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Experiencing racial discrimination in everyday life can have lasting detrimental effects on Black American youth. Conduct problems are one of the consequences of discriminatory experiences. The present study examined whether the effects of discrimination on conduct problems vary by the levels of ethnic-racial socialization youth experience.A sample of 472 Black American youth provided five waves of survey data from ages 11-15 (June 2013 - December 2017). We tested the moderating effect of different types of ethnic-racial socialization (preparation for bias, cultural socialization, promotion of mistrust) on the association between discrimination and conduct problems using logistic regression analyses.We found that cultural socialization significantly moderates the effects of racial discrimination on conduct problems. Promotion of mistrust was directly associated with increased risk for conduct problems.Findings suggest that high levels of cultural socialization are beneficial to mitigate the effect of discrimination on conduct problems. Promotion of mistrust needs to be avoided but future research is warranted to investigate if promotion of mistrust can be helpful to youth in certain contexts.

BACKGROUND: Among Black American emerging adult men (~aged 18–25), the early transition to fatherhood is often marred by numerous contextual stressors related to racial discrimination and socioeconomic instability. The strain of transitioning to fatherhood while experiencing high levels of contextual stress may evidence escalations in substance misuse over time as men may turn to substances to cope with the stress of complex life transitions. However, research examining these associations are scarce. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the influence of contextual stress on the association between fatherhood and substance misuse. Hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression with 3 waves of data from 476 Black American men aged 19 to 22 at baseline living in resource-poor communities in the rural South. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that fatherhood status was associated, prospectively, with Black American fathers’ substance misuse when exposure to contextual stress was high but not low. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need for substance misuse prevention programs to (a) support Black American fathers in coping with race-related stress and (b) integrate robust socioeconomic stability services in order in disrupt patterns of future substance misuse by improving Black American men’s experience of the transition to fatherhood.

Objective The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and to explore sex differences in body weight perceptions and correlates of weight gain among Black students at 2 historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the USA. Methods Participants completed a paper-based survey, and their height and weight were measured (67% completion rate). Results The overweight and obesity rates were 33.8% and 26.9%, respectively. More females than males accurately assessed their weight (p < 0.05). Body weight underestimation was associated with male sex, excellent/very good perceived overall health, and not being informed by a doctor of having overweight or obesity (p < 0.01). Higher odds of ≥5% weight gain were related to female sex, living on campus, and not being informed by a doctor of having overweight or obesity (p < 0.05). Conclusion Given the high overweight and obesity rates among Black students, HBCUs in the USA should develop intervention strategies for the prevention and management of overweight and obesity. College health educators at HBCUs need to provide regular check-ups or health screenings that help male students perceive their weight accurately and prevent weight underestimation. It is important for HBCUs to monitor and address weight gain among Black students as early as possible.

Objective: We investigated racial differences in overweight and obesity among 4 subgroups: (1) Whites at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs); (2) Whites at non-HBCUs; (3) Blacks at HBCUs; and (4) Blacks at non-HBCUs. Methods: We conducted multivariable logistic regression using cross-sectional data to examine correlates of overweight or obesity by race and school type among white and black students (N = 260,719) who completed the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment IIb from fall 2011 to spring 2015. Results: Among men, more Whites at HBCUs than Whites at non-HBCUs (22.22% vs 9.67%; p < .001) and more Blacks at HBCUs than Blacks at non-HBCUs (27.84% vs 16.64%; p < .001) had obesity. Among women, more Whites at HBCUs than Whites at non-HBCUs (25.82% vs 8.80%; p < .001) and more Blacks at HBCUs than Blacks at non-HBCUs (27.62% vs 20.58%; p < .001) had obesity. Overall, highest adjusted odds ratios for overweight and obesity were observed for Blacks at HBCUs (p < .001). Conclusions: Findings suggest the need for implementation of aggressive overweight and obesity prevention strategies for students at HBCUs. Additional research is needed to understand determinants of overweight and obesity among students at HBCUs.

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have identified the sociodemographic factors associated with e-cigarette use among adolescents in South Korea. However, literature regarding e-cigarette use among adult smokers remains limited in South Korea. METHODS Applying four waves (2013-2016) of The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 3227), sociodemographic factors were included in the multivariable logistic regression model to study their relationships with e-cigarette use among adult daily smokers. RESULTS E-cigarette use increased from approximately 21.2% to 34.6% from 2013 to 2016, respectively. Females had lower odds of e-cigarette use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99, P < .05) compared with males. Older age was negatively associated with e-cigarette use experience (all Ps < .01). Daily smokers with high school education or above all had higher odds of using e-cigarettes compared those with elementary school education (all Ps < .05). CONCLUSION As this study examined the trends of e-cigarette use and factors associated with e-cigarette use among adult daily smokers in South Korea, further research is needed to investigate the long-term effect of e-cigarette use on smoking cessation in South Korea as well as other Asian countries.

Electronic cigarette use ("vaping") has surged in the United States since the mid-2010s. From 2011 to 2018, current e-cigarette use among high school students escalated from 1.5% to 20.8% (∼3.05 million youths),1 countering downward trends in combustible nicotine product use (21.8% in 2011 to 13.9% in 2018).1 Although preventing the initial uptake of vaping is crucial, for the millions of adolescents who have taken up this behavior-many of whom express interest in quitting (eg, 44.5% of current, adolescent non-light e-cigarette users in one US national representative sample)2-it is critically important to help them quit vaping so as to curtail future substance use disorders and other health consequences. Here, we discuss several challenges around adolescent vaping treatment, and highlight research areas in urgent need of attention.

Purpose A small fraction of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) receives appropriate care. Public opinion about addiction contributes to the availability and accessibility of effective treatment services. Little is known about such attitudes toward OUD among young adults, a population at heightened risk for OUD onset. The current study examined endorsement of social stigma, discrimination, and policy attitudes about OUD and hypothesized correlates of such attitudes (familiarity with OUD, criminal justice involvement, respondent demographic characteristics). Methods A national sample of 190 young adults (weighted n = 408; 69% female, 42% White, non-Hispanic) aged 19–29 years completed web and telephone surveys covering opioid social stigma, discrimination, policy attitudes, personal experience with opioids, and criminal justice, and participant characteristics (age, sex, race, education, employment, income). Linear regressions were performed to examine associations between respondent characteristics and attitudes. Results Young adults, on average, endorsed moderate levels of stigma and discrimination toward people with OUD and support for treatment-oriented policies. Stigma was positively associated with discrimination and negatively associated with support for policies favorable to people with OUD. Regression results revealed that more negative attitudes toward OUD were endorsed as a function of older age and less personal experience or familiarity with OUD. Conclusions Heterogeneity in young adults’ attitudes about OUD may be explained, in part, by personal characteristics and familiarity with OUD. Adolescence may be an opportune developmental period to prevent or reduce public stigma related to OUD and MOUD and increase public attitudes in support of expanded access to effective OUD treatments.

BACKGROUND: Family history (FH) of substance use disorders (SUDs) is known to elevate SUD risk in offspring. However, the influence of FH SUDs has been confounded by the effect of externalizing psychopathologies in the addiction risk neuroimaging literature. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the association between parental SUDs and offspring functional connectivity in samples matched for psychopathology and demographics. METHODS: Ninety 11–12-year-old participants with externalizing disorders were included in the study (48 FH+, 42 FH−). We conducted independent component analysis (ICA) and seed-based analyses (orbitofrontal cortex; OFC, nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) with resting state data. RESULTS: FH+ adolescents showed stronger functional connectivity between the right lateral OFC seed and anterior cingulate cortex compared to FH− adolescents (p < 0.05, corrected). Compared to FH−, FH+ adolescents showed stronger negative functional connectivity between the left lateral OFC seed and right postcentral gyrus and between the left nucleus accumbens seed and right middle occipital gyrus (p < 0.05, corrected). Poorer emotion regulation was associated with more negative connectivity between right occipital/left NAcc among FH+ adolescents based on seed-based analysis. FH− adolescents had stronger negative functional connectivity between ventral attention/salience network and dorsal attention/visuospatial network in the ICA. CONCLUSIONS: Both analytic methods found group differences in functional connectivity between brain regions associated with executive functioning and regions associated with sensory input (e.g., postcentral gyrus, occipital regions). We speculate that families densely loaded for SUD may confer risk by altered neurocircuitry that is associated with emotion regulation and valuation of external stimuli beyond externalizing psychopathology alone.

Preventing adolescents from using e-cigarettes is crucial given that e-cigarette use can lead to conventional cigarette smoking. In order to inform prevention efforts, the present study examined the role of susceptibility measures as well as psychosocial, behavioral, and environmental factors in prospectively predicting ever use of electronic cigarettes among adolescents. We analyzed Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH), nationally representative longitudinal panel datasets. Nicotine naive adolescents, ages 12–17 at baseline (N = 7933) were included in the study sample. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the determinants of adolescents' ever use of e-cigarettes. Overall, 12.3% (n = 983) of adolescents who were naive to nicotine products at Wave 1 became ever users of e-cigarettes at Wave 2. Susceptibility to e-cigarette use at Wave 1 was a significant predictor of ever use at Wave 2 (adjusted odds ratio = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.68). Adolescents who were not susceptible to e-cigarette use at Wave 1 but became ever users at Wave 2 were more likely to show a higher level of alcohol use, marijuana use, other substance use, have modified family, be exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke, and have a higher level of psychological problems. The specificity of susceptibility measure was 73.2% (5080/6936) and sensitivity was 57.3% (563/983). The findings of the present study appear to support the predictive validity of the susceptibility to e-cigarette use measure as a significant predictor of future e-cigarette use.

Introduction To understand the heterogeneous longitudinal trends in adolescent nicotine product use risk, we investigated the trajectories and determinants of nicotine product use among adolescents. Methods Using Waves 1–4 (Years 2013–2018) data of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, we conducted group-based trajectory modeling to identify groups of individuals who followed homogeneous trajectories of nicotine product use risk over time and weighted multinomial logistic regression to examine relative risk ratios (RRRs) of different levels of predictors of group membership in each identified trajectory. Results For adolescents, who were 12–17 years old at baseline (N = 10,086), 5 trajectory groups emerged: (1) nonusers (73.7%); (2) stable low to moderate risk of developing poly use (5.0%); (3) gradual increase in risk of poly use (12.8%); (4) rapid linear increase in risk of poly use until Wave 3 and then plateauing for cigarettes or slightly diminishing for e-cigarettes and other tobacco products at Wave 4 (4.6%); and (5) stable moderate to high risk of poly use (3.9%). Adolescents who used social network services daily at Wave 1 were more likely to belong to each of the four trajectory groups compared to nonusers (RRRs ranging from 1.43 to 2.04). Conclusions The current study findings imply that the majority of adolescents who initiated any nicotine product use have an elevated risk of transitioning to poly users. Risk and protective factors for different risk patterns are discussed.

In the United States, medical crowdfunding is an increasingly common response to overwhelming healthcare costs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 individuals crowdfunding for health (e.g. cancer, paralysis, brain injury) on behalf of themselves or others, to better understand this new phenomenon as it informs theory on social support, identity, and privacy. First, findings suggest that crowdfunding is often a resource for both instrumental and emotional social support. Second, many crowdfunders weighed the need for support against perceived privacy risks, which is consistent with and extends privacy calculus theory. Finally, highly vulnerable self-disclosures were often reinterpreted to be empowering, which also supports and extends work on identity shift. Using crowdfunding as a context for inquiry, findings point to new theoretical frameworks to describe how users navigate needs for both privacy and support online and the often positive consequences of that negotiation for identity.

Objectives Given that nicotine is one of the most addictive substances and that adolescents who are exposed to nicotine via e-cigarettes can progress to conventional cigarette smoking, there is a need to identify youth who are susceptible to e-cigarette use and prevent them from initiating e-cigarette use. Susceptibility to e-cigarette use, defined as the absence of a firm decision not to use e-cigarettes, is a useful concept that can be used to predict e-cigarette initiation and identify youth who have high risk of initiating e-cigarettes. This study was conducted to investigate factors that affect youth susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Methods Youth who have never smoked conventional cigarettes and who had seen or heard of e-cigarettes but never used them (N = 9853) were drawn from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 youth dataset collected from 2013 to 2014. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to investigate intrapersonal and environmental determinants of youth susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Results Overall, 24.2% (n = 2410) of youth who have never used e-cigarettes were susceptible to e-cigarette use. Psychological problems and rebelliousness were associated with increased susceptibility. Ever use of alcohol, marijuana, and other substances and household secondhand smoke exposure were found to be risk factors. Perceptions of e-cigarettes as addictive and harmful worked as protective factors. Conclusions The results revealed determinants of e-cigarette use susceptibility. Multi-level intervention approach is needed to prevent youth from being susceptible to e-cigarette initiation.