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Background: Research has shown that students experience less stress in physical education (PE) than in other school subjects; some even find it stress-relieving. Nevertheless, there is a substantial group of students who regularly experience stress in PE. Knowledge of stressors and the attributes of different coping strategies to deal with those stressors helps us to understand where and why some students feel unsafe or threatened while others build their resilience to stressful situations. Little is known about the use of coping strategies in PE in lower secondary school and how they appear in the PE context. Purpose: In this article, we aim to explore what coping strategies 9th grade students, aged 14-15, use when facing various contextual stressors within the PE environment. Method: This article is based on a single case study. We cumulatively used multiple methodological approaches to address the research question, including observations (seven lessons, n=77), individual interviews with PE teachers (n=2), focus groups with students (five interviews, n=18), and individual interviews with students (n=13) to gain different perspectives and insights into how students may cope during various circumstances in PE. Through reflexive thematic analysis, a broad perspective on students' coping strategies was identified. Findings: The findings highlight the volume and variety of coping strategies used among students in the PE context. Twelve different themes or families of coping were identified within the PE context, in support of the transaction model of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman 1984) and the framework of Skinner and Zimmer-Gembeck (2016). Different ways of coping were dependent on the individual appraisals of the situation, available resources, situational conditions and the stressor in question. One coping strategy, e.g. to use excuses, belonged to several families of coping, demonstrating the difficulties in identifying one coping strategy as beneficial to another. Communal coping was further identified to the framework, adding knowledge on the role of fellow students when understanding coping strategies in PE. Conclusion: Students use a rich repertoire of coping strategies in PE. Various coping strategies appear, depending on environmental context demands, stressors, appraisal processes, judgments of available resources, and the perception of control over a situation. A cumulative and multi-methodological approach adds nuanced insights to the complex nature of coping strategies in PE, highlighting the need to understand contextual differences in how each student can thrive in situations perceived as stressful.

The purpose of this study is to explore students' perceptions of visibility in physical education (PE) using a single cumulative case study approach. Data were generated from the descriptive field notes of seven participant observations (n = 77), individual semi-structured interviews (n = 13) and five focus group interviews (n = 18) with ninth-grade students (ages 14-15 years) from three classes in a public lower secondary school in Norway. The findings show that students perceive visibility differently depending on the context; some students like being visible in PE, while others dread it. Perceptions change rapidly and are situation-specific, influenced by the lesson content, the way the teacher facilitates the lessons, self-perception shaped by past experiences, the presence, actions, and attitudes of fellow students, body pressure and societal body ideals. The findings actualise the relevance of the transaction model of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) in determining when visibility in PE is and is not perceived as stressful. Consequently, the organization of the PE environment benefits from these insights.

IntroductionFrom a public health perspective, it is important to gain more insight into how people can be motivated to maintain effective exercise routines. It is a common belief that moderate-intensity exercise is more pleasant and enjoyable than high-intensity training. This study aims to provide insight into (1) participants' expectations and preferences for training intensity prior to training, (2) how longer-term participation affect participants' experience of endurance training with continuous moderate-intensity training and high-intensity interval training.Materials and methodsA total of 22 participants (14 women and eight men) between the ages of 21–30 volunteered for participation. Participants were randomized and divided into two equal groups. A total of 17 participants, nine women and eight men, completed the study. One group did moderate-intensity longer-lasting training and the other did high-intensity interval training. All participants completed three training sessions per week for 8 weeks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant before and after completing the training intervention. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. This study is a part of a larger study evaluating and comparing the effects on endurance capacity of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity training. Physiological data are previously published.ResultsThe results describe participants expectations prior to training, and how they experienced the actual training. The overall experience of training comprises several factors that work together. Both expectations and actual experiences (e.g., of physical pleasantness or unpleasantness, of positive or negative emotions, and of actual results from the training) contribute to the participants' overall experience of exercise.ConclusionThe major finding is that improved physical fitness was a stronger motivator than feelings of pleasantness. Experiencing good results seemed to downplay feelings of unpleasantness and reinforce positive feelings toward exercise. Lack of results reinforce negative feelings toward exercise. Participants reported high-intensity exercise as more unpleasant and exhaustive, but the interval training group were more satisfied and experienced the training as more motivating.

Background: Daily stressors have a significant impact on students' educational outcomes. However, research on students perceived and common contextual stressors in physical education (PE) lessons is limited.Purpose: To identify potential contextual stressors in PE contexts and what students perceive as stressors.Participants: Ninth-grade students (age 14-15) and their PE teachers recruited from three classes in one lower secondary school in Norway.Research Design: This qualitative case study used data generated from descriptive field notes from participant observations in PE lessons, formal interviews and informal conversations with PE teachers, focus group and individual interviews with students, and a supplementary survey using the TurningPoint student response system. Conversations were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006; Tolmie et al., 2011; Braun et al., 2019) and the NVivo 12 Pro analysis software. The survey was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.Findings: This study supports and expands previous research exploring students' stressors in PE and highlights the volume and variety of potential stressors in PE contexts. The findings shed light on certain similarities and differences that may exist between students of different genders and grades and with different past physical activity experiences. In the present study, spectators, in addition to difficult tasks and low self-efficacy, seemed particularly stressful for girls. This article presents nuances revealed by various qualitative approaches and a supplementary survey.Conclusion: Students in this study experience a multitude of stressors during PE lessons. These include stressors in the teaching, physical, and social environments, as well as personal factors. The stressors experienced depend on the situation, the lesson content, the parties involved, students' past experiences, and their appraisal of these stressors. In our sample, girls seemed to be more vulnerable to contextual stressors in PE than boys.

This paper explores how consumers' ethical food consumption practices, mediated by mobile phone applications (apps), are transformed into digital data. Based on a review of studies on the digitalization of ethical consumption practices and food apps, we find that previous research, while valuable, fails to acknowledge and critically examine the digital labor required to perform digitalized ethical food consumption. In this paper, we call for research on how digital labor underlies the digitalization of ethical food consumption and develop a conceptual framework that supports this research agenda. Our proposed conceptual framework builds on three interconnected analytical concepts—datafication, affordances and digital labor—that enable the study of digital labor as an infrastructural element of digitalized food consumption. We illustrate our conceptual framework through our previous research concerning Buycott, a US-based mobile app whose stated aim is to facilitate consumers' ethical purchasing decisions. Using the walkthrough method, we consider how the Buycott app engages user-generated data and what implications this holds for consumers. The app's infrastructure, we suggest, connects ethical consumption and digital labor. A richer understanding of the digital food economy, we propose, enables social scientists not only to elucidate how consumers engage in digital labor, but also to contribute to the development of new data governance structures in the digital food economy. We therefore call for social scientists interested in food, consumption and the digital economy to contribute to a new research agenda for studying everyday food digitalization by empirically examining how ethical consumption apps implicate ethical consumers' work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]