), with fewer deaths in the MOCT subset at 6 months (1 death vs. 10 deaths in pre-intervention cohort, p = 0.02) and a decreased likelihood of developing the composite outcome of death/failure to achieve viral suppression at 6 months (adjusted odds ratio = 0.33, p = 0.029). This study demonstrates preliminary intervention uptake and improvement in short-term outcomes for an urban cohort of PLWH, TB, and substance use enrolled in a multi-feature mHealth intervention, a novel strategy for the context. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03819374.

In Irkutsk, drug concentration testing of TB medications can improve outcomes in HIV-TB coinfected patients

Background Levofloxacin is a preferred drug for multidrug-resistant (MDR)-tuberculosis (TB) with bactericidal activity that correlates with the pharmacokinetic exposures of serum peak concentration (Cmax) and total area under the concentration time curve (AUC0-24). Pharmacokinetic exposures can be measured to personalize dosing to reach targets, but this practice requires venepuncture, chromatographic or mass spectrometry equipment, and technical expertise. We sought to demonstrate the accuracy of using urine colorimetry as a more feasible estimation of levofloxacin exposure. Method A colorimetric method using bromocresol green was tested on spiked urine samples with levofloxacin measured using a spectrophotometer. This method was tested in urine samples of healthy volunteers given one 750 mg dose of levofloxacin with urine collected at 0-4 h, 4-8 h, and 8-24 h intervals, and concomitant serum samples were collected and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Validation of this assay was done in a cohort of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), initiating a levofloxacin containing MDR-TB regimen. Results Urine colorimetry was reproducible in spiked samples and the calibration was curve linear for levofloxacin concentrations ranging from 7.8 μg/ml to 250 μg/ml, with r = 0.98. In healthy volunteers, correlation between urine absorbance values and serum AUC0-24 was highest in urine collected between 4 and 8 h (r = 0.91, P = 0.01), yet in PLWH, urine collected between 0 and 4 h had highest correlation (r = 0.66, P = 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was >0.8 in the derivation, as well as the validation cohort for the urine absorbance values identifying people with total serum exposure below target. Conclusion Urine colorimetry was highly sensitive in predicting target serum concentrations. Colorimetric methods to determine levofloxacin in urine may improve the feasibility of therapeutic drug monitoring and personalized dose adjustment in TB endemic settings.

Graphical abstract Highlights ► Human mast cells express 6 alternatively spliced CADM1 isoforms: 4 functional and 2 dysfunctional. ► Long CADM1 SP1 and SP6 are restricted to differentiated human lung mast cells. ► Expression of mixed isoforms reduces adhesion of human mast cells to lung fibroblasts. ► Dysfunctional CADM1 isoforms are found in 40% of mast cells. ► Dysfunctional isoforms limit CADM1 expression and may predispose to various diseases., Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases and is responsible for adhesion and survival of mast cells (MCs). Differential expression of CADM1 isoforms was found in different species. We previously cloned SP4, SP1, SP6 and a dysfunctional isoform from human lung MCs (HLMCs) and the MC line HMC-1. The aim of this study was to identify all isoforms expressed in human MCs. The functional isoforms SP4, SP1, SP6 and SP3, with alternative splicing between exons 7/11, were detected in human MCs by RT-PCR. Two dysfunctional isoforms with alternative splicing of cryptic exons A and B between exons 1/2, leading to premature termination of translation, were found in ∼40% of MC specimens. Sequencing of genomic DNA showed that splicing of cryptic exon B did not result from specific SNPs within this exon or its putative splice branch point. Highly glycosylated CADM1 (∼105 kDa) was detected by western blotting, but an extracellular domain (∼95 kDa) was found only in the culture medium from HLMCs, but not HMC-1 cells, indicating differential protein expression. Transfection of SP1 and SP6, but not SP4, reduced adhesion of HMC-1 cells to human lung fibroblasts but not airway smooth muscle cells. Hence, dysfunctional and functional CADM1 isoforms are found in human MCs. The longer SP1 and SP6 were most evident in differentiated HLMCs and displayed differential adhesion compared to SP4. These multiple isoforms are likely to contribute to MC function in both health and disease.

Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), expressed by human lung mast cells (HLMCs), mediates their adhesion to airway smooth muscle (ASM), and contributes to ASM-dependent HLMC proliferation and survival. CADM1 is expressed in alternatively spliced isoforms, but those present in HLMCs and their function are not known. We cloned three functional and one cryptic non-functional isoform with alternative splicing between exons 7/11 and 1/2, respectively, from HLMCs and human MC lines (HMC-1 and LAD2). Differentiated HLMCs and LAD2 cells expressed the functional isoform SP4 containing exons 7/8/11 (~80% of clones), as well as SP1 (exons 7/8/9/11) and a novel SP6 (exons 7/8/9/10/11). In contrast, immature HMC-1 cells expressed only functional SP4. SP4 overexpression in HMC-1 cells and HLMCs augmented homotypic adhesion to a greater extent than SP1 in various conditions. In contrast, CADM1 downregulation abolished homotypic adhesion, indicating that CADM1 is the sole receptor mediating mast cell aggregation. CADM1-mediated adhesion was enhanced by the presence of cell survival factors. SP1 overexpression in HMC-1 cells compromised survival compared to SP4 overexpression or control. CADM1 downregulation resulted in reduced viability and decreased expression of the pro-survival protein Mcl-1L, but not Blc-2 or Bcl-XL, and increased caspase-3/7 activity in both HMC-1 cells and HLMCs. This coincided with decreased basal Kit levels in HLMCs. In summary, human MCs express multiple CADM1 isoforms which exhibit differential regulation of survival and homotypic adhesion. The most highly expressed SP4 isoform is likely to contribute to MC aggregation and longevity in mastocytosis, and augment the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00018-012-0948-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Dietary phytochemicals exhibit chemopreventive potential in vivo through persistent low-dose exposures, whereas mechanistic in vitro studies with these agents generally use a high-dose single treatment. Because the latter approach is not representative of an in vivo steady state, we investigated antitumor activity of curcumin, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), genistein, or indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, exposed in long-term culture to low concentrations, achievable in vivo. Curcumin and EGCG increased cell doubling time. Curcumin, EGCG, and I3C inhibited clonogenic growth by 55% to 60% and induced 1.5- to 2-fold higher levels of the basal caspase-3/7 activity. No changes in expression of cell cycle–related proteins or survivin were found; however, I3C reduced epidermal growth factor receptor expression, contributing to apoptosis. Because some phytochemicals are shown to inhibit DNA and histone modification, modulation of expression by the agents in a set of genes (cadherin-11, p21Cip1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and interleukin-6) was compared with changes induced by inhibitors of DNA methylation or histone deacetylation. The phytochemicals modified protein and/or RNA expression of these genes, with EGCG eliciting the least and DIM the most changes in gene expression. DIM and curcumin decreased cadherin-11 and increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels correlated with increased cell motility. Curcumin, DIM, EGCG, and genistein reduced cell sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage without affecting DNA repair. This model has revealed that apoptosis and not arrest is likely to be responsible for growth inhibition. It also implicated new molecular targets and activities of the agents under conditions relevant to human exposure. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(11):3071–9]

Accumulating data suggest that dietary phytochemicals have the potential to moderate deregulated signalling or reinstate checkpoint pathways and apoptosis in damaged cells, while having minimal impact on healthy cells. These are ideal characteristics for chemopreventive and combination anticancer strategies, warranting substantial research effort into harnessing the biological activities of these agents in disease prevention and treatment. However, this requires further investigation into their mode of action and novel approaches to the development of reliable biomarkers.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a dietary chemopreventive compound, induces cell death in human breast cancer cells by modulating activities of Src and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The effect of I3C on NF-kappaB, constitutively activated in breast cancer cells, was investigated. Nuclear extracts of MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231 and HBL100 cells contained all of the Rel proteins with similar expression patterns in the latter two. The level of NF-kappaB-regulated reporter gene expression was in the order HBL100MDA-MB-468MDA-MB-231. Upstream inhibition, using PI3K, EGFR or IKKbeta inhibitors, resulted in cell-specific effects on expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated reporter gene and endogenous genes Bcl-xL, IkappaBalpha and IL-6, as well as on cell viability. The expression patterns of Rel and several NF-kappaB-regulated genes and the response to LY249002 in MDA-MB-468 cells contrasted with those in other cells. I3C induced NF-kappaB-regulated reporter gene expression at 12 h in MDA-MB-468 cells. Conversely, it was reduced at 24 h in HBL100 cells. I3C treatment for 6 h alone or in combination with TNFalpha induced NF-kappaB-regulated reporter gene expression, detected 5 h later, in MDA-MB-468, but not HBL100 cells. I3C induced NF-kappaB p65/p50 DNA binding at 6.5 h, preceded by association of IKKbeta with the Src/EGFR complex and increased phospho-IkappaBalpha in MDA-MB468 cells. TNFalpha increased I3C-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 cells. It also induced apoptosis, enhanced by I3C, in HBL100 cells. Hence, regulation of constitutive NF-kappaB was cell-specific. I3C influenced the NF-kappaB pathway in a cell-specific manner, which was not related to apoptosis. However, the combination of I3C and TNFalpha increased apoptosis in all cell lines.

Background: Human lung mast cells (HLMCs) infiltrate the airway epithelium and airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthmatic airways. The mechanism of HLMC adhesion to both cell types is only partly defined, and adhesion is not inhibited by function-blocking anti-Kit and anti-stem cell factor (SCF) antibodies. Our aim was to identify adhesion molecules expressed by human mast cells that mediate adhesion to human ASM cells (HASMCs) and human airway epithelial cells. Methods: We used phage-display to isolate single chain Fv (scFv) antibodies with adhesion-blocking properties from rabbits immunised with HLMC and HMC-1 membrane proteins. Results: Post-immune rabbit serum labelled HLMCs in flow cytometry and inhibited their adhesion to human BEAS-2B epithelial cells. Mast cell-specific scFvs were identified which labelled mast cells but not Jurkat cells by flow cytometry. Of these, one scFv (A1) consistently inhibited mast cell adhesion to HASMCs and BEAS-2B epithelial cells by about 30 %. A1 immunoprecipitated Kit (CD117) from HMC-1 lysates and bound to a human Kit-expressing mouse mast cell line, but did not interfere with SCF-dependent Kit signalling. Conclusion: Kit contributes to human mast cell adhesion to human airway epithelial cells and HASMCs, but may utilise a previously unidentified adhesion domain that lies outside the SCF binding site. Targeting this adhesion pathway might offer a novel approach for the inhibition of mast cell interactions with structural airway cells, without detrimental effects on Kit signalling in other tissues.

Galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding dimeric lectin, interacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM) of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and with particular ECM proteins. Enrichment of the ECM with galectin-1 affects adhesion and proliferation of cultured SMCs. Here we investigated whether galectin-1 (1) interacts with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, (2) cross-links between ligands and facilitates the incorporation of GAGs, vitronectin and plasma fibronectin in the ECM of vascular SMCs. A recombinant galectin-1 fusion protein GalH, used in this study, formed dimers and interacted with ECM proteins. GAG chains inhibited these interactions. Among the studied GAG chains, only chondroitin sulfate B interacted with GalH in beta-galactoside-dependent manner. GalH did not bridge between ECM proteins on solid phase and [125I]-labelled ECM proteins or GAGs in solution. The ECM incorporated less vitronectin in the presence of soluble GalH. GalH-enriched ECM incorporated less vitronectin and chondroitin sulfate B. The ECM partially depleted of endogenous galectins incorporated more chondroitin sulfate B compared to untreated ECM. These results suggest that galectin-1 is likely to be involved in the ECM assembly affecting incorporation of some ECM components important for SMC behaviour.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are present in several phenotypic states in blood vessels. They show a high degree of plasticity, undergoing rapid and reversible phenotypic changes in response to environmental stresses and vascular injury. Thereby, SMCs play an important role in development of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty and coronary bypass grafting. Many functions of SMCs, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, contraction, differentiation and apoptosis are determined by surface adhesion receptors involved in cell-cell binding and interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Some cell adhesion receptors are involved in intracellular signalling and participate in cellular response to different stimuli. The adhesion receptors of vascular SMCs discussed here include the ECM adhesion receptors integrins, alpha-dystroglycan and syndecans, as well as the cell-cell adhesion receptors cadherins and cell adhesion molecules. This review is intended to provide a generalised overview of the receptors expressed in vascular SMCs in relation to their functions and implications for vascular pathology.

CADM1 is a major receptor for the adhesion of mast cells (MCs) to fibroblasts, human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and neurons. It also regulates E-cadherin and alpha6beta4 integrin in other cell types. Here we investigated a role for CADM1 in MC adhesion to both cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Downregulation of CADM1 in the human MC line HMC-1 resulted not only in reduced adhesion to HASMCs, but also reduced adhesion to their ECM. Time-course studies in the presence of EDTA to inhibit integrins demonstrated that CADM1 provided fast initial adhesion to HASMCs and assisted with slower adhesion to ECM. CADM1 downregulation, but not antibody-dependent CADM1 inhibition, reduced MC adhesion to ECM, suggesting indirect regulation of ECM adhesion. To investigate potential mechanisms, phosphotyrosine signalling and polymerisation of actin filaments, essential for integrin-mediated adhesion, were examined. Modulation of CADM1 expression positively correlated with surface KIT levels and polymerisation of cortical F-actin in HMC-1 cells. It also influenced phosphotyrosine signalling and KIT tyrosine autophosphorylation. CADM1 accounted for 46% of surface KIT levels and 31% of F-actin in HMC-1 cells. CADM1 downregulation resulted in elongation of cortical actin filaments in both HMC-1 cells and human lung MCs and increased cell rigidity of HMC-1 cells. Collectively these data suggest that CADM1 is a key adhesion receptor, which regulates MC net adhesion, both directly through CADM1-dependent adhesion, and indirectly through the regulation of other adhesion receptors. The latter is likely to occur via docking of KIT and polymerisation of cortical F-actin. Here we propose a stepwise model of adhesion with CADM1 as a driving force for net MC adhesion.

A 60-kDa protein localised in adherens-type cellular junctions, and previously called aciculin, has been found to interact with the cytoskeletal proteins dystrophin and utrophin [Belkin, A. M. & Burridge, K. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6328–6337]. In this study, we report the complete sequence of this protein, and show that it is a novel member of the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) family of proteins. The PGM-related protein (PGM-RP), which contains 506 amino acids (55.6 kDa), is smaller than PGM1 (566 amino acids, 61 kDa). The active site consensus sequences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic mutases are not conserved in PGM-RP, a finding consistent with the lack of enzymatic activity of PGM-RP in vitro, and the absence of a phosphorylated intermediate in vivo. The organisation of the PGM-RP gene is essentially identical to that of PGM1. We propose that the PGM-RP gene, which we have mapped to human chromosome 9qcen-q13, evolved from the PGM1 gene, and encodes a protein with a structural rather than an enzymatic role. PGM-RP is expressed predominantly in muscle with the highest levels in smooth muscle. The significance of the interaction between dystrophin/utrophin and an increasing number of cytoplasmic proteins including PGM-RP remains to be explored.

Mast cells play an important role in the lung in both health and disease. Their primary role is to initiate an appropriate program of inflammation and repair in response to tissue damage initiated by a variety of diverse stimuli. They are important for host immunity against bacterial infection and potentially in the host immune response to non small cell lung cancer. In situations of ongoing tissue damage, the sustained release of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators, proteases and cytokines, contributes to the pathophysiology of lung diseases such as asthma and interstitial lung disease. A key goal is the development of treatments which attenuate adverse mast cell function when administered chronically to humans in vivo. Such therapies may offer a novel approach to the treatment of many life-threatening diseases.

Mast cells play an important role in the lung in both health and disease. Their primary role is to initiate an appropriate program of inflammation and repair in response to tissue damage initiated by a variety of diverse stimuli. They are important for host immunity against bacterial infection and potentially in the host immune response to non small cell lung cancer. In situations of ongoing tissue damage, the sustained release of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators, proteases and cytokines, contributes to the pathophysiology of lung diseases such as asthma and interstitial lung disease. A key goal is the development of treatments which attenuate adverse mast cell function when administered chronically to humans in vivo. Such therapies may offer a novel approach to the treatment of many life-threatening diseases.

There is a large body of evidence that the consumption of fruit and vegetables can decrease the risk of cancer. However, the link between diet and health is extremely complex. Some dietary phytochemicals seem to offer protection in an exposure-related manner and many molecular targets and signaling pathways affected by phytochemicals have been discovered. Although in vitro studies have contributed significantly to our understanding, quite a number use concentrations orders of magnitude greater than those achievable in humans or toxic to normal tissues (exemplified by toxic concentrations of indole-3-carbinol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, and genistein for breast cells). Such studies may produce results that are physiologically irrelevant, thus hindering predictions of efficacy. Here, we argue for careful consideration to be given to the in vitro experimental conditions under which dietary phytochemicals are investigated. Design features, such as the use of appropriate nontoxic concentrations, extended treatment times, three-dimensional cultures, primary tumor cultures, and comparison of susceptibility of various cancer subtypes, should improve our understanding of their molecular targets. This in turn would facilitate predictions as to their potential usefulness in the clinic.

There is growing interest in the ability of phytochemicals to prevent chronic diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. However, some of these agents have poor bioavailability and many of the in-depth studies into their mechanisms of action have been carried out in vitro using doses which are unachievable in humans. In order to optimize the design of chemopreventive treatment, it is important to determine which of the many reported mechanisms of action are clinically relevant. In this review we consider the physiologically achievable doses for a few of the best studied agents (indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and resveratrol) and summarize the data derived from studies using these low concentrations in cell culture. We then cite examples of in vitro effects which have been observed in vivo. Finally, the ability of agent combinations to act synergistically or antagonistically is considered. We conclude that each of the compounds shows an encouraging range of activities in vitro at concentrations which are likely to be physiologically relevant. There are also many examples of in vivo studies which validate in vitro observations. An important consideration is that combinations of agents can result in significant activity at concentrations where any single agent is inactive. Thus, for each of the compounds reviewed here, in vitro studies have provided useful insights into their mechanisms of action in humans. However, data are lacking on the full range of activities at low doses in vitro and the benefits or otherwise of combinations in vivo. The corresponding author's laboratory is supported by the UK Medical Research Council and the EU Network of Excellence, ECNIS.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a promising anticancer dietary compound, which inhibits breast cancer in animal models. The objective of the current study was to characterize I3C-induced cell death in a panel of human breast tumorigenic cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231 and HBL100) in comparison with normal fibroblasts. Since epithelial cells are protected from cell death by a three-dimensional environment, 3D cell culture (collagen I gel and spheroids) was employed to investigate susceptibility to I3C. Cell viability in the presence of 256 microM I3C, a concentration close to the physiologically achievable range, was in the order fibroblasts = HBL100MDA-MB-231MCF7MDA-MB-468 in monolayer culture. However, 3D culture conditions increased the susceptibility of MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cancer cells towards I3C. I3C induced cell death in breast cancer MCF7, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. I3C significantly reduced levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in MDA-MB-468 after 6 h and in MDA-MB-231 and HBL100 cells after 30 h. Downregulation of EGFR in MDA-MB468 and MDA-MB-231 cells using an EGFR inhibitor resulted in apoptosis. EGFR modulation using EGF or an EGFR inhibitor markedly influenced viability and response to I3C in MDA-MB-468 cells in 3D conditions. EGFR expression was modulated by 3D conditions. Therefore, I3C-induced EGFR reduction in these cells is likely to be responsible for I3C-induced apoptosis.

Udgivelsesdato: 2003-Feb Prostate cancer cells metastasize to bone causing a predominantly osteosclerotic response. It has been shown that cells from the human prostate cancer cell line PC3 secrete factors that influence the behavior of osteoblast-like cells. Some of these factors with mitogenic activity have been found to be proteins with molecular weights between 20 and 30 kDa, but the identity of the osteoblastic mitogenic factor or factors produced by prostate cancer cells is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the protein profile of conditioned medium (CM) from PC3 cells in the molecular weight range from 5 to 30 kDa using proteome analysis. A protein profile of the CM from PC3 cells was performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Thirty protein spots with molecular weights ranging from 5 to 30 kDa were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). One of these spots was identified as galectin-1. We examined whether PC3 CM, recombinant galectin-1 alone, or combined with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) had any effects on the proliferation or differentiation of human bone marrow stromal (hBMS) cells. Furthermore, we tested whether adhesion of PC3 cells to plastic, laminin, fibronectin, and collagen type I was influenced by lactose, which inhibits galectin-1. Galectin-1 (1000 ng/ml) inhibited the proliferation of hBMS cells up to 70 +/- 12% (treated/control) of control in contrast to PC3 CM, which induced hBMS cell proliferation by 3-fold. This effect was abolished by IGF-I. PC3 CM and galectin-1 in concentrations of 10 and 1000 ng/ml increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of hBMS cells up to 175 +/- 27%, 137 +/- 8%, and 131 +/- 11%, respectively, compared with ALP activity of untreated cells, and inhibited the secretion of osteocalcin (OC) up to 81 +/- 3%, 93 +/- 1%, and 58 +/- 2%, respectively, compared with OC secretion of untreated cells. These effects were affected by IGF-I. Lactose inhibited adhesion of PC3 cells to plastic, fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type I up to 58 +/- 4%, 30 +/- 12, 72 +/- 9%, and 86 +/- 4%. In conclusion, galectin-1 modulated osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation. These effects were affected by IGF-I. Thus, galectin-1 is likely be involved in the osteoblastic response, caused by prostate cancer cells metastasizing into bone, by affecting the matrix mineralization.

Objectives: Brief intravenous administration of chimeric antibody c7E3 Fab during coronary angioplasty has been shown in some studies to provide long term protection against coronary events. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) adhesion and migration are key initial steps in the development of restenosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of c7E3 Fab on adhesion and migration of SMC to the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins osteopontin (Opn) and vitronectin (Vn). Methods: Adhesion of human vascular SMCs to ECM proteins was quantified using a CyQUANT assay kit. Migration of SMCs to Vn, Opn and PDGF was studied using a modified Boyden's chamber migration assay. Integrin expression was determined by immunoprecipitation. Results: c7E3 Fab reduced SMC adhesion on Vn and Opn to 69.2±3.3% ( P

Objective: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation are the key steps in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Matricellular proteins have been implicated in cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Here we investigated the role of the matricellular protein galectin-1 (Gal-1), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, in SMC proliferation in atheroma and DNA synthesis in cell culture. Methods: Protein expression was visualised by tissue section immunostaining. RNA expression was analysed using Northern blot analysis. DNA synthesis of human vascular SMCs was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase–galectin-1 fusion protein (Gal FP) binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was measured by ELISA. Gal-1 binding to cells and ECM was estimated using 125I-labelled Gal FP. Results: Prominent Gal-1 staining coincided with SMC proliferation in human coronary endarterectomy samples in organoid culture. In cell culture, Gal-1 mRNA was upregulated in growing SMCs. Gal FP increased serum-induced DNA synthesis of human SMCs on plastic or endogenous ECM, but not of a rat PAC1 SM cell line. Also, Gal FP slightly increased SMC adhesion to ECM. SMCs exhibited a complex pattern of receptor-ligand interactions with Gal FP. The Gal-1 binding to SMCs was much stronger than to ECM, produced by these SMCs. We identified new ECM proteins: thrombospondin, vitronectin and osteopontin, which bound to Gal FP in a dose- and β-galactoside-dependent manner in ELISA. Conclusions: Gal-1 binding to SMCs was stronger than to ECM, although ECM of atherosclerotic blood vessels contained additional ECM proteins which bound to Gal-1. Gal-1 was upregulated during SMC growth and Gal FP enhanced serum-induced DNA synthesis in SMCs. Overall, Gal-1 upregulation is likely to provide a reinforcement of serum-induced events during vascular injury.

Galectin 1 (Gal-1), a lactose-binding lectin, is a component of vascular extracellular matrix and secreted by human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible role of Gal-1 in controlling adhesion and migration of cultured human vascular SMCs. Gal-1 co-localised with laminin and cellular fibronectin in extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by cultured human vascular SMCs. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Gal-1 fusion protein bound to laminin and cellular fibronectin in ELISA. GST-Gal-1 inhibited SMC attachment to laminin via interactions with both SMCs and laminin. GST-Gal-1 inhibited SMC spreading on plastic or on laminin, but not on cellular fibronectin. GST-Gal-1 modulated SMC migration on laminin and inhibited migration on cellular fibronectin. GST-Gal-1 bound to several 35S-labelled proteins in SMC extracts including laminin and α1β1 integrin, identified by depletion of SMC protein extracts with respective antibodies. We conclude that Gal-1 is able to modulate SMC attachment, spreading and migration via interactions with ECM proteins and α1β1 integrin.

SUMMARY A monoclonal antibody, D5G2, which reacts in a balloon angioplasty damage model with unfixed damaged but not with unfixed undamaged human endothelial cells, was used to screen a human endothelial cDNA library in an Escherichia coli/λ gt11 expression system. Sequences of DNA inserts in D5G2+ phage clones matched those reported for a laminin-binding protein, LBP-32. Both D5G2 and purified laminin bound to a polypeptide of 55 kD on PVDF membranes carrying electrophoretically separated endothelial cell lysates, D5G2 also bound to recombinant LBP expressed in E. coli, and showed similar staining patterns on human and bovine endothelial cells to another characterized anti-LBP antibody. Increased staining of unfixed endothelial cells on detergent permeabilization suggests that D5G2 binds to intracellular laminin-binding protein made accessible by cell membrane injury. Antibodies to intracellular targets exposed by cell damage may be useful in anchoring therapeutic agents at sites of vascular damage.

We have recently characterised a 60-kDa muscle-specific phosphoglucomutase-related protein (PGM-RP) which is expressed predominantly in adult visceral and vascular smooth muscle. Here we show that the adult vascular smooth muscle cell line PAC1, which retains the capacity to synthesise metavinculin (a marker of the contractile phenotype) also expressed PGM-RP. However, an embryonic smooth muscle cell line A10, which lacks metavinculin, expressed low levels of PGM-RP. Levels of PGM-RP increased in quiescent PAC1 and A10 cells, and were elevated in response to angiotensin II. PGM-RP is therefore a good marker of the contractile/differentiated smooth muscle phenotype. We have sequenced 1.8 kb of the human PGM-RP promoter and shown that it lacks a conventional TATA box. There are multiple transcription start sites, the most predominant of which are inside an initiator sequence (Inr), which is close to two CT boxes and a GATA element. A minimal promoter-CAT construct (p57-CAT) containing the Inr, a CT box and GATA element directed high-level chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression in the differentiated smooth muscle cell line PAC1, and low-level expression in the embryonic smooth muscle cell line A10. This fits well with the pattern of expression of the endogenous gene. A construct (p146-CAT) containing all of the mRNA initiation sites directed a reduced level of CAT expression, and constructs containing 1.8 kb and 3.3 kb upstream of the major transcription start site displayed even lower activity. Sequence comparisons suggest that the PGM-RP promoter evolved from the main phosphoglucomutase promoter which is active in wide range of cell types. The PGM-RP promoter may have acquired negative regulatory elements as expression of the gene became muscle-specific.