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Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the validity of simulation-based assessment of robotic-assisted cardiac surgery skills using a wet lab model, focusing on the use of a time-based score (TBS) and modified Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills (mGEARS) score. Methods: We tested 3 wet lab tasks (atrial closure, mitral annular stitches, and internal thoracic artery [ITA] dissection) with both experienced robotic cardiac surgeons and novices from multiple European centers. The tasks were assessed using 2 tools: TBS and mGEARS score. Reliability, internal consistency, and the ability to discriminate between different levels of competence were evaluated. Results: The results demonstrated a high internal consistency for all 3 tasks using mGEARS assessment tool. The mGEARS score and TBS could reliably discriminate between different levels of competence for the atrial closure and mitral stitches tasks but not for the ITA harvesting task. A generalizability study also revealed that it was feasible to assess competency of the atrial closure and mitral stitches tasks using mGEARS but not the ITA dissection task. Pass/fail scores were established for each task using both TBS and mGEARS assessment tools. Conclusions: The study provides sufficient evidence for using TBS and mGEARS scores in evaluating robotic-assisted cardiac surgery skills in wet lab settings for intracardiac tasks. Combining both assessment tools enhances the evaluation of proficiency in robotic cardiac surgery, paving the way for standardized, evidence-based preclinical training and credentialing. Clinical trial registry number: NCT05043064.

Abstract Aims Inhibitors of SGLT2 (SGLT2i) have shown a positive impact in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Nonetheless, the direct effects of SGLT2i on cardiac cells and how their association with main drugs used for HFrEF affect the behaviour and signalling pathways of myocardial fibroblasts are still unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of dapagliflozin alone and in combination with sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) or spironolactone on the function of myocardial fibroblasts of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods and results Myocardial fibroblasts isolated from HFrEF patients (n = 5) were treated with dapagliflozin alone (1 nM–1 μM) or combined with LCZ696 (100 nM) or spironolactone (100 nM). The migratory rate was determined by wound‐healing scratch assay. Expression of heart failure (HF) markers and signalling pathways activation were analysed with multiplexed protein array. Commercially available cardiac fibroblasts from healthy donors were used as Control (n = 4). Fibroblasts from HFrEF show higher migratory rate compared with control (P = 0.0036), and increased expression of HF markers [fold‐change (Log2): COL1A1–1.3; IL‐1b–1.9; IL‐6–1.7; FN1–2.9 (P

BackgroundRobotic mitral repair is generally performed with four intercostal trocars and a minithoracotomy. We describe our technique and results with a totally-thoracoscopic closed chest approach using a 12 mm valveless trocar as “working port”, without a minithoracotomy. We compared our results with this technique with a control group of robotic mitral repairs performed earlier with a minithoracotomy.MethodsReview of all patients with degenerative mitral valve disease who underwent robotic mitral valve repair surgery since December 2019 (n = 110). Patients with concomitant procedures (n = 8) were excluded. The remaining 102 patients were divided in two groups, depending on the approach used, minithoracotomy (n = 63) and totally thoracoscopic (n = 39).ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups regarding preoperative characteristics. All procedures were completed robotically as planned, and repair rate was 100%. The minithoracotomy group showed a higher percentage of leaflet resections (17.9% vs. 38.7%; p = 0.03). All surgical times were significatively reduced in the totally thoracoscopic group: Cardiopulmonary bypass (97 vs. 115 min, p = 0.0008), ischemic time (67 vs. 80 min, p = 0.0013) and total surgical time (185 vs. 225 min; p

Pesticides are any mix of ingredients and substances used to eliminate or control unwanted vegetable or animal species recognized as plagues. Its use has been discussed in research due to the scarcity of strong scientific evidence about its health effects. International literature is still insufficient to establish a global recommendation through public policy. This study aims to explore international evidence of the presence of pesticides in urine samples from children and their effects on health through a scoping review based on the methodology described by Arksey and O‘Malley. The number of articles resulting from the keyword combination was 454, and a total of 93 manuscripts were included in the results and 22 were complementary. Keywords included in the search were: urinary, pesticide, children, and childhood. Children are exposed to pesticide residues through a fruit and vegetable intake environment and household insecticide use. Behavioral effects of neural damage, diabetes, obesity, and pulmonary function are health outcomes for children that are commonly studied. Gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods are used predominantly for metabolite-pesticide detection in urine samples. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) are common in organophosphate (OP) metabolite studies. First-morning spot samples are recommended to most accurately characterize OP dose in children. International evidence in PubMed supports that organic diets in children are successful interventions that decrease the urinary levels of pesticides. Several urinary pesticide studies were found throughout the world's population. However, there is a knowledge gap that is important to address (public policy), due to farming activities that are predominant in these territories.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a public health concern over the last several years. Nowadays developed countries spend around 3% of their annual health-care budget on patients with CKD. According to the scientific community the most remarkable risk factors for CKD are diabetes and hypertension. Unknown CKD etiology has been reported as a global phenomenon including uncommon risk factors such as: dehydration, leptospirosis, heat stress, water quality, and others. This study aims to report non-traditional risk factors for ESRD based on a scoping review methodology. The scoping review methodology described by Arksey and O’Malley was used by performing an extensive review of the information. A total of 46 manuscripts were reviewed. The non-traditional ESRD risk factors are depicted based on six categories. Gender and ethnicity have been considered as risk factors for ESRD. Erythematous systemic lupus (ESL) is reported as an important risk factor for ESRD. Pesticide use has been an significant risk factor due to its effects on human and environmental health. Some compounds commonly used in homes against insects and plants are related to ESRD. Congenital and hereditary diseases in the urinary tract have been studied as a cause of ESRD in children and young adults. End-stage renal disease is a major concern for public health on a global level. As it can be seen, non-traditional risk factors are several and have different etiologies. It is necessary to put the issue on the table and add it to the public agenda in order to find multidisciplinary solutions.

Summary: Background: Heart transplantation is an effective treatment offering the best recovery in both quality and quantity of life in those affected by refractory, severe heart failure. However, transplantation is limited by donor organ availability. The reintroduction of heart donation after the circulatory determination of death (DCD) in 2014 offered an uplift in transplant activity by 30%. Thoraco-abdominal normothermic regional perfusion (taNRP) enables in-situ reperfusion of the DCD heart. The objective of this paper is to assess the clinical outcomes of DCD donor hearts recovered and transplanted from donors undergoing taNRP. Method: This was a multicentre retrospective observational study. Outcomes included functional warm ischaemic time, use of mechanical support immediately following transplantation, perioperative and long-term actuarial survival and incidence of acute rejection requiring treatment. 157 taNRP DCD heart transplants, performed between February 2, 2015, and July 29, 2022, have been included from 15 major transplant centres worldwide including the UK, Spain, the USA and Belgium. 673 donations after the neurological determination of death (DBD) heart transplantations from the same centres were used as a comparison group for survival. Findings: taNRP resulted in a 23% increase in heart transplantation activity. Survival was similar in the taNRP group when compared to DBD. 30-day survival was 96.8% ([92.5%–98.6%] 95% CI, n = 156), 1-year survival was 93.2% ([87.7%–96.3%] 95% CI, n = 72) and 5-year survival was 84.3% ([69.6%–92.2%] 95% CI, n = 13). Interpretation: Our study suggests that taNRP provides a significant boost to heart transplantation activity. The survival rates of taNRP are comparable to those obtained for DBD transplantation in this study. The similar survival may in part be related to a short warm ischaemic time or through a possible selection bias of younger donors, this being an uncontrolled observational study. Therefore, our study suggests that taNRP offers an effective method of organ preservation and procurement. This early success of the technique warrants further investigation and use. Funding: None of the authors have a financial relationship with a commercial entity that has an interest in the subject.

BackgroundThe incidence of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI) is up to 30%, and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been found to be higher in these patients compared to the AKI-free population. The aim of our study was to assess the risk of major adverse kidney events (MAKE) [25% or greater decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), new hemodialysis, and death] after cardiac surgery in a Spanish cohort and to evaluate the utility of the score developed by Legouis D et al. (CSA-CKD score) in predicting the occurrence of MAKE.MethodsThis was a single-center retrospective study of patients who required cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during 2015, with a 1-year follow-up after the intervention. The inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years old who had undergone cardiac surgery [i.e., valve substitution (VS), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), or a combination of both procedures].ResultsThe number of patients with CKD (eGFR

Abstract Background Non-invasive oxygenation strategies have a prominent role in the treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While the efficacy of these therapies has been studied in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the clinical outcomes associated with oxygen masks, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients remain unclear. Methods In this retrospective study, we used the best of nine covariate balancing algorithms on all baseline covariates in critically ill COVID-19 patients supported with > 10 L of supplemental oxygen at one of the 26 participating ICUs in Catalonia, Spain, between March 14 and April 15, 2020. Results Of the 1093 non-invasively oxygenated patients at ICU admission treated with one of the three stand-alone non-invasive oxygenation strategies, 897 (82%) required endotracheal intubation and 310 (28%) died during the ICU stay. High-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula (n = 439) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 101) were associated with a lower rate of endotracheal intubation (70% and 88%, respectively) than oxygen masks (n = 553 and 91% intubated), p

Resumen: En esta revisión presentamos una introducción a la cirugía de reparación robótica de la válvula mitral, sus indicaciones y contraindicaciones, y una visión detallada de la técnica quirúrgica que utilizamos. Además, queremos también compartir nuestra experiencia inicial, que actualmente se aproxima al centenar de casos. Finalmente, hemos buscado resumir el desarrollo de esta tecnología en cirugía cardíaca y la evidencia acumulada hasta ahora, aportando nuestra visión sobre este fascinante campo de la especialidad. Abstract: In this review, we present an introduction to robotic mitral repair surgery, its indications and contraindications, and a detailed description of our surgical technique. In addition, we wish to share our initial experience, now approaching a hundred cases. Finally, we also wanted to summarize the evolution of this technology in cardiac surgery and the evidence available, sharing our view on this fascinating field of our specialty.

Injury of the circumflex artery is an uncommon but dangerous complication during mitral valve surgery. We report the case of a patient who presented an occlusion of the circumflex artery after a minimally invasive mitral valve repair, which was treated with angioplasty in the immediate post-operative period. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)

Surgery for left-sided infective endocarditis (IE) has been demonstrated to improve patients’ survival rates but information about quality of life (QoL) after surgery is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the postoperative outcomes and QoL after surgery for IE patients compared to patients undergoing cardiac surgery for non-IE indications. Adult patients with definite acute left-sided IE were matched 1:1 to patients who underwent cardiac surgery for non-endocarditic purposes from 2014 to 2019. QoL was assessed using the SF-36 survey at the last follow-up. A total of 105 patients were matched. The IE group had higher rates of preoperative stroke (21% vs. 7.6%, p = 0.005) and higher stages of NYHA class (p < 0.001), EuroSCORE II (12.3 vs. 3.0, p < 0.001) and blood cell count abnormalities (p < 0.001). The IE group had higher incidence of low cardiac output syndrome (13.3% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.029), dialysis (10.5% vs 1.0%, p = 0.007) and prolonged mechanical ventilation (16.2% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.002) after surgery. At the last follow-up, subcomponents of the SF-36 QoL survey were not different between the groups. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery for IE demonstrated a higher risk profile with a higher rate of postoperative complications. Once recovered from the acute phase of the disease, the reported QoL at follow-up was comparable to that of matched cardiac patients operated for non-IE purposes.

Background Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used pesticides in agricultural activities worldwide. For the last 20 years, its use has increased rapidly becoming a public health concern. The IARC classified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic; however, the reported evidence is not enough to establish a statement. Objective This work aimed to measure glyphosate levels in the urine of children from a single rural community in an endemic region of chronic kidney disease and malnutrition. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural community in western Mexico. The study included 95 children between the ages of 6 and 16. A urine sample (first-morning spot) was obtained from children and processed to measure glyphosate levels using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results All samples tested positive for glyphosate levels. Urine glyphosate levels were related to the season and the age of the children. Conclusion Glyphosate is present in children of all ages in the community even if they were not in direct contact with it. No toxicity cases were reported, nor were there other health problems related to glyphosate. However, more long-term studies should be done that provide a statement regarding the harmful effects that glyphosate has on public health.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: ESPAMACS es el registro de asistencia circulatoria y respiratoria de la SECTCV. Empezó su funcionamiento en 2013, como evolución del anterior registro del Grupo de Trabajo de Asistencia Circulatoria. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar un resumen de la actividad realizada en los 2 últimos años. Métodos: ESPAMACS es un registro voluntario. Se ha hecho una revisión retrospectiva de todos los dispositivos registrados en ESPAMACS en el período 2017-2018. Resultados: En este período de tiempo se incluyeron en ESPAMACS 35 implantes de larga duración y 378 implantes de corta duración (303 membranas de oxigenación extracorpórea, 30 asistencias biventriculares, 41 asistencias ventriculares izquierdas y 5 asistencias ventriculares derechas).La supervivencia hospitalaria de los dispositivos de larga duración fue del 80%. Los dispositivos de corta duración presentan supervivencias que oscilan entre el 25% y el 60% según el dispositivo. Conclusiones: El implante de dispositivos de larga duración ha experimentado un ligero aumento respecto a años previos. Se ha registrado un gran número de implantes de membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea con múltiples indicaciones. Los resultados son similares a los de años previos. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: ESPAMACS is the SECTCV's registry for circulatory and respiratory support. It started functioning on 2013 as an evolution of the prior registry from the Grupo de Trabajo de Asistencia Circulatoria. The objective of the current manuscript is presenting a summary of the activity registered. Methods: ESPAMACS is a voluntary registry. Authors have performed a retrospective review of all devices registered between 2017 and 2018. Results: Between 2017-2018, 35 long-term support devices were registered. A number of 378 short-term devices were included in the registry during the same period (303 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 30 biventricular assist device, 41 left ventricular assist device y 5 right ventricular assist device).Hospital survival for long-term devices was 80%. Short-term devices present lower rates of survival that varies between 25 and 60%. Conclusions: Long-term devices show a steady increase from previous years. There is a significant increase in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implant, for multiple indications. Despite this growing in the number of implants, results remain similar to previous years. Palabras clave: Registro, Asistencia ventricular, Membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea, Corta duración, Larga duración, Keywords: Registry, Ventricular assist device, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Short-term, Long-term

Introduction Prehabilitation programmes that combine exercise training, nutritional support and emotional reinforcement (multimodal prehabilitation) have demonstrated efficacy reducing postoperative complications in the context of abdominal surgery. However, such programmes have seldom been studied in cardiac surgery, one of the surgeries associated with higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. This trial will assess the feasibility and efficacy in terms of reduction of postoperative complications and cost-effectiveness of a multimodal prehabilitation programme comparing to the standard of care in cardiac surgical patients.Methods and analysis This is a single-centre, randomised, open-label, controlled trial with a 1:1 ratio. Consecutive 160 elective valve replacement and/or coronary revascularisation surgical patients will be randomised to either standard of care or 4–6 weeks of multimodal prehabilitation that will consist in (1) two times/week supervised endurance and strength exercise training sessions, (2) promotion of physical activity and healthy lifestyle, (3) respiratory physiotherapy, (4) nutrition counselling and supplementation if needed, and (5) weekly mindfulness sessions. Baseline, preoperative and 3-month postoperative data will be collected by an independent blinded evaluator. The primary outcome of this study will be the incidence of postoperative complications.Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Clinical investigation of Hospital Clinic de Barcelona (HCB/2017/0708). The results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration number NCT03466606.

Objectives: The study aimed to describe the epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical features of a population sample of 17 patients with HACEK infective endocarditis (HACEK-IE) and to compare them with matched control patients with IE caused by viridans group streptococci (VGS-IE). Methods: Cases of definite (n = 14, 82.2%) and possible (n = 3, 17.6%) HACEK-IE included in the Infective Endocarditis Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (IE-HCB) database between 1979 and 2016 were identified and described. Furthermore, a retrospective case–control analysis was performed, matching each case to three control subjects with VGS-IE registered in the same database during the same time period. Results: Seventeen out of 1209 IE cases (1.3%, 95% confidence interval 0.69–1.91%) were due to HACEK group organisms. The most frequently isolated HACEK species were Aggregatibacter spp (n = 11, 64.7%). Intracardiac vegetations were present in 70.6% of cases. Left heart failure (LHF) was present in 29.4% of cases. Ten patients (58.8%) required in-hospital surgery and none died during hospitalization. In the case–control analysis, there was a trend towards larger vegetations in the HACEK-IE group (median (interquartile range) size 11.5 (10.0–20.0) mm vs. 9.0 (7.0–13.0) mm; p = 0.068). Clinical manifestations, echocardiographic findings, LHF rate, systemic emboli, and other complications were all comparable (p > 0.05). In-hospital surgery and mortality were similar in the two groups. One-year mortality was lower for HACEK-IE (1/17 vs. to 6/48; p = 0.006). Conclusions: HACEK-IE represented 1.3% of all IE cases. Clinical features and outcomes were comparable to those of the VGS-IE control group. Despite the trend towards a larger vegetation size, the embolic event rate was not higher and the 1-year mortality was significantly lower for HACEK-IE. Keywords: Endocarditis, HACEK, Viridans group streptococci, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, outcome, case-control

Glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis is essential for cellular redox homeostasis and antioxidant defense. The rate-limiting step requires glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), which is composed of the catalytic (GCLc) and the modulatory (GCLm) subunits. To evaluate the contribution of GCLc to endothelial function we generated an endothelial-specific Gclc haplo-insufficient mouse model (Gclc e/+ mice). In murine lung endothelial cells (MLEC) derived from these mice we observed a 50% reduction in GCLc levels compared to lung fibroblasts from the same mice. MLEC obtained from haplo-insufficient mice showed significant reduction in GSH levels as well as increased basal and stimulated ROS levels, reduced phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser 1177) and increased eNOS S-glutathionylation, compared to MLEC from wild type (WT) mice. Studies in mesenteric arteries demonstrated impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in Gclc(e/+) male mice, which was corrected by pre-incubation with GSH-ethyl-ester and BH4. To study the contribution of endothelial GSH synthesis to renal fibrosis we employed the unilateral ureteral obstruction model in WT and Gclc(e/+) mice. We observed that obstructed kidneys from Gclc(e/+) mice exhibited increased deposition of fibrotic markers and reduced Nrf2 levels. We conclude that the preservation of endothelial GSH biosynthesis is not only critical for endothelial function but also in anti-fibrotic responses. Keywords: Glutamate-cysteine ligase, ROS, Glutathione, Endothelial dysfunction, Kidney Fibrosis

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) describes any condition characterized by myocardial ischaemia and reduction in blood flow. The physiopathological process of ACS is the atherosclerosis where MIF operates as a major regulator of inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the mRNA expression of MIF gene and its serum levels in the clinical manifestations of ACS and unrelated individuals age- and sex-matched with patients as the control group (CG). All samples were run using the conditions indicated in TaqMan Gene Expression Assay protocol. Determination of MIF serum levels were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and MIF ELISA Kit. ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) showed 0.8 and 0.88, respectively, less expression of MIF mRNA with regard to CG. UA and STEMI presented more expression than NSTEMI 5.23 and 0.68, respectively. Otherwise, ACS patients showed significant higher MIF serum levels (p=0.02) compared with CG. Furthermore, the highest soluble levels of MIF were presented by STEMI (11.21 ng/dL), followed by UA (10.34 ng/dL) and finally NSTEMI patients (8.75 ng/dL); however, the differences were not significant. These novel observations further establish the process of MIF release after cardiovascular events and could support the idea of MIF as a new cardiac biomarker in ACS.

Objective/Research Question: This practitioner-scholar study investigated perceptions and experiences of community college students who transferred upon completion of their associate degree programs in Colorado, a state with multiple state-level transfer policies. Each student participated in a cohort-based transfer support program offered at their community college. The research questions were: (1.) Do community college students who participated in transfer programing while earning their associate degree perceive that it helped prepare them for successful transfer? (2.) Do community college students perceive that their courses prepared them to be successful at a university? (3.) What are the perceptions and experiences of community college students who transferred upon completion of their associate degree programs within a context of a state with multiple transfer policy initiatives? Methods: This study used a phenomenological approach and qualitative data collection methods. Results: While students believed their community colleges prepared them academically, and their transfer preparation programing was beneficial, their reflections highlight that regardless of support provided, academic preparation, or policy context, transfer from community college to university is challenging, problematic, and bureaucratic. Often community college students are viewed with a deficit lens by university staff. Conclusions/Contributions: Regardless of state policy context, transfer preparation, and support, obstacles encountered in the transfer process from community college to university must be negotiated through relationships and advocacy both on the part of college staff and the students themselves. However, students who transfer from a college with dedicated transfer support and preparation demonstrate resilience to complete the process successfully.

La mayoría de pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertróf ica presenta insuf iciencia mitral por el desplazamiento sistólico anterior del velo mitral anterior. En la mayoría de casos, la miectomía septal aislada soluciona tanto la obstrucción del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo, como la insuficiencia mitral por movimiento sistólico anterior. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes presentan lesiones intrínsecas de la válvula que requieren reparación concomitante. Presentamos el caso de un paciente joven con miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva y prolapso del velo posterior mitral por rotura de cuerdas.

La Directiva Europea del Horario de Trabajo (European Working time Directive [EWTD]) de 1993 debería estar en funcionamiento para cirujanos cardiovasculares y residentes en agosto de 2009, como respuesta a las dudas sobre la calidad del cuidado del paciente y la calidad de vida de los profesionales causadas por el trabajo excesivo y la fatiga laboral. Hay temor al impacto negativo de la fatiga en la calidad de la atención al paciente y de las residencias quirúrgicas, en especial en Cirugía Cardiovascular. Evaluamos el nivel de conocimiento de los residentes españoles sobre la EWTD. Métodos: Encuesta individual a los residentes asistentes al XIII Curso de Residentes de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía Torácica y Cardiovascular de mayo de 2008. Incluye un resumen de los objetivos principales de la EWTD. Resultados: Asistieron 58 de 70 residentes posibles. La encuesta fue completada por 26. El 92,3% no había leído la EWTD y el 26,9% no tenía el mínimo conocimiento. El 54,2% estaba de acuerdo con su contenido; 53,8% la considera incompatible con su modelo ideal de formación; 68% cree que tendrá impacto negativo en la misma; 87% cree que discrimina a los residentes quirúrgicos; 65,2% cree que reducirá sus ingresos anuales; 84,6% cree que parte de la plantilla de sus servicios se opondrá. Conclusiones: Existe un desconocimiento muy importante sobre la EWTD por los residentes españoles de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Sorprendentemente, la mayoría está de acuerdo con la EWTD a pesar de que pueda tener impacto negativo en su formación y retribución económica. Se requiere una profunda reflexión por parte de las sociedades profesionales sobre este tema para promover y proteger la formación en nuestra especialidad.

Introduction. The acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a complex disease where genetic and environmental factors are involved. E-selectin gene is a candidate for ACS progression due to its contribution in the inflammatory process and endothelial function. The rs5361 (561A>C) polymorphism in the E-selectin gene has been linked to changes in gene expression, affinity for its receptor, and plasmatic levels; therefore it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the association of the rs5361 polymorphism with ACS and to measure serum levels of soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin). Materials and Methods. 283 ACS patients and 205 healthy subjects (HS) from Western Mexico were included. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine the rs5361 polymorphism. The sE-selectin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Neither genotype nor allele frequencies of the rs5361 polymorphism showed statistical differences between groups. The sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in ACS patients compared to HS (54.58 versus 40.41 ng/ml, P=0.02). The C allele had no effect on sE-selectin levels. Conclusions. The rs5361 E-selectin gene polymorphism is not a susceptibility marker for ACS in Western Mexico population. However, sE-selectin may be a biological marker of ACS.

The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is related to the progression of atherosclerosis, which, in turn, is a key factor in the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). MIF has a CATT short tandem repeat (STR) at position −794 that might be involved in its expression rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the −794 CATT5–8 MIF gene polymorphism and susceptibility to ACS in a western Mexican population. This research included 200 ACS patients classified according to the criteria of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and 200 healthy subjects (HS). The −794 CATT5–8 MIF gene polymorphism was analyzed using a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The 6 allele was the most frequent in both groups (ACS: 54% and HS: 57%). The most common genotypes in ACS patients and HS were 6/7 and 6/6, respectively, and a significant association was found between the 6/7 genotype and susceptibility to ACS (68% versus 47% in ACS and HS, resp., P=0.03). We conclude that the 6/7 genotype of the MIF −794 CATT5–8 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to ACS in a western Mexican population.

Surgery of atrial fibrillation (AF) was first described in 1991 by James Cox in what was named the Cox-Maze procedure, and over the years it has been considered the gold-standard treatment, with best results in maintaining sinus rhythm in the long term. Nevertheless, the complexity and aggressivity of the first techniques of cut-and-sew limited the application of this procedure, and few centers were dedicated to AF surgery. In the past years, however, new devices able to ablate atrial tissue with cryotherapy, radiofrequency, or ultrasounds have facilitated this operation. In the mid-term, other energy devices with laser or microwave have been abandoned due to a lack of consistency in getting transmural lesions in a consistent and reproducible manner. Additionally, better knowledge of the physiopathology of AF, with the importance of triggering zones around the pulmonary veins, has started new minimally invasive techniques to approach paroxysmal and persistent AF patients through thoracoscopy.