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Orientador: Lauro José Siqueira Baldini Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como tema o atravessamento dos discursos jurídico, médico e urbanístico na significação do uso de drogas e do usuário de drogas no discurso da "Redução de Danos". Tendo como referencial teórico-analítico a Análise do Discurso materialista, nosso trabalho tem como objetivo expor não só a equivocidade deste sintagma "Redução de danos", mas como este enunciado está articulando dois sintagmas muito importantes em torno dos sentidos em relação às drogas e as questões urbanas que são "a redução" e "o dano". Percorremos vias e materiais distintos pelos e nos quais montamos nosso corpus compondo: textos institucionais como Boletins de Análise de políticas públicas associado ao consumo de drogas, textos acadêmicos sobre a prática da "Redução de Danos", materiais de divulgação produzidos por coletivos/movimentos sociais antiproibicionistas que atuam na região chamada de "Cracolândia" em São Paulo, a definição de drogas produzida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e uma entrevista realizada pelo boletim PSI a um psicólogo da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial em Álcool e Outras Drogas, discutindo a Redução de Danos enquanto política pública. Diante do discurso da "Redução de Danos" como um caminho alternativo às práticas de internação violentas e compulsórias, buscamos dar visibilidade às contradições das práticas médicas e assistenciais, opacizando o seu funcionamento supostamente linear Abstract: The present master thesis has as its theme the articulation and overpassing of juridical, medical and urban discourses regarding the signification of drug use and drug users in the discourse of "Harm Reduction". Having as the theoretical-analytical framework the Materialist Discourse Analysis, this master thesis seeks to expose the equivocality of, not just the formulation "Harm Reduction", but as well as of how this formulation is articulating two syntagmas that are very important considering the relation between drugs and urban issues: "harm" and "reduction". In order to go through such paths of meaning, we cut as a corpus distinct materials: institucional texts as a Bulletin of analyses of public health policies, academic texts about `Harm Reduction¿ practices, pamphlets and others materials produced by anti-prohibitionists social movements at "Cracolândia" in São Paulo, and an interview made by PSI Bulletin of an psychologist that works at "Rede de Atenção Psicossocial em Álcool e Outras Drogas", in which they discuss "Harm Reduction" as a public health policy. Facing the discourse of "Harm Reduction" as an alternative path to violent and compulsory practices of internment, we sought to make visible the contradictions of medical and welfare practices, breaking the alleged linearity of their functioning Mestrado Lingüística Mestra em Linguística CNPQ 130417/2018-1

The effect of dredged sediment reuse on the production and bioconcentration of monomethylmercury (MMHg) was investigated by examining sediments and ragworms found in dredge material banks and surrounding sites in the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Total Hg concentrations in the surface 20 cm of sediments were higher in the banks than in the surrounding sites, but MMHg concentrations were similar, which suggests reduced MMHg production in the banks. Monomethylmercury content in ragworms was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the banks than in the surrounding sites. In pore water, concentrations of both sulfate and Fe decreased with depth in the upper 20 cm of the dredge banks. In contrast, sulfate concentrations were constant with depth and large amounts of dissolved Fe occurred in the upper 20 cm of sediments of surrounding sites. Continuous sulfate reduction and possible precipitation of iron sulfide may decrease the production and bioconcentration of MMHg in the dredge material banks compared to the surrounding sites. Overall, the production of MMHg in sediments and its bioconcentration in benthic organisms were connected to the process of sediment diagenesis of organic matter through the control of pore water and sediment geochemistry involving iron and sulfur.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to pollutant mediated oxidative stress of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Venice lagoon (Italy). In June 2003, mussels from a farm were transplanted to eight sites in the lagoon for five weeks. Oxidative stress responses were measured by: (i) total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay, for an overall evaluation of the oxidative stress response capability; (ii) catalase (CAT), as a key enzyme involved in the antioxidant defence system; (iii) malondialdehyde (MDA), as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, to evaluate an oxidative damage; (iv) metallothioneins (MTs), as they play a role in the antioxidant defence. The TOSC analysis revealed a reduced capability to eliminate: (i) peroxyl radical in mussels transplanted at Palude della Rosa, Valle Millecampi and Chioggia; (ii) hydroxyl radical at Campalto and Valle Millecampi; (iii) peroxynitrite at Valle Millecampi. Inhibition in CAT activity, observed in all the monitored sites, confirms the presence of an oxidative pressure in transplanted mussels. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis was performed in order to observe possible links between the various parameters. The PCA was a powerful tool to discriminate impacted sites, suggesting that the mussels transplanted throughout the Venice lagoon were subjected to different levels of oxidative pressure. Furthermore, it provided an easy and useful tool to summarize the obtained results.

In this study, a spatial and temporal survey at three sites located in the “canals” of the Venice historic centre (Italy) and at a reference site was undertaken to evaluate stress effects on mussels sampled in the Venice urban area, where raw sewage is discharged without treatment directly into the water. A battery of biomarkers (metallothionein, micronuclei, condition index and survival in air) was used to evaluate the stress condition of the animals. At the same time the alkali-labile phosphate assay (ALP) was performed in mussel' hemolymph with the aim to find an estrogenic effect biomarker in this mussel species. Biomarker results showed an impairment of the general health condition in the mussels coming from the urban area, in agreement with the chemical analysis. Significantly higher level of the ALP was found in male mussels sampled in April in the urban area, in comparison with the ones from the reference site ( P 0.001 ). Finally, the PCA proved an easy and useful tool to summarize the obtained results, also able to classify the data to indicate a pollution gradient in the Venice urban area.

The Venice Lagoon has been the focus of many environmental studies due to its heavy contaminant load derived from a variety of sources, including industrial activity, oil tanker traffic, and waste runoff from the mainland. In recent years, there has been increasing concern about water quality in the urban areas of Venice related to the discharge of untreated sewage directly into canals, adding to the pollutant load already existing in these areas. One way of gauging the impact of these chemicals is monitoring the local fauna. In the search for good indicators of water quality in the Venice urban area, two physiological indices for mussels-survival in air and condition index-have been evaluated. In 2002, a seasonal study was undertaken; mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were collected in three sites located in the canals of the city and a clean reference site. At the same time, two transplantation experiments were performed, deploying farmed mussels for 1,2, 4, and 12 weeks in the historic centre of Venice and also at a reference site. Data from survival in air test and the condition index of native and transplanted mussels are reported. The results suggest an impact of the complex mixture of pollutants on mussel health status. Both native mussels and those transplanted to the urban area showed reduced survivability in air and decreased condition index values, indicating a less healthy status in animals from the canals of the city. Data are discussed in relation to pollutant bioaccumulation.

As a consequence of the growing global demand of energy supplies, intense oil and gas exploration and exploitation programs have been carried out worldwide especially within the marine environments. The release of oil-derived compounds in the sea from anthropogenic sources both as effluents or accidental spill is perceived as a major environmental concern. An approach based on a combination of biomarkers and the distribution of some classes of environmentally relevant pollutants was used to investigate the occurrence of a stress syndrome in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected at three gas platforms placed in two distinct oceanographic districts within the Adriatic Sea. Biological responses were integrated by a ranking algorithm which demonstrated both a range of biological effects reflecting exposure gradients and a temporal related trend in the investigated responses. The overall results demonstrate a moderate to absent pollution from studied gas platforms with low but remarkable biological disturbance in sentinel organisms.

A toxicity identification evaluation phase-I (TIE-1) procedure was carried out on five pore water samples extracted from sediments of the Venice Lagoon previously investigated to assess both chemical contamination and toxic effects on the biota. Two different sequential TIE procedures were tested. A first sequence (TIE-1) provided for adding Na2S2O3, adding Na-EDTA, filtering, elution through a C18-SPE column and removing ammonia using the macroalgae Ulva rigida Agardh 1823, while a second procedure (TIE-2) was set up using U. rigida treatment for ammonia removal as first step, keeping unchanged the sequence of the other manipulations. Two different exposure time to the macroalgae were tested (3-h and 15-h). Sperm-cell toxicity test with the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus and embryotoxicity tests with the bivalves Mytilus galloprovincialis and Crassostrea gigas were performed on pore-water samples to assess the effect of the sequential treatments on the overall toxicity. The results confirmed that ammonia contribution to toxicity is strong in most of the samples and that metals, specially Cu, are of concern at least in three sites. The TIE-2 procedure provided more reliable results for the samples characterized by high ammonia contribution to the overall toxicity, whereas the results of TIE-1 and TIE-2 were equivalent for the samples where ammonia contribution was not prevailing. Chemical analyses and test results showed that a 3-h U. rigida exposure is suitable to remove ammonia toxicity minimizing potential metal up-take.

Oxidative stress related investigations to monitor the impact of the pollutant discharges into the Venice lagoon (Italy) originating from anthropogenic activities (raw sewage water, agricultural and industrial effluents, oil tanker traffic), on marine organisms have classically been carried out by analyzing specific, single antioxidants (i.e. catalase, superoxide dismutase). In this paper, two studies are reported where the total oxyradical scavenging capacity assay (TOSC) was selected and measured toward peroxyl, and hydroxyl free radicals, and peroxynitrite in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) transplanted into the Venice city and throughout the lagoon to measure the biological effects of anthropogenic activities. In the first experiment, mussels from a clean site (farm) were transplanted to the urban area of Venice for 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks; cytosolic TOSC toward peroxyl and hydroxyl free radicals, and peroxynitrite revealed that the transplantation process caused a stress (handling stress, anoxia, oxidative burst) resulting in a reduction of TOSC in both control and urban sites, therefore, preventing clear interpretation of the data after one week. At week 2, a significant TOSC reduction (P < 0.05) toward peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals in the urban site revealed that mussels experienced oxidative pressure exerted by pollutants. Most TOSC values returned to initial levels at week 4; however, TOSC induction was noticed in the control group toward peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals while in the exposed group it was not indicating an inhibition of the oxidative metabolism. In the second experiment, mussels were deployed at seven different sites throughout the lagoon. After five weeks of exposure, significant TOSC reduction was measured (P < 0.05) toward peroxyl for Palude della Rosa, Chioggia and Valle Millecampi, toward hydroxyl radicals for Valle Millecampi and Campalto and toward peroxynitrite for Valle Millecampi. Although these data indicate a depletion of the low molecular weight scavengers, additional biomarkers are needed to draw a conclusion on the health of the mussels. TOSC was proved to be an interesting health index parameter to measure pollution impact in a transplantation study provided that the mussels are exposed for two weeks and a control is run in parallel.