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Yaşlanma, nöronal plastisite mekanizmalarını doğrudan etkileyen ve hücresel süreçlerdeki değişikliklerle açıklanabilen bilişsel işlevlerdeki gerileme ile ilişkili bir süreçtir. Yaşlanma süreci beyin boyutunda küçülmeye, beyin vasküler sisteminde ve bilişsel işlevlerde bozukluklara sebep olmaktadır. Beyinde gerçekleşen küçülme ile birlikte moleküler seviyeden doku seviyesine kadar her düzeyde işlevsel değişiklikler meydana gelmektedir. Nöral plastisite mekanizmaları bilişsel fonksiyonları düzenlemekte; öğrenme ve hafıza gibi fonksiyonların devamlılığı ve işlevselliği üzerinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. İlgili süreçlerde yaşın ilerlemesine bağlı olarak önemli ölçüde azalma gözlenmektedir. Bu derleme çalışması ile doğal yaşlanma sürecinin nöral plastisite üzerine olan etkisi hipokampus, medial temporal lob ve prefrontal korteks yapıları üzerinden; davranışsal, morfolojik, hücresel ve moleküler yönleri ile tartışılarak; yaşlanmanın nöral plastisite üzerindeki etkisi ve yaşlanma ile ilişkili nöropatolojiler incelenecektir.

Background The number of individuals seeking treatment for drug use has been increasing in recent years in Turkey. However, existing research on patterns and risk factors for drug use and how they vary by age and location in Turkey is limited. Methods We examined the socio-demographic characteristics, drug use behaviors, and treatment history of citizens admitted to inpatient substance use treatment at public and private facilities in Turkey during 2012 and 2013 and identified correlates of lifetime and current injection drug use. Results Of the 11,247 patients at the 22 public treatment centers in 2012–2013, a majority were male, lived with family, were unemployed, and had an average age of 27 years. Within private clinics (n = 663), a higher proportion was female (9.7% private vs. 5.7% public), aged 11–17 years old (13% vs. 7.4%), used cannabis as their primary drug (18.4% vs. 13.2%), and had previously received drug treatment (57% vs. 47.2%). Within public centers, 40.4% reported ever injecting drugs and 33.7% reported injecting in the past 30 days; the corresponding percentages at private clinics were 22.5% and 18.1%. Significant predictors of injection drug use included being homeless, being a temporal employee or unemployed, having higher education, heroin as a preferred drug, having a longer duration of drug use, and prior drug treatment. Conclusion Prevention and intervention efforts are needed to reduce the transition to heroin and injection drug use among youth as well as improve access to a variety of drug treatment options for people who use substances in Turkey.

Amaç: Bu çalışma; Down Sendromlu çocuklarda ağız sağlığı durumunu, ailelerinin sosyo- ekonomik ve eğitim düzeylerine göre incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırma da; yüksek sosyo-ekonomik ve eğitim düzeyine sahip Down Sendromlu çocuk sahibi aileler ile düşük sosyo-ekonomik ve eğitim düzeyine sahip Down Sendromlu çocuk sahibi aileleri karşılaştırarak, aradaki farkları belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma cross-sectional özellik göstermektedir. İkameti İstanbul'da bulunan ve Marmara Üniversitesi hastası olan 66 Down Sendromlu çocuk, ağız sağlığı ve ailelerin sosyo-ekonomik ve eğitim düzeyi açısıyla hem anket hem de klinik muayene ile velileri tarafından sözlü olarak anamnez alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Cinsiyet grupları arasında; Chi kare testi ile diş fırçalama sıklığı, ebeveynlerin bilinci, ağız muayenesi sıklığı, medikal tedavi alma ve tedavi sırasında stres yaşama, eğitim düzeyi gibi kategoriler incelenmiştir. Aile farkındalığı listesinde 3 grup arasında; Diş fırçalama sıklığı, medikal tedavi, gelir ve eğitim düzeyi, tedavi sırasındaki stres ve oral kontrol sıklığı gibi kategoriler Chi kare testi ile karşılaştırıldı. Tüm analizlerde anlamlılık düzeyi 0.05 olarak ölçüldü ve doğruluğu kanıtlanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Down sendromlu çocukların ailelerinin sosyoekonomik düzeyi, ağız sağlığı durumlarında ve düzeylerinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the oral health status of children with Down syndrome in terms of the socio-economic and educational levels of their families. In this study a comparison has been made between families with a high socio-economic and educational level of children with offspring with Down's syndrome and families with low socio-economic and educational level with Down's syndrome to determine the differences. Material and Method: The study is cross-sectional. 66 children with Down Syndrome that are patients of Marmara University, have been assessed for oral health with a clinical examination and their families have been subjected to survey for socio-economic and educational information. Findings: Between groups of gender; categories such as frequency of dental brushing, awareness of parents, frequency of oral check-up, having a medical treatment and experiencing stress during the treatment, and educational level were examined via Chi square test. Among 3 groups in the list of family awareness; categories such as frequency of dental brushing, having a medical treatment, income and education level, experiencing stress during the treatment and frequency of oral check-up were compared via Chi square test. In all of the analyses significance level was measured to be 0.05. Results: The socio-economic level of families of children who have down syndrome play important role in their oral health conditions and levels. 94

We investigate the price discovery mechanism among the single-stock futures (SSFs) and underlying stock markets in four emerging organized markets: India, Korea, Poland, and Russia. We find that the contribution of the SSF market to price discovery is, on average, 47 percent when utilizing daily data and 36 percent when utilizing intraday data. We further find that according to our cross-sectional analysis, spot market turnover, spot market capitalization, and age of the futures contract affect the role of SSF in the price discovery process.

The current neoliberal urbanization process offers microscale, partial, segmented solutions to urban problems from a perspective of postmodernity; however, the notion of comprehensive, large-scale urban planning based on the axis of modernity, with planning approaches that focus on human rights, participation, and democracy, has been accelerating. The primary critical approach to the state-led, property-led, transformation projects that have often been often at the forefront of the urban agenda as a reflection of neoliberal urban policies is that the projects usually haven't considered the views, expectations, and daily life of the residents of the neighborhood. Rather than solving socioeconomic problems, urban transformation projects have many times been reported to actually cause problems and lead to unjust treatment of residents. This article describes the first large-scale urban transformation activity project in Turkey's third-largest city, Izmir. The Kadifekale Urban Transformation Project, which was implemented with the collaboration of the central and the local government as part of the neoliberal era, is reflected in this article through the eyes of people who experienced the transformation in Kadifekale during the implementation phase. Data were obtained using the oral history method to reveal the expectations and views of groups who were affected by this urban transformation project, including the meaning they attributed to Kadifekale and the new place of resettlement, Uzundere. The oral history method was chosen for this research because it offers important opportunities to increase understanding of the transformation processes occurring in cities under neoliberal policies; it reveals the perspectives of "others," which are often unreadable and unrecognized on the socioeconomic and spatial information at the micro-level. The oral histories of this study record local resistance to the destruction of individual and social interpretations of the meaning of space.

We expand the research on commodity futures markets into a newly developed market: steel futures. We examine the most liquid steel futures market in the world, the Shanghai Futures Exchange, which counts for nearly all of the global trading activity. Our findings suggest that following the launch of the steel futures, steel has become a more “financial” product. We first explore the relationship between the spot and futures prices. Futures market finds its place in the price discovery process where the spot market continues to maintain its prominence. We also find evidence indicating that volatility in the spot market has decreased during the post-futures period. Our findings suggest that regulators should consider launching the steel futures so as to enhance the completeness of the market while also taking great care to preserve the link between the physical and the financial market.

Objective: The psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10), developed to screen individuals for drug problems, are evaluated in Turkish patients with drug use disorder. Method: Participants included 100 adolescents with drug use disorder in a substance abuse treatment program for adolescents, 123 heroin dependent adults in a residential substance abuse treatment program, and 35 alcohol dependents from the same clinic who did not report a drug abuse problem. Results: The DAST-10 was found to be a psychometrically sound drug abuse screening measure with high convergent validity (r=0.76) when correlation with the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) was measured and to have a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92. In addition, a single component accounted for 59.35% of total variance, and the DAST-10 had sensitivity and specificity scores of 0.98 and 0.91, respectively, when using the optimal cut-off score of 4. Additionally, the DAST-10 showed good discriminant validity as it significantly differentiated patients with drug use disorder from alcohol dependents. Conclusions: These findings support the DAST as a reliable and valid drug abuse screening instrument that measures a unidimensional construct. Further research is warranted with additional clinical populations and with high risk populations such as those in criminal justice settings.

Personality dimensions and defense styles that are related with relapse during 12 month follow-up in male alcohol dependents Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the defense styles and the personality dimensions that are related with relapse to alcohol use 12 months after inpatient treatment in male alcohol dependents. Methods: Participants were 70 consecutively admitted male alcohol dependents. Among these patients 44 were available to examine after 1 year. Patients were investigated with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Defense Styles Q (DSQ) at baseline. Results: Among 44 alcohol dependent inpatients 61.4% (n=27) were considered as relapsed to alcohol use. Current age was lower in relapsed group. Age at regular alcohol use, duration of education, regular income did not differ between groups. Rate of history of self-mutilation and/or suicide attempt at baseline were higher in relapsed group. Rate of changing social environment during 12 months after inpatient treatment was lower in the relapsed group, whereas using drugs and spending time with substance using friends were higher in this group. Mean scores of “acting-out”, “devaluation” and “displacement” were higher in the relapsed group. Also same immature defense styles predicted relapse together with self-directedness (SD). When current age was included in the analysis, being younger and high acting-out predicted relapse in alcohol dependents after inpatient treatment. Conclusions: Clinicians must be careful for younger alcohol dependents with lower SD and for those who

BACKGROUND: To determine the factors involved in violent behavior in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and to investigate the relationship between violence and substance use disorder (SUD). METHODS: A sample of 100 male inpatients diagnosed with BD type I who were experiencing a current mood episode participated in the study. Violent behavior was defined as physical aggression against others. All patients were evaluated using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-positive subscale (PANSS-p), Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) and Overt Aggression Scale (OAS). Lifetime SUD and current use of substances were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict violent behavior. RESULTS: Current substance use (CSU) rather than lifetime SUD was found to be related to violent behavior in patients with BD, and CSU was associated with a threefold increase in the risk of violence. The rate of lifetime SUD in our sample was 59%, and the rate of CSU was 39%. The most commonly abused substances were cannabis and alcohol, followed by synthetic cannabinoids, in both groups of patients with lifetime SUD and CSU. Individuals abusing any substance were more likely to have a criminal record and history of incarceration than other patients. One of the most significant risk factors for violence was a previous history of violent behavior. LIMITATIONS: The sample was limited to male patients. Data on some participants' recent substance use from standard urine analysis was not obtained. The data on the use of synthetic cannabinoids was obtained from patients and their families owing to the lack of equipment for detecting synthetic cannabinoids using laboratory analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CSU appears to be a significant predictive factor in violent behavior in male patients. Further investigation of co-occurrence of violence with CSU and improvement in treatment strategies might reduce or prevent violence in patients with BD. Language: en

Objective: Social networks have become indispensable of our lives with the spread of the internet. The increase of time spent on social networks led to appear a new consept of fear of missing out. The purpose of this research was to determine predictors for fear of missing out (FoMO) among university students. Method: The sample of the research was 400 Kirklareli university students who were determined by random sampling method. The data was collected using personal information form, Life Satisfaction scale, BAPI Internet Form, FoMO scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, Five Factor Personality scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. SPSS statistical software package was used in the analysis of the data. Results: As a result of research, fear of missing out was found to be higher among students who also find lessons boring and check social media hourly especially in during the course, wwho have low self-esteem in the first grade. In addition, it was determined that internet addiction, neurotic features, attention deficit and hyperactivity have positively associated with FoMO. Conclusion: Internet addiction, impulsivity and neurotic features are determined as influential factors in the emergence of FoMO.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada opiyat yoksunluk şiddetini belirlemek için kullanılan Klinik Opiyat Yoksunluk Ölçeği (KOYÖ) Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: KOYÖ, önce Türkçe'ye ardından yeniden İngilizce'ye geri çevrildi. İngilizce'ye çevirisi yapılan sürümün özgünlüğü, ölçeği geliştiren çalışmacı-lar tarafından onaylandı. Çeviri işleminin tamamlanmasının ardından ölçek opiyat yoksunluğunda olan 100 hasta ile alkol yoksunluğunda olan 41 has-tanın yoksunluk bulgularını değerlendirmek üzere kullanıldı. Güvenilirlik değerlendirmesinde Cronbach alfa; yapısal geçerlilik değerlendirmesinde açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi; ölçüt geçerliliğinde ise tanı grupları arasında ROC analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik çözümlemelerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsa-yısı 0,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Görüşmeciler arası bağıntı katsayısı 0,975 (p

Rabia Bilici,1 Esra Yazici,2 Ali Evren Tufan,3 Elif Mutlu,4 Filiz Ä°zci,1 Görkem Karakas Ugurlu5 1Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul; 2Sakarya University, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Sakarya, 3Abant Izzet Baysal University, Medical Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu, 4Bakirköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, 5Yildirim Beyazit University, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey Background: Motivation for treatment on the part of patients with addictive disorders is known to affect their prognosis, and lack thereof is reported to be among the most common reasons for failed treatment adherence and relapse after treatment. This study evaluated the relationship between volunteering, personality, demographic factors, and motivation for treatment. Methods: The study was conducted at a substance dependence center in the eastern part of Turkey. Forty-five patients (mean age 37.9±11.2 years) with a substance use disorder were included. They were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) Axis II disorders. Depression and anxiety were evaluated using the Beck depression and anxiety inventories, and motivation for treatment was measured using the Turkish version of the Texas Christian University Motivation for Treatment scale. Results: All patients had been using substances daily and 41 (88.9%) had been using multiple drugs. The most commonly used substance was heroin (n=18, 40%). Voluntary admission was a predictor of motivation for treatment (P

Defense styles that are related with history of self-mutilation and suicide attempt in alcohol dependent inpatients Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of defense styles with history of selfmutilation (SM) and suicide attempt (SA) in alcohol dependent inpatients. Method: Participants were consecutively admitted 118 male alcohol dependent inpatients. Patients were investigated with the Self-Mutilative Behavior Questionnaire (SMBQ) and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Results: Acting-out was higher in alcohol dependent patients with a history of SM (n=53, 44.92%) and predicted SM in this group, together with being younger. On the other hand, sublimation, anticipation and suppression (and total mature defense style score) were lower in alcohol dependent patients with suicide attempt history (n=31, 28.44%), but only low anticipation predicted suicide attempt history in this group together with being younger. Conclusion: These results show that to reduce self-mutilative behaviors and SAs among young alcohol dependent inpatients, therapies should focus on increasing the use of mature defense styles and decreasing the use of immature defense styles.