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1. Isolation and characterization of fourteen polymorphic microsatellite markers in the viperine snake Natrix maura

Author

Hugo Le Chevalier, Neus Marí‐Mena, Belén Carro, Jérôme G. Prunier, Coralie Bossu, Elodie Darnet, Jérémie Souchet, Olivier Guillaume, Olivier Calvez, Romain Bertrand, Laurent Barthe, Gilles Pottier, Albert Martínez‐Sylvestre, Isabel Verdaguer‐Foz, Marc Mossoll‐Torres, Audrey Trochet, and Fabien Aubret

Subjects
Natrix maura, polymorphic microsatellites, population genetics, viperine snake, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified and developed for Natrix maura. Polymorphism was assessed for 120 individuals sampled across four sampling sites from the French Pyrenees Mountains. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 15, and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.227 to 0.863. We tested for deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium and assessed the presence of null alleles for all loci, resulting in a selection of 14 high‐quality polymorphic markers. These markers will be extremely useful in identifying fine‐scale genetic structures and providing insight into conservation management plans of this species.

Published
2019
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2. High temperatures limit developmental resilience to high-elevation hypoxia in the snake Natrix maura (Squamata: Colubridae)

Author

Elodie Darnet, Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Gilles Pottier, Olivier Calvez, Coralie Bossu, Jean Clobert, Fabien Aubret, Romain Bertrand, Hugo Le Chevalier, Eric J. Gangloff, Audrey Trochet, Olivier Guillaume, Jérémie Souchet, Marc Mossoll-Torres, Hervé Philippe, Laurent Barthe, Manon Poignet, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Société Herpétologique de France (SHF), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rehabilitation Center (CRARC), 08783 Masquefa, Barcelona, Spain, Pirenalia, AD200 Encamp, Andorra, Bomosa, Les Escaldes, Andorra, Nature En Occitanie , 14 rue de Tivoli, Toulouse, France, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Ohio Wesleyan University, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Squamata, embryonic metabolism, biology, Ecology, incubation temperature, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Hypoxia (environmental), high-elevation hypoxia, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, climate change, swimming performance, High elevation, embryonic development, developmental plasticity, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Colubridae, heart rate, Natrix maura, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Climate change is generating range shifts in many organisms, notably along the altitudinal gradient. However, moving up in altitude exposes organisms to lower oxygen availability, which may negatively affect development and fitness, especially at high temperatures. To test this possibility in a potentially upward-colonizing species, we artificially incubated developing embryos of the viperine snake Natrix maura Linnaeus 1758, using a split-clutch design, in conditions of extreme high elevation or low elevation at two ecologically-relevant incubation temperatures (24 and 32 °C). Embryos at low and extreme high elevations incubated at cool temperatures did not differ in development time, hatchling phenotype or locomotor performance. However, at the warmer incubation temperature and at extreme high elevation, hatching success was reduced. Further, embryonic heart rates were lower, incubation duration longer and juveniles born smaller. Nonetheless, snakes in this treatment were faster swimmers than siblings in other treatment groups, suggesting a developmental trade-off between size and performance. Constraints on development may be offset by the maintenance of important performance metrics, thus suggesting that early life-history stages will not prevent the successful colonization of high-elevation habitat even under the dual limitations of reduced oxygen and increased temperature.

Published
2021
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3. Presence of the Fungus B. dendrobatidis, but not B. salamandrivorans, in Wild Pyrenean Brook Newts (Calotriton asper) in Spain and France

Author

Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Audrey Trochet, Olivier Calvez, Manon Poignet, Hugo Le Chevalier, Jérémie Souchet, Elodie Darnet, Olivier Guillaume, Fabien Aubret, Romain Bertrand, Marc Mossoll-Torres, Federica Lucati, Jan Tomàs, Brien, David O., Alexandre Miró, Marc Ventura, Laurent Barth, Gilles Pottier, Marschang, Rachel E., Jaime Bosch, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier - Déficits sensoriels et moteurs (INM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Pirenalia, AD200 Encamp, Andorra, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (OI-FCUL), Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Spain, Scottish Natural Heritage, Fraser Darling House, INTEGRATIVE FRESHWATER ECOLOGY GROUP CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDIES OF BLANES CEAB-CSIC BLANES ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Société Herpétologique de France (SHF), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France, Nature en Occitanie, 31000 Toulouse, France, Nature Midi Pyrénées, Partenaires INRAE, University of Hohenheim, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rehabilitation Center (CRARC), 08783 Masquefa, Barcelona, Spain, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Société Herpétologique de France (SHF), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Scottish Natural Heritage, Scotland, UK, University of Salford, Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), Mieres, Spain, and Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience; In the last 20 years, the emergence of chytridiomycosis due to the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and the more recently described Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), has caused severe amphibian population regressions across the planet (Bosch et al. 2001; Spitzen-van der Sluijs et al. 2016; Scheele et al. 2019). This has generated an increase in scientific interest to decipher the complex interaction between the environment, the fungus and amphibian hosts, and increased surveillance efforts in many localities (Canessa et al. 2020). Batrachochytrium spp. affect the vital function of the amphibian skin, leading to lethargy or skin discoloration, hyperkeratosis, erosions (even ulcerations in Bsal) of the epidermis, and eventually death (Berger et al. 1998; Weldon et al. 2004; Stuart et al. 2004; Wake and Vredenburg 2010; Martel et al. 2013). Bd is currently found on all continents where amphibians are present (Skerratt et al. 2007), affecting more than 700 species within the three orders of amphibians and has been considered a major threat to amphibian biodiversity worldwide (Crawford et al. 2010; Fisher et al. 2012; Olson et al. 2013; Olson and Ronnenberg 2014).

Published
2020

4. Multiple glacial refugia and contemporary dispersal shape the genetic structure of an endemic amphibian from the Pyrenees

Author

Marc Ventura, Víctor Osorio, Jenny Caner, Olivier Calvez, Olivier Guillaume, Mathieu Denoël, Elodie Darnet, Alexandre Miró, David O'Brien, Fabien Aubret, Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Jan Tomàs, Romain Bertrand, Teresa Buchaca, Audrey Trochet, Jérémie Souchet, Marc Mossoll-Torres, Federica Lucati, Ibor Sabas, Murielle Richard, Gilles Pottier, Hugo Le Chevalier, Manon Poignet, Laurent Barthe, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (OI-FCUL), INTEGRATIVE FRESHWATER ECOLOGY GROUP CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDIES OF BLANES CEAB-CSIC BLANES ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Liège, Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center (CRARC), Bomosa, Scottish Natural Heritage, Fraser Darling House, and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Calotriton asper, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Phylogeographic history, Calotriton, DNA, Mitochondrial, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Animals, Glacial period, education, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, biology, phylogeographic history, Pyrenean brook newt, Pyrenees, Genetic Variation, Bayes Theorem, Last Glacial Maximum, 15. Life on land, Salamandridae, biology.organism_classification, recent dispersal, Phylogeography, Recent dispersal, 030104 developmental biology, Refugium, Evolutionary biology, Genetic structure, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biological dispersal, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 6 figuras, 4 tablas., Historical factors (colonization scenarios, demographic oscillations) and contemporary processes (population connectivity, current population size) largely contribute to shaping species’ present‐day genetic diversity and structure. In this study, we use a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers to understand the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations and present‐day gene flow dynamics in determining the genetic diversity and structure of the newt Calotriton asper (Al. Dugès, 1852), endemic to the Pyrenees. Mitochondrial DNA did not show a clear phylogeographic pattern and presented low levels of variation. In contrast, microsatellites revealed five major genetic lineages with admixture patterns at their boundaries. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses and linear models indicated that the five lineages likely underwent separate evolutionary histories and can be tracked back to distinct glacial refugia. Lineage differentiation started around the Last Glacial Maximum at three focal areas (western, central and eastern Pyrenees) and extended through the end of the Last Glacial Period in the central Pyrenees, where it led to the formation of two more lineages. Our data revealed no evidence of recent dispersal between lineages, whereas borders likely represent zones of secondary contact following expansion from multiple refugia. Finally, we did not find genetic evidence of sex‐biased dispersal. This work highlights the importance of integrating past evolutionary processes and present‐day gene flow and dispersal dynamics, together with multilocus approaches, to gain insights into what shaped the current genetic attributes of amphibians living in montane habitats., Economic support was provided by the European Commission LIFE+ project LimnoPirineus (LIFE13 NAT/ES/001210), by the Spanish Government project Funbio (RTI2018-096217-B-I00), by the Interreg POCTEFA ECTOPYR project (EFA031/15) and by the Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH, research grant awarded to F.L.). F.L. had a doctoral grant funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, grant number PD/BD/52598/2014). M.D. is research Director at Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS.

Published
2020
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5. High‐elevation hypoxia impacts perinatal physiology and performance in a potential montane colonizer

Author

Hugo Le Chevalier, Olivier Calvez, Jérémie Souchet, Eric J. Gangloff, Elodie Darnet, Jean Clobert, Fabien Aubret, Gilles Pottier, Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Olivier Guillaume, Gaëlle Micheli, Hervé Philippe, Audrey Trochet, Coralie Bossu, Romain Bertrand, Marc Mossoll-Torres, Laurent Barthe, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ohio Wesleyan University, Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center (CRARC), Bomosa, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation du rayonnement électromagnétique (LURE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-MENRT-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nature Midi Pyrénées, Partenaires INRAE, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Offspring, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Embryonic Development, Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Natrix maura, Heart Rate, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Animals, Body Size, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Incubation, Hatchling, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Swimming, embryonic metabolism, Hatching, Altitude, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, 05 social sciences, Colubridae, Hypoxia (environmental), Original Articles, Adaptation, Physiological, Oxygen, Ectotherm, developmental plasticity, locomotor performance, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, high‐elevation hypoxia, Developmental plasticity, Female, Original Article, Animal Science and Zoology, Oviparity
Abstract

Climate change is generating range shifts in many organisms, notably along the elevational gradient in mountainous environments. However, moving up in elevation exposes organisms to lower oxygen availability, which may reduce the successful reproduction and development of oviparous organisms. To test this possibility in an upward‐colonizing species, we artificially incubated developing embryos of the viperine snake (Natrix maura) using a split‐clutch design, in conditions of extreme high elevation (hypoxia at 2877 m above sea level; 72% sea‐level equivalent O2 availability) or low elevation (control group; i.e. normoxia at 436 m above sea level). Hatching success did not differ between the two treatments. Embryos developing at extreme high elevation had higher heart rates and hatched earlier, resulting in hatchlings that were smaller in body size and slower swimmers compared to their siblings incubated at lower elevation. Furthermore, post‐hatching reciprocal transplant of juveniles showed that snakes which developed at extreme high elevation, when transferred back to low elevation, did not recover full performance compared to their siblings from the low elevation incubation treatment. These results suggest that incubation at extreme high elevation, including the effects of hypoxia, will not prevent oviparous ectotherms from producing viable young, but may pose significant physiological challenges on developing offspring in ovo. These early‐life performance limitations imposed by extreme high elevation could have negative consequences on adult phenotypes, including on fitness‐related traits., Hypoxia affects embryo development by increased heart rate, stabilized egg mass and affects negatively phenotypes at short term. Juveniles transplanted from hypoxia to normoxia can't achieve the same swimming performance as juveniles from normoxia.

Published
2020
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6. Variation of preferred body temperatures along an altitudinal gradient: A multi-species study

Author

Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Isabel Verdaguer-Foz, Sophie Murarasu, Marine Deluen, Hugo Le Chevalier, Fabien Aubret, Elodie Darnet, Olivier Guillaume, Romain Bertrand, Andréaz Dupoué, Audrey Trochet, Marc Mossoll-Torres, Olivier Calvez, Jérémie Souchet, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre de recherches internationales (CERI), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center (CRARC), Chercheur indépendant, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Amphibian, Physiology, Range (biology), Acclimatization, Climate Change, Countergradient hypothesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Niche, Urodela, Global Warming, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Thermal strategies, Body Temperature, Amphibians, 03 medical and health sciences, Altitude, Species Specificity, biology.animal, Animals, Body preferred temperatures, biology, Lizard, Ecology, Lizards, Effects of high altitude on humans, Cold Climate, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, Ectotherm, Female, Adaptation, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Body Temperature Regulation, Developmental Biology
Abstract

International audience; Temperature affects the physiological functions of ectotherms. To maintain optimal body temperature and ensure physiological performance, these organisms can use behavioral adjustments to keep the body temperature in their specific temperature range, so-called preferred temperature (Tpref). It is therefore crucial to describe and understand how Tpref vary within and amongst populations to predict the effects of climate change of altitudinal range shifts in organisms. We aimed at determining the altitudinal variations in Tpref in three ectothermic species (the Pyrenean brook salamander – a semi-aquatic and thigmothermic amphibian – the European common lizard and the wall lizard – both heliothermic species). Using an experimental approach where Tpref were measured along a temperature gradient in laboratory conditions, we used a cross-sectional approach to compare the variation of Tpref measured in populations sampled along the altitudinal gradient in the Pyrenees. We hypothesized a complex and highly variable intra-specific response of Tpref along geographical clines, with a positive relationship between Tpref and altitude (as predicted by the countergradient variation), the reverse pattern (referring to the adaptation of local optima hypothesis), or no relationship at all. Our results corroborated partially the countergradient hypothesis in the salamander (middle to high elevation part). At high altitude level, individuals may compensate for lower opportunities of favorable conditions by choosing a high temperature which maximizes their activities. However, populations from low elevation level hence better supported the adaptation of local optima hypothesis, such as both lizard species, for which Tpref tended instead to decrease with altitude. Lizards from cold climates may be physiologically adapted to low temperature, with the ability to reach optimal functioning at lower temperature than individuals from low altitude. Our findings suggest that predicting future niche models should therefore take into account the variability of Tpref, where species might be differently affected by global warming.

Published
2018
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7. Amphibians forgo aquatic life in response to alien fish introduction

Author

Laurane Winandy, Mathieu Denoël, and Elodie Darnet

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Lissotriton helveticus, biology, Ecology, Aquatic ecosystem, Wetland, Introduced species, Aquatic animal, biology.organism_classification, Spatial heterogeneity, Habitat, embryonic structures, Seasonal breeder, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Species with complex life cycles are good models to understand trade-offs between life in hostile and favourable habitats. Newts remain in breeding wetlands for a long period and are strongly affected by fish introduction; however, mechanisms of the exclusion observed in the field are still not well known. In particular, whether newts skip breeding and leave water for land in response to fish introduction and how aquatic shelter may influence their choice remain open questions. To investigate these questions, we experimentally studied the use of aquatic and terrestrial habitats during the breeding season of palmate newts, Lissotriton helveticus, in the presence and absence of goldfish, Carassius auratus. We determined the consequences of habitat choice on newt fitness by assessing sexual activity and number of eggs. There was a strong, significant avoidance of the aquatic environment in the presence of fish, particularly when no aquatic shelter was available. This escape from the water had an impact on reproduction: newts decreased their sexual activity and laid fewer eggs. The availability of shelters favoured coexistence but did not prevent a large proportion of the newts from leaving water and skipping reproduction. This study shows how the presence of fish and the absence of aquatic shelters can lead to newts forgoing aquatic life, thus improving our understanding of the mechanisms behind the coexistence and exclusion patterns found in the wild. More broadly, these data contribute to explaining aquatic versus terrestrial life in favourable and unfavourable environments.

Published
2015
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8. Body Size Increases with Elevation in Pyrenean Newts (Calotriton asper)

Author

Elodie Darnet, Hugo Le Chevalier, Olivier Calvez, Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Romain Bertrand, Marc Mossoll-Torres, Marine Deluen, Olivier Guillaume, Fabien Aubret, Audrey Trochet, Jérémie Souchet, Isabel Verdaguer-Foz, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center (CRARC), Bomosa, Curtin University [Perth], and Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Calotriton asper, Amphibian, Disturbance (geology), Occupancy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Niche, 010607 zoology, Zoology, Wetland, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, biology.animal, climate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Local adaptation, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, business.industry, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, humidity, temperature, Humidity, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, cold, Bergmann's rule, Habitat, Agriculture, 13. Climate action, Ectotherm, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Allen's rule, body size, business, altitude
Abstract

International audience; Phenotypic variation along environmental gradients—particularly in body size—occurs in a variety of species. Larger-bodied individuals are usually found in colder climates, as predicted by Bergmann's rule. In ectotherms, this pattern remains controversial. Among thermoconformers, smaller body sizes are expected in colder climates because these species might have relatively shorter warm-up times (advantageous in cold climates), whereas the reverse pattern can be expected in thermoregulators (heat-balance hypothesis). In amphibians, additional factors like humidity and thermal niche might also contribute to body-size variation. Following Allen's rule, there can also be a negative relationship between temperature and relative limb length. Here, we described associations among temperature, precipitation, body size, and relative limb length in Calotriton asper. We expected individuals from higher elevations (colder climates) to be smaller when compared to lowelevation conspecifics. We found an influence of temperature on body-size variation but, contrary to expectations, salamanders from colder climates were larger compared to low-elevation populations, which corroborates with the heat-balance hypothesis. In accordance with the converse water-availability hypothesis, we also demonstrated that precipitation was related to body-size variation in this species. Finally, our results supported the predictions of Allen's rule. This trend could be the result of evolutionary responses to harsh environments, driven by either local adaptation, plasticity processes, or a combination of both.

Published
2019
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